History of Interpreting
Service in Utah
Compiled & Written by Jodi Becker Kinner
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2021
Updated in 2023
Updated in 2024
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2021
Updated in 2023
Updated in 2024
Note
To avoid confusion, I will refer to the organization as the Utah Association of the Deaf on this webpage, as they used the word "of" in their name from 1909 to 1962. The organization changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963 and then reversed it in 2012 to become the Utah Association of the Deaf.
Background History of the Interpreting
Before the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were no sign language classes or interpreter training programs available. Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) were often used as interpreters for the Utah Deaf community at various events and appointments, including meetings and church activities. Interpreters, particularly CODAs, volunteered to interpret for Deaf people for many years until the establishment of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) in 1964, according to Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Utah native, CODA and former Director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In the 1960s and 1970s, during a revolutionary period, marginalized groups across the country fought for social equality. This was an important time for the growth of sign language interpreting (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). As a result of changes in the RID environment, interpreters' roles evolved from being seen as "helpers" to being recognized as "professionals" in the Code of Ethics, which is now known as the Code of Professional Conduct. In addition to CODA interpreters, the Utah Deaf community mainly relied on hard of hearing individuals who learned sign language before using hearing aids and those who lost their hearing but developed good oral communication skills. By 1961, the percentage of individuals who later became deaf in Utah had started to decline, while the number of Deaf people born deaf had begun to rise. The number of Deaf people with multiple disabilities also grew (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). This increasing need for interpreting services among the Utah Deaf community led to the creation of the RID organization to address their interpreting needs.
In the 1960s and 1970s, during a revolutionary period, marginalized groups across the country fought for social equality. This was an important time for the growth of sign language interpreting (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). As a result of changes in the RID environment, interpreters' roles evolved from being seen as "helpers" to being recognized as "professionals" in the Code of Ethics, which is now known as the Code of Professional Conduct. In addition to CODA interpreters, the Utah Deaf community mainly relied on hard of hearing individuals who learned sign language before using hearing aids and those who lost their hearing but developed good oral communication skills. By 1961, the percentage of individuals who later became deaf in Utah had started to decline, while the number of Deaf people born deaf had begun to rise. The number of Deaf people with multiple disabilities also grew (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). This increasing need for interpreting services among the Utah Deaf community led to the creation of the RID organization to address their interpreting needs.
The National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf Is Born
In response to several pushes, the National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf was founded during an "Interpreting for the Deaf" workshop held June 14–17, 1964, at Ball State Teachers College, which is now Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana. The organization was established through a workshop on June 16, 1964, to hire and train more interpreters, support the establishment of the Code of Ethics, and improve assistance and services for the Deaf community. The name was eventually shortened to the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, known as RID.
The president of the National Association of the Deaf and representative from the Utah Association for the Deaf, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, was invited to serve as a consultant for this workshop (The Silent Worker, July-August 1964; The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008).
The president of the National Association of the Deaf and representative from the Utah Association for the Deaf, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, was invited to serve as a consultant for this workshop (The Silent Worker, July-August 1964; The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008).
The National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf
Becomes Incorporated
Becomes Incorporated
In 1972, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was incorporated as a legally recognized organization. Interpreting services eventually expanded with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990. Schools, colleges, universities, government organizations, hospitals, the court and legal systems, and private businesses all employ interpreters.
The need for a model state law was addressed to assist the Deaf community by establishing interpreting obligations. Some states' laws at the time guaranteed Deaf people the right to an interpreter in court. When someone's life, liberty, property, health, or right to go about their everyday lives were threatened, access to the courtroom was vital for the Deaf community. As a result, guidelines were created to make it easier for Deaf people to receive court interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1965).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Becomes
the First RID Certified Interpreter
the First RID Certified Interpreter
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a native of Utah, CODA, and the former director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, is the first nationally certified interpreter in the United States (Emery, Ogden Standard-Examiner, July 25, 1990; Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992). Her journey is a testament to her unwavering determination. In 1965, while working with her boss, Robert G. Sanderson, who was the Coordinator of the Deaf Services under the Utah Division of Rehabilitation, President of the National Association of the Deaf, and a participant in the 1964 Interpreting for the Deaf workshop, she was sent to the National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf training program in Indiana to take her certification exam and become the nation's first professional certified interpreter (Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).
The husband of Beth Ann, Dr. Jay J. Campbell, a great ally of the Utah Deaf community and a former Deputy Superintendent of the Utah State Office of Education, said that selecting and certifying interpreters nationally was a part of the training. Every participant took a test, and a drawing determined the testing order. The woman next to Beth Ann was picked first, and Beth Ann was tested last. She said to Beth Ann, "I don't want to be first." Beth Ann responded, "I don't want to be last." After trading numbers, Beth Ann was put to the test first and was the first to pass the exam. Her determination and grit led her to become the first nationally certified interpreter in the United States (Emery, Ogden Standard-Examiner, July 25, 1990; Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992). After that, Beth Ann became a trailblazer in the interpreting profession.
Workshop on Interpreting in Salt Lake City, Utah
The Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City hosted a one-day workshop on interpreting concerns on June 3, 1967, under the direction of Robert G. Sanderson. The Utah Division of Rehabilitation funded the program as part of its efforts to provide services to Deaf people. It was attended by roughly forty-five people, including representatives from the local community, parents, teachers, and Deaf people. Participants in the morning session included Dr. Vaughn L. Hall, administrator of the Division of Rehabilitation; Maurice Warshaw, chairman of the Utah Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped; Dr. Max Cutler, a clinical psychologist; Judge Aldon J. Anderson; Robert K. Ward, statewide planning director of the Division of Rehabilitation; and Lloyd H. Perkins, president of the Salt Lake Valley LDS Branch for the Deaf.
Following lunch, the participants were divided into three groups to explore specific problems and make recommendations to the facilitator. Robert Sanderson was in charge of the session and was pleased with the comments he received from all attendees. The plans were created to put the suggestions into action, which included establishing a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
Following lunch, the participants were divided into three groups to explore specific problems and make recommendations to the facilitator. Robert Sanderson was in charge of the session and was pleased with the comments he received from all attendees. The plans were created to put the suggestions into action, which included establishing a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
When the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) was founded on October 5, 1968, the state of Utah became an affiliate chapter of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, which was established in 1968. It was held at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah, for the first chapter meeting of the URID. The purpose of this meeting was to establish a constitution and rules for the organization and elect executives to serve on its board of directors (The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968). There were forty-one Deaf and hearing people in attendance at the meeting, including Albert Pimentel, Executive Director of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, who came from Washington, D.C., to represent the organization.
The following officers were elected: Gene Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee.
The following officers were elected: Gene Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee.
The officers who were elected were as follows:
The Purpose of Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
The purpose of URID was to establish an effective organization of interpreters to be used by and for the Deaf, as well as the general public, for any purpose for which interpreters would be beneficial. According to the URID, a registry of interpreters for sign language and oral Deaf people was to be established and maintained. Since the inception of URID in 1968, the organization has grown to include sixteen members. The vast majority of them were CODAs or offspring of Deaf adults. Many of them were deaf, and one of them was hard of hearing. Two individuals were married to a Deaf spouse. Only one hearing individual learned sign language while working as a house parent and counselor at the South Dakota for the Deaf. Hearing individuals served as interpreters, and Deaf people served as reverse interpreters, today called Certified Deaf Interpreters. The following individuals served as interpreters or reverse interpreters:
- Lucy McMills Greenwood (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Dennis R. Platt (Deaf)
- Betty J. Jones (CODA)
- Madelaine P. Burton (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Keith W. Tolzin (former houseparent and counselor at South Dakota School for the Deaf)
- Beth Ann Stewart Campbell (CODA)
- Nancy F. Murray (Deaf spouse)
- Ned C. Wheeler (Deaf)
- Iola Elizabeth Jensen (Deaf)
- Evern Lee Smith (CODA)
- Edith D. Wheeler (Hard of Hearing)
- Robert G. Sanderson (Deaf)
- Gene Stewart (CODA)
- Doris L. Wastlund (CODA)
- Lloyd H. Perkins (Deaf)
- Jon C. Freston (CODA) (UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970).
Channel 4 News Controversy
Dr. Grant B. Bitter, an impassioned oral advocate, and his oral followers were disturbed by Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's signing on television while interpreting Channel 4 News in 1971. The oralists complained to Dr. Avard Rigby, Robert G. Sanderson's boss, and demanded that Beth Ann not interpret the news. During the meeting with the oral advocates, Dr. Rigby's reaction kept Gene Stewart, CODA and Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor, his boss, Robert, and Beth Ann on pins and needles. According to Gene, Beth Ann was only on one of the three major news networks. "Well, why don't you just change the channel if you don't want to see her?" The oral advocates were angered by what Dr. Rigby had said. The oral advocates then requested that Robert Sanderson, Dr. Bitter's adversary, be fired. Dr. Rigby responded: "I won't fire him. He's one of my best employees" (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, October 2006; Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3).
This situation motivated Robert Sanderson to pursue a Ph.D. "No one listens unless you have a Ph.D. after your name," he informed Gene Stewart after the meeting. "So, I'm going back to school," Stewart writes in the April 2012 DSDHH Newsletter (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3). Robert reportedly struggled to get everyone to listen to him while everyone listened to Dr. Bitter simply because he had a Ph.D. Since 1965, there has been an animosity between Dr. Bitter and Robert Sanderson, who did not receive his Ph.D. until 1974.
Dr. Sanderson, a non-member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, asked Lloyd Perkins, bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, and Kenneth Kinner, branch president of the Ogden Branch for the Deaf, to ask church members to write a thank you note to Channel 4 News for providing an interpreter on their news while battling with Dr. Bitter over the Channel 4 News. According to the photo from the February 1972 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann continued to interpret the news a year after the meeting with Dr. Rigby.
A Workshop for the Training of Interpreters for the Deaf
Although they were at odds with Dr. Grant B. Bitter, the Utah Deaf community, particularly Robert G. Sanderson, continued to expand their interpreting service. The Workshop for the Training of Deaf Interpreters was held on May 6, 1972, by the Divisions of Adult Education and Training and Vocational Rehabilitation.
Among the speakers at the workshop were Ralph Neesam, president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters, Dr. Ray L. Jones, Director of the Leadership Training Program in the Area of the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California, and Robert E. Bevill, consumer-consultant at the University of Arizona.
Following the presentation, the workshop aimed to increase professionalism among oral and manual interpreters. 'Certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and interpersonal relationships between Deaf people and interpreters, as well as interpreters and interpreters' were highlighted (UAD Bulletin, June 1972).
Among the speakers at the workshop were Ralph Neesam, president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters, Dr. Ray L. Jones, Director of the Leadership Training Program in the Area of the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California, and Robert E. Bevill, consumer-consultant at the University of Arizona.
Following the presentation, the workshop aimed to increase professionalism among oral and manual interpreters. 'Certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and interpersonal relationships between Deaf people and interpreters, as well as interpreters and interpreters' were highlighted (UAD Bulletin, June 1972).
Observations of Beth Ann Stewart Campbell on the National and State Registry of Deaf Interpreters and Their Impact on the Utah Deaf Community
In the June 1973 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell highlighted several aspects of the interpreter and her profession as an interpreter. She hoped the Utah Deaf community would recognize interpreters' responsibilities and compensate by determining their responsibilities and courtesies toward interpreters.
Under the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) certification requirements, certified interpreters were paid to work as professional interpreters, and they were expected to observe the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell had observed how the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community had changed since the formation of the RID in 1965 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Utah Deaf in 1968. She observed that "with the new professional status, the interpreter has almost become a machine. Similarly, she acknowledged that "the interpreter lost her identity with her thoughts, feelings, and opinions in certain respects." In contrast, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if "the interpreter becomes so much like an unthinking and unfeeling machine, she will lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person," She would "lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person." 'When not interpreting, the interpreter was first and foremost a friend,' Beth Ann said. She also stressed that when not working as an interpreter, the interpreter should be able to accept Deaf people on this basis and that the interpreter should be aware of and committed to the cause of Deaf people's needs (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
"For years, the interpreters volunteered to interpret for Deaf people until the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was founded," Beth Ann Campbell recalled. Between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer, discussing money compensation for services got "sticky" (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). Beth Ann stressed that the interpreter should not accept money for services when she perceives it would be a hardship for Deaf consumers needing assistance for moral reasons.
Under the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) certification requirements, certified interpreters were paid to work as professional interpreters, and they were expected to observe the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell had observed how the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community had changed since the formation of the RID in 1965 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Utah Deaf in 1968. She observed that "with the new professional status, the interpreter has almost become a machine. Similarly, she acknowledged that "the interpreter lost her identity with her thoughts, feelings, and opinions in certain respects." In contrast, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if "the interpreter becomes so much like an unthinking and unfeeling machine, she will lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person," She would "lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person." 'When not interpreting, the interpreter was first and foremost a friend,' Beth Ann said. She also stressed that when not working as an interpreter, the interpreter should be able to accept Deaf people on this basis and that the interpreter should be aware of and committed to the cause of Deaf people's needs (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
"For years, the interpreters volunteered to interpret for Deaf people until the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was founded," Beth Ann Campbell recalled. Between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer, discussing money compensation for services got "sticky" (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). Beth Ann stressed that the interpreter should not accept money for services when she perceives it would be a hardship for Deaf consumers needing assistance for moral reasons.
In this case, she noted, "If the interpreter feels she cannot interpret without charging a fee, then it is the interpreter's job to check ahead of time whether the task should be with or without monetary compensation from the Deaf consumer" (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
To be sure, Beth Ann advised that the fee be negotiated in advance and agreed upon by both parties before the actual interpreting. With this in mind, she was concerned that collecting a fee after the task was completed and the Deaf consumer believed the fee was excessive could destroy trust between the interpreter and the consumer. It would also be difficult for the interpreter to expect to be paid when the Deaf consumer informs her that he is cash-strapped. According to Beth Ann, the interpreter most likely hired a babysitter and paid her gas mileage (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
Beth Ann Campbell recognized that there were times when the interpreter was willing to interpret because of her love and dedication to the Deaf person. 'The interpreter was competent and willing to assist.' She did, however, point out that some Deaf people had a habit of taking interpreters for granted and placing them on pedestals.
For example, the interpreters were elevated above their status. In a sense, the interpreter had to bridge a gap in assisting the Deaf person to communicate with the world around him, and in a sense, the interpreter was a "hearing aid" to the Deaf,' Beth Ann explained. With this in mind, Beth Ann reminded the interpreters that they had been given the opportunity to serve and the privilege to use their interpreting skills.
'The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf acknowledged the unique position of an interpreter in the life of a Deaf person,' Beth Ann Stewart Campbell explained. As a result, this group created a code of ethics to safeguard Deaf people and interpreters in a profession that arose to serve people with communication barriers (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In those circumstances, RID recognized that "deaf people can be granted equality with hearing people in the matter of their right of communication" through interpreters (UAD Bulletin, November 1973).
RID also acknowledged that "the basic system for self-regulation governing the professional conduct of the interpreter was the same as that governing the ethical conduct of any business or profession, with the addition of a stronger emphasis on the high ethical characteristics of the interpreter's role in assisting an often misunderstood group of people" (UAD Bulletin, November 1973). Beth Ann's observations on the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, as well as its impact on the Utah Deaf community, were valid thanks to the Code of Ethics.
To be sure, Beth Ann advised that the fee be negotiated in advance and agreed upon by both parties before the actual interpreting. With this in mind, she was concerned that collecting a fee after the task was completed and the Deaf consumer believed the fee was excessive could destroy trust between the interpreter and the consumer. It would also be difficult for the interpreter to expect to be paid when the Deaf consumer informs her that he is cash-strapped. According to Beth Ann, the interpreter most likely hired a babysitter and paid her gas mileage (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
Beth Ann Campbell recognized that there were times when the interpreter was willing to interpret because of her love and dedication to the Deaf person. 'The interpreter was competent and willing to assist.' She did, however, point out that some Deaf people had a habit of taking interpreters for granted and placing them on pedestals.
For example, the interpreters were elevated above their status. In a sense, the interpreter had to bridge a gap in assisting the Deaf person to communicate with the world around him, and in a sense, the interpreter was a "hearing aid" to the Deaf,' Beth Ann explained. With this in mind, Beth Ann reminded the interpreters that they had been given the opportunity to serve and the privilege to use their interpreting skills.
'The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf acknowledged the unique position of an interpreter in the life of a Deaf person,' Beth Ann Stewart Campbell explained. As a result, this group created a code of ethics to safeguard Deaf people and interpreters in a profession that arose to serve people with communication barriers (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In those circumstances, RID recognized that "deaf people can be granted equality with hearing people in the matter of their right of communication" through interpreters (UAD Bulletin, November 1973).
RID also acknowledged that "the basic system for self-regulation governing the professional conduct of the interpreter was the same as that governing the ethical conduct of any business or profession, with the addition of a stronger emphasis on the high ethical characteristics of the interpreter's role in assisting an often misunderstood group of people" (UAD Bulletin, November 1973). Beth Ann's observations on the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, as well as its impact on the Utah Deaf community, were valid thanks to the Code of Ethics.
First Interpreter Service for the Deaf
Officers of the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) received and oversaw United Way funds in the 1970s to create the first Deaf interpreting service in Utah to serve the Deaf and hard of hearing community - probably the "first" in the country (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 2; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, January 1999, p. 3).
Utah Certified Interpreters
Thirteen Utah interpreters passed the state certification exam for the Utah Registry of Interpreters on November 16, 1974. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Betty Jones, Madeleine Burton, and Lucy McMills Greenwood were well-known interpreters who received local and national certifications. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen, both deaf, were the first Deaf people in Utah to achieve state certification as reverse interpreters (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).
The Establishment of Provo URID
In 1975, the Provo Chapter of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established. Its first president was Emil Bussio, and 23 members were on the roll (UAD Bulletin, June 1975).
The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Since the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was created in 1968, the training workshops were held yearly. In order to pass state certification exams, trained interpreters were encouraged to attend workshops where knowledge was provided and skills were taught. Over the years, a series of workshops for interpreters covered topics such as the Code of Ethics, State Certification Examination Preparation, Reverse Interpreting, Interpreting Complexities: Role and Function of the Interpreter, The Oral Interpreter: A New Professional, and many others (UAD Bulletin, July 1976).
The Role of Utah Association for the Deaf
In Interpreting Service
In Interpreting Service
Under the direction of W. David Mortensen, sometimes known as Dave, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, he had been a friend and supporter of interpreters for many years. He has had several leadership positions that have had an impact on how interpreters think about and approach their work. As a result of Dave's leadership and vision, interpreters recognized the need for high-quality interpretations and respect for the Utah Deaf community. Old-school interpreters were ecstatic to get the opportunity to work with him. While patiently waiting through important meetings, he mentored interpreters and took them under his wing. He also took the time to offer feedback to the interpreters he worked with. His continuous commitment to the interpretation profession and the Utah Deaf community resulted in interpretation training opportunities.
As president of UAD in 1982, Dave Mortensen actively lobbied with the Salt Lake Area Community Council to secure money for the interpreting project. As a result of the funding, the UAD hired two full-time interpreters to serve the "entire state" from the Utah Community Center for the Deaf. As can be seen, Dave was "persuasive and persistent," The endeavor served as the foundation for creating professional interpreting in Utah. Due to pressure from the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, which believed it was a statewide issue, UAD had to abandon the interpreting effort. This did not, however, deter Dave from seeking better-interpreting services. As president of the UAD, he continued to advocate for Deaf people's demand for reliable, competent, trained, and professional interpreting services. He also lobbied the state legislature and served on one of several legislative committees looking into sign language and interpreting issues (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).
First Training Program for Interpreters
In 1983, the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) assisted the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in developing its competent interpreter certification procedure. In partnership with this organization, the UAD developed the first interpreter training program in Utah, as well as the first testing and certification processes – another "first" in the country (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 1-3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999).
The Utah State Legislature enacted the first interpreter bill, "Interpreters for the Deaf," in 1983 after the UAD lobbied for it. This statute recognized the use of qualified interpreters in the legal system, such as in courtrooms and doctor's offices/hospital visits. This law also guaranteed the confidentiality of any interpreted communications (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The Utah State Legislature enacted the first interpreter bill, "Interpreters for the Deaf," in 1983 after the UAD lobbied for it. This statute recognized the use of qualified interpreters in the legal system, such as in courtrooms and doctor's offices/hospital visits. This law also guaranteed the confidentiality of any interpreted communications (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The Utah Interpreting Program is Formed
For many years, Division of Rehabilitation employees assisted and operated the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. In the 1980s, individuals outside the Division were elected to govern the URID (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).
In 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community requested interpreting services from two different agencies. The first was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful and the second at Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City. Court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events could all benefit from interpreting services. Deaf people had to take full responsibility for calling ahead to schedule an interpreter for an appointment (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
In 1990, the URID's interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities were taken over by the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH), which was housed at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf (later renamed the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center). DSDHH immediately accepted the responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). Two years later, in May 1992, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP) under the supervision of Mitchel Jensen (UAD Bulletin, June 1992). The agencies shifted their services to the UIP, which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community.
Following the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), several interpreting agencies, such as InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, Five Star Interpreting Agency, and others, were formed to provide interpreting services for the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had a tremendous impact on interpreting services nationwide since it was responsible for ensuring "effective communication" and removing obstacles by providing auxiliary aids and services when necessary.
In 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community requested interpreting services from two different agencies. The first was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful and the second at Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City. Court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events could all benefit from interpreting services. Deaf people had to take full responsibility for calling ahead to schedule an interpreter for an appointment (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
In 1990, the URID's interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities were taken over by the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH), which was housed at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf (later renamed the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center). DSDHH immediately accepted the responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). Two years later, in May 1992, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP) under the supervision of Mitchel Jensen (UAD Bulletin, June 1992). The agencies shifted their services to the UIP, which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community.
Following the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), several interpreting agencies, such as InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, Five Star Interpreting Agency, and others, were formed to provide interpreting services for the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had a tremendous impact on interpreting services nationwide since it was responsible for ensuring "effective communication" and removing obstacles by providing auxiliary aids and services when necessary.
The Impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act
In 1992, Mitch Jensen, a former Vocational Rehabilitation counselor, was offered the director position of Utah Interpreting Services (UIS) at the Division of Services of Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Taylorsville, two years after the ADA was enacted in 1990. His Deaf brother, Barry, was the one who taught him American Sign Language (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992).
At the time, Mitch Jensen predicted that the ADA would substantially impact Utah Interpreting Services. As a result of this federal statute, more doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services were compelled to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992).
Jensen's prediction came true when 19 of 21 doctors told him they would no longer service Deaf patients if an interpreter was required. According to the Salt Lake Tribune, on December 25, 1992, the Utah Interpreter Services, part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors in November 1992 that it would no longer provide free interpreters. In this circumstance, doctors and other healthcare providers will be charged between $10 and $25 per hour for interpreters. 'Refusal is a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act,' Mitch said (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch Jensen further stressed that the Americans with Disabilities Act requires providers to be accountable for "effective communication." The doctors would be required to pay for an interpreter if the Deaf patient requested one (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Refusing to serve Deaf people would be discrimination," said Tamara Wharton, the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities' ADA ombudsman. "The worst aspect is that many believe they are under no obligation to cooperate," she concluded. If you refuse to accept patients for that reason, you are discriminating" (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Dr. Robert H. Horne, a Sandy orthopedic and hand surgeon, stated, "Saddling doctors with the financial burden of paying interpreters is not fair." He argued, "Why should I bear the cost of treating the disabled?" He argued they couldn't put the entire cost of treatments that a public institution on the physician would normally cover. "He already requires treating patients on public assistance while on duty in the emergency room," he noted. However, the government reimburses him less than his billed fees for such care." "Why should I be caring for them for free?" Dr. Home was perplexed (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Healthcare workers are not being targeted," Ms. Wharton explained, "anyone who serves clients with disabilities must provide equal access." Auxiliary assistance, such as translators, is tax deductible.' "We're attempting to eliminate communication barriers in the same way that we're attempting to remove structural barriers," she explained (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
At the time, Mitch Jensen predicted that the ADA would substantially impact Utah Interpreting Services. As a result of this federal statute, more doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services were compelled to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992).
Jensen's prediction came true when 19 of 21 doctors told him they would no longer service Deaf patients if an interpreter was required. According to the Salt Lake Tribune, on December 25, 1992, the Utah Interpreter Services, part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors in November 1992 that it would no longer provide free interpreters. In this circumstance, doctors and other healthcare providers will be charged between $10 and $25 per hour for interpreters. 'Refusal is a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act,' Mitch said (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch Jensen further stressed that the Americans with Disabilities Act requires providers to be accountable for "effective communication." The doctors would be required to pay for an interpreter if the Deaf patient requested one (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Refusing to serve Deaf people would be discrimination," said Tamara Wharton, the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities' ADA ombudsman. "The worst aspect is that many believe they are under no obligation to cooperate," she concluded. If you refuse to accept patients for that reason, you are discriminating" (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Dr. Robert H. Horne, a Sandy orthopedic and hand surgeon, stated, "Saddling doctors with the financial burden of paying interpreters is not fair." He argued, "Why should I bear the cost of treating the disabled?" He argued they couldn't put the entire cost of treatments that a public institution on the physician would normally cover. "He already requires treating patients on public assistance while on duty in the emergency room," he noted. However, the government reimburses him less than his billed fees for such care." "Why should I be caring for them for free?" Dr. Home was perplexed (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Healthcare workers are not being targeted," Ms. Wharton explained, "anyone who serves clients with disabilities must provide equal access." Auxiliary assistance, such as translators, is tax deductible.' "We're attempting to eliminate communication barriers in the same way that we're attempting to remove structural barriers," she explained (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Questions from the Utah Deaf Community concerning the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The situation with doctors refusing to pay for interpreting services appeared to have caused many members of the Utah Deaf community to question the ADA. "What is the influence of ADA in my own personal life?" they wondered. Is it possible for me to benefit from ADA? "What can I do to make it work?" (UAD Bulletin, February 1993, p. 3; Jensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1993, p. 3).
In the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Service, clarified that the ADA 'had some far-reaching implications that made it possible for them to have the same opportunities that hearing individuals had,' and that they were as follows:
In light of doctors' reluctance to pay for interpreting services, Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that "the Utah Interpreter Program had contacted all the doctors and lawyers regarding the ADA's requirement for providing an interpreter." Doctors and lawyers were advised that they would be required to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Some were adamantly opposed to it" (UAD Bulletin, February 1993). Mitch also expressed his hope that "with time, many would understand this law and will provide them with the appropriate communication to which the members of the Utah Deaf community are entitled." Furthermore, Mitch underlined that the ADA process will only work if the Utah Deaf community engages and informs others about their needs and requirements. (UAD Bulletin, p. 3; February 1993).
Mitch Jensen began to see how the ADA started taking effect in April 1993. More and more businesses and public places have taken on the task of providing interpreters for Deaf people who request them. Notably, the number of calls from Deaf people decreased. Those who needed interpreters for Deaf people, on the other hand, were making an increasing number of calls. "This is how the ADA works best," Mitch explained, "by shifting the burden of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing" (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993, p. 2).
In the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Service, clarified that the ADA 'had some far-reaching implications that made it possible for them to have the same opportunities that hearing individuals had,' and that they were as follows:
- It allows you to attend classes that otherwise you would have been unable to attend because no interpreter was available.
- It allows you to see your doctor, dentist, and lawyer and communicate in the same way that hearing persons do, through the use of an interpreter or other assistive aids.
- It allows you to become part of the legislative process that previously you may have been exempted from because you were unable to communicate with those involved.
- It allows you to serve on jury duty, and have the same opportunities and hearing individuals have.
In light of doctors' reluctance to pay for interpreting services, Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that "the Utah Interpreter Program had contacted all the doctors and lawyers regarding the ADA's requirement for providing an interpreter." Doctors and lawyers were advised that they would be required to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Some were adamantly opposed to it" (UAD Bulletin, February 1993). Mitch also expressed his hope that "with time, many would understand this law and will provide them with the appropriate communication to which the members of the Utah Deaf community are entitled." Furthermore, Mitch underlined that the ADA process will only work if the Utah Deaf community engages and informs others about their needs and requirements. (UAD Bulletin, p. 3; February 1993).
Mitch Jensen began to see how the ADA started taking effect in April 1993. More and more businesses and public places have taken on the task of providing interpreters for Deaf people who request them. Notably, the number of calls from Deaf people decreased. Those who needed interpreters for Deaf people, on the other hand, were making an increasing number of calls. "This is how the ADA works best," Mitch explained, "by shifting the burden of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing" (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993, p. 2).
The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
On September 26, 1992, a special meeting was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to establish a new affiliate state chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, or UTRID. It's unclear when and why the previous Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) was closed.
This organization's mission was to bring together the Utah interpreter community and help professionalize the field of interpretation while strengthening ties between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community. The UTRID's first board of directors included President Chris Wakeland, Vice-President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
This organization's mission was to bring together the Utah interpreter community and help professionalize the field of interpretation while strengthening ties between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community. The UTRID's first board of directors included President Chris Wakeland, Vice-President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
The Enactment of Senate Bill 41 and 42
During the 1993 Utah State Legislative session, individuals spent countless hours advocating and lobbying legislators to get House Bill (HB) 161 enacted. It was sponsored by Mel Brown and passed during that session (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993).
The State Legislature Task Force was established in 1993 with the passage of House Bill 161 to evaluate the state's interpreting service needs (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, May 1993). Jean Greenwood Thomas, an ASL interpreter, ASL instructor, and the daughter of a well-known interpreter, Lucy McMills Greenwood, sat on the task group to establish a formal interpreter training program and to recognize American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in schools (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012). Kristi Mortensen, a Deaf education advocate and the daughter of UAD President W. David Mortensen was also a member of the task team (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
The State Legislature Task Force was established in 1993 with the passage of House Bill 161 to evaluate the state's interpreting service needs (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, May 1993). Jean Greenwood Thomas, an ASL interpreter, ASL instructor, and the daughter of a well-known interpreter, Lucy McMills Greenwood, sat on the task group to establish a formal interpreter training program and to recognize American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in schools (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012). Kristi Mortensen, a Deaf education advocate and the daughter of UAD President W. David Mortensen was also a member of the task team (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
The task force was to focus on the following areas:
- Certification, enforcement, and definition of a qualified interpreter.
- Minimum standards required to work as an interpreter in Utah in elementary school, high school, post-secondary school, community interpreting, legal and medical situations.
- Recruitment of qualified interpreters.
- Training of qualified interpreters.
- Teaching ASL as a foreign language in Utah (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, May 1993).
During the 1994 Utah State Legislature, the Utah Association for the Deaf successfully passed SB 41, the Interpreter Training Bill. It was established as an official part of the curriculum at Salt Lake Community College, funded by the state of Utah. Dave Mortensen, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, and Annette Tull, an instructor in the Salt Lake Community College Interpreter Training Program, worked relentlessly to ensure this measure passed through the legislative process. Since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, SB 41 has had a powerful impact on promoting interpreting services to address communication accessibility needs for Deaf people. It made it passed the Senate by a hair's breadth. Because legislators acknowledged the necessity for the ADA statute, SB 41 was approved during the 1994 legislative session (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1994). The Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College would not exist if it weren't for Dave. No agency that assisted Deaf and hard of hearing people would have the information they needed to continue supporting effective interpretation training. After all, Dave had left a "great legacy" that had "encouraged interpreters to pursue professional development" (UAD Bulletin, July 2003). With the 1993 State Legislature Study Group, Jean Greenwood Thomas and Kristi Mortensen, a legislative intern with network connections to important people, played a crucial role in behind-the-scenes advocacy for the approval of SB 41 and SB 42. Utah was the first state to establish legislation requiring licensed interpreters.
Utah was the first state to pass legislation requiring interpreters to be certified. Utah was the first of the three states to approve a law requiring state certification for all interpreters in 2015 (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014-Winter/Spring 2015). Compared to other states, the Utah Deaf community is incredibly fortunate to have access to high-end services with highly trained interpreters.
Utah was the first state to pass legislation requiring interpreters to be certified. Utah was the first of the three states to approve a law requiring state certification for all interpreters in 2015 (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014-Winter/Spring 2015). Compared to other states, the Utah Deaf community is incredibly fortunate to have access to high-end services with highly trained interpreters.
The Interpreting Expansion Service
of W. David Mortensen
of W. David Mortensen
Dave Mortensen, the president of UAD, also lobbied the Utah State Legislature in 1994 to recognize American Sign Language as a language (Senate Bill 42). This bill established the Deaf language's legitimacy in a variety of contexts. Dave assisted in the creation of the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College (UAD Bulletin, November 1999). He accomplished this by speaking with committees at the Salt Lake City Community Councils and the United Way of Salt Lake City. The UAD's interpreter service was established as a result of this. Appointments for doctor's appointments, meetings with lawyers, and other scenarios might be scheduled through UAD. Mitchel Jensen took over as head of the Utah Interpreter Program, now housed at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (now known as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center). Several interpreting training programs were expanded at various schools and universities around Utah and several freelance interpreting businesses (Valerie G. Kinney, Personal communication, November 4, 2013). Dave's reminders to the medical community to provide sign language interpreters for their Deaf patients/clients have resulted in medical professionals knowing to do so (UAD Bulletin, October 2007, p. 1 & 5).
First Certified Deaf Interpreter in Utah
Certified Deaf Interpreters, or CDI, are nationally certified individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Trenton Marsh made history in 2006 by becoming the first Deaf person from Utah to become a Certified Deaf Interpreter. His CDI training took place at the Sanderson Community Center of Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
HB 371 Would Penalize ASL Interpreters
Working Without Certification
Working Without Certification
In 2013, the Utah interpreting community lobbied for amendments to the state's current interpreter law, known as Senate Bill (SB) 41, which had been established in 1994 and had been in effect since then. SB 41 contained several loopholes that allowed hospitals to bypass the law by instructing Deaf individuals to bring in a signer when a certified interpreter was requested (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013). Furthermore, SB 41 left many members of the Utah Deaf community without legal protection for many years (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). As a result, House Bill (HB) 371 changed 'previous laws to penalize individuals who do not obtain state certification as American Sign Language-trained interpreters,' and the purpose of this bill was to ensure that they obtained qualified interpreters (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). In those cases, Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, stated that "HB 371 will help in closing loopholes when a request for a certified interpreter is made and will give DSDHH some authority to enforce the law" (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013).
Similarly, Dale Boam, then professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University as well as an attorney and an experienced ASL interpreter, stated, "Many have done the task without the proper certification, essentially bilking Deaf individuals" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). He also stated that "making the law enforceable will help in ensuring quality for Utah Deaf community" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).
Similarly, Dale Boam, then professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University as well as an attorney and an experienced ASL interpreter, stated, "Many have done the task without the proper certification, essentially bilking Deaf individuals" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). He also stated that "making the law enforceable will help in ensuring quality for Utah Deaf community" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).
Representative Ronda Menlove, R-Garland, the bill's sponsor, recognized the importance of having the bill signed by the appropriate official (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). On a related note, she is the wife of Dr. Martell Menlove, the state superintendent of public instruction, who was caught up in a controversy between Steven Noyce, the superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Utah Deaf Education Core Group. More information regarding this topic can be found on the "Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Dream" webpage. Ms. Menlove is the grandmother of a Deaf child whose mother, Sara Menlove Doutre, served as the Utah Hands and Voices Chapter president.
On March 13, 2013, HB 371 was enacted during the 2013 legislative session. Although 'it had been clear sailing up until that point,' according to Mitch Jensen, certain doctors came to Capitol Hill and opposed the bill. He explained that the doctors met with Senator Aaron Osmond and told him they wanted to change the law so that doctors wouldn't have to hire certified sign language interpreters (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). When Representative Menlove learned of the doctors' objections, she "took the bull by the horns and made it obvious that this measure was going to pass exactly as drafted" (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). On the other hand, Representative Menlove remarked on March 2 that "the bill just clarifies existing law and is not contentious" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).
Nonetheless, doctors were vocal in their opposition to the bill. According to Marilyn Call, the Director of the DSDHH, "she spent many hours on Capitol Hill chatting and using her charm" (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). Doctors' opposition resulted in the legislature passing HB 371, granting the DSDHH the authority to enforce the law to protect Utah's Deaf community.
Nonetheless, doctors were vocal in their opposition to the bill. According to Marilyn Call, the Director of the DSDHH, "she spent many hours on Capitol Hill chatting and using her charm" (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). Doctors' opposition resulted in the legislature passing HB 371, granting the DSDHH the authority to enforce the law to protect Utah's Deaf community.
First Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter
After years of developing its own interpreter certification in the State of Utah, Trenton Marsh, Utah Interpreter Program Manager (replaced Mitch Jensen), offers three Interpreter Certifications: Novice, Professional, and the Utah CDI certification. The Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter (UCDI) certification has been offered since the fall of 2019. The UCDI exam involves two parts: the Performance exam and the Knowledge exam.
Adam Janisieski, a Deaf individual, passed both exams and was the first certified as a Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter in Utah on July 20, 2021.
Adam Janisieski, a Deaf individual, passed both exams and was the first certified as a Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter in Utah on July 20, 2021.
The Expansion of the Interpreter Training Programs
Interpreter training programs have grown in popularity, and demand for interpreters remains high. The Utah Interpreter Programs, housed at Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University, offer formal training to anyone interested in the interpreting profession.
As can be seen, Utah leads the way in interpreting services compared to other states. We are privileged to have a well-structured interpreting system as well as excellent interpreting services to satisfy communication accessibility needs for Deaf or hard of hearing individuals, thanks to Utah law. Salute to the numerous pioneers who helped to create and extend interpreting services in Utah!
A Videotape of Beth Ann Campbell -
Interpreter In-service Training
at Salt Lake Community College,
October 15, 2010
Interpreter In-service Training
at Salt Lake Community College,
October 15, 2010
Hosted by Julie Hesterman Smith, SLCC Interpreter Service Manager
During an in-service training at Salt Lake Community College, Beth Ann Campbell shared her story of growing up as a CODA, the beginnings of the ASL interpreting profession, including her experience as the first person to take the RID certification test, and her memories from her time as the Director at the Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
This video is captioned. Be sure to turn caption on while watching the video. Enjoy!
This video is captioned. Be sure to turn caption on while watching the video. Enjoy!
Notes
Beth Ann Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, September 18, 2012.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 2006.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, November 4, 2013.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 2006.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, November 4, 2013.
References
“20 Years Ago…” UAD Bulletin, vol. 26.8 (January 2003): 3.
Campbell, Jay. “Beth Ann Reminisces.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11 (April 1992): 4.
“Communication – First Step to Cooperation.” The UAD Bulletin (Spring 1961): 2.
Emery Michelle. "Campbell earns award." Ogden Standard-Examiner (July 25, 1990): p. 5.
Humphrey, Janice. & Alcorn, Bob. So You Want to Be an Interpreter?: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting.Amarillo, TX:: H & H Publishing Company., 2001.
“Interpreters Workshop Planned.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 1964): 4.
“Interpreter’s Workshop Held on May 6th.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (June 1972): 1.
Jensen, Mitch. “Does ADA Work?” DSDHH Newsletter (February 1993): 3.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from the Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 1993): 2.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (May 1993): 3.
Kinney, Valarie. “Highlights of the February Board Meeting.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 2.
Mortensen, Dave. “Deaf Citizens Day a Big Success.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 9 (February 1994): 1.
Mortensen-Nelson, Kristi. “Legislative Issues.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 1.
"National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf Established." The Silent Worker, vol. 16, no. 11. (July-August 1964): 17.
“Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreter for the Deaf.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1968): 1.
“Provo URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1975): 7.
“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.
Campbell, Jay. “Beth Ann Reminisces.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11 (April 1992): 4.
“Communication – First Step to Cooperation.” The UAD Bulletin (Spring 1961): 2.
Emery Michelle. "Campbell earns award." Ogden Standard-Examiner (July 25, 1990): p. 5.
Humphrey, Janice. & Alcorn, Bob. So You Want to Be an Interpreter?: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting.Amarillo, TX:: H & H Publishing Company., 2001.
“Interpreters Workshop Planned.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 1964): 4.
“Interpreter’s Workshop Held on May 6th.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (June 1972): 1.
Jensen, Mitch. “Does ADA Work?” DSDHH Newsletter (February 1993): 3.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from the Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 1993): 2.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (May 1993): 3.
Kinney, Valarie. “Highlights of the February Board Meeting.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 2.
Mortensen, Dave. “Deaf Citizens Day a Big Success.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 9 (February 1994): 1.
Mortensen-Nelson, Kristi. “Legislative Issues.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 1.
"National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf Established." The Silent Worker, vol. 16, no. 11. (July-August 1964): 17.
“Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreter for the Deaf.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1968): 1.
“Provo URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1975): 7.
“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.