Significant Contributions in the History of Deaf and Hearing Women in Utah

Significant Contributions in the History of Deaf and Hearing Women in Utah

Written by Jodi Christel Becker

Published in 2017
Updated in 2025

Author's Note

My journey as a feminist began at the age of 13, and this belief has been an integral part of my identity for as long as I can remember. This brief biography, written by the Central Institute School for the Deaf, where I graduated in 1987, reflects my strong commitment to equal rights for women. I am excited to connect and engage with you on this webpage, where your voice and actions are not just welcomed but are essential to our collective journey toward gender equality. Together, let's advocate for change and empower one another, knowing that our collective action, including yours, is the key to achieving our shared goals.

A brief biography of J.B., who was 13 years old in 1987, highlights her advocacy of women's rights

Having grown up as an Air Force brat with college-educated parents who instilled in me the value of education, I graduated from Gallaudet University with both my bachelor's and master's degrees in social work. I began my career in Utah in 2000. Moving to Utah was a cultural shock for me; I soon realized that the prevailing religious values often placed family commitments above women's education and professional goals. As a minority woman, I faced numerous challenges in navigating my profession due to cultural biases that frequently limited opportunities for women, including leadership roles. My passion for advocating for women's rights sparked when I discovered the Exponent II website, a feminist blog for Latter-day Saint women, through a Facebook ad. This resource revealed Utah's significant historical connection to the Equal Rights Amendment, a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex, which has had a profound impact on my life and advocacy work. This journey has shaped my understanding of social justice and reinforced my commitment to empowering women in their education and professional pursuits.

As an enthusiast of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), I have dedicated the past eight years, from 2017 to 2025, to the ERA movement. This cause is deeply personal to me, and I have invested countless hours into it. I have kept up with emails from ERA organizations, researched the history and progress of the amendment, written letters to lawmakers urging their support, stayed informed about the latest news, attended rallies, signed petitions, and closely monitored legislative votes. Finally, on January 17, 2024, U.S. President Joe R. Biden officially recognized the Equal Rights Amendment as the "Law of the Land." This significant legislative milestone fills me with hope and optimism for the future of gender equality. While the battle is not over—as detailed on the following webpage—this is a crucial step toward achieving gender equality. My adult children often joke that I'm obsessed with this issue, but it has been a labor of love, and I believe it is well worth it!

In addition, I am equally passionate about honoring the remarkable pioneering spirit of early Utah women. This webpage serves as a tribute to the extraordinary resilience of these women, including BIPOC and LGBTQ+ individuals, who faced significant challenges in social, economic, professional, and political spheres but still made a lasting impact on our society. By exploring the leadership achievements of Utah women, we can celebrate their contributions and draw inspiration from their strength and determination. Together, we can pave the way for a more equitable future, inspired by the triumphs of those who came before us.

This webpage will discuss the history of equality and the urgent need for increased political engagement to support these rights. By fostering awareness and encouraging dialogue around these important issues, we can empower future generations to continue the fight for equality. Together, we can create a more inclusive political landscape that honors the accomplishments of those who came before us and inspires others to join the cause.

Utah women have been true trailblazers in leading the charge for equality, voting rights, education, careers, and access to opportunities. Despite their groundbreaking achievements, many people often overlook this crucial aspect of our history. This webpage aims to reclaim and celebrate our impactful past while inspiring everyone to advocate for equal rights.

Equal rights are not just a historical issue; they remain a pressing concern today, and the fight for equality is ongoing and urgent. It's a struggle that we must continue, and it's one that future generations must also carry forward. By acknowledging the struggles and triumphs of Utah women, we can motivate future generations to continue the fight for justice and equality in our communities.

In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to honor their unique contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of associating women's achievements with their husbands' last names. This choice acknowledges their contributions under their names, which is essential for recognizing their identities. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also highlights the importance of women's advocacy in our community and fosters inclusivity. This approach emphasizes women's accomplishments and contributions while acknowledging the unique identity of each individual.

Also, our organization was previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, but we changed our name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. For a bit of background, we were called the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962, then became the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963, and finally embraced our original name again in 2012. When I write for the history website, I mention both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of our association's history.

Thanks so much for your interest in this important topic!

Enjoy!

Jodi Christel Becker

I (Heart) the ERA. Designed by Krista Niles. Source: www.equalrightsamendment.org

"Women's Rights are Human Rights=
Human Rights are Women's Rights."
~Utah Women Unite~

Thousands March at the Utah State Capitol
to Advocate for Women's Equality

Disclaimer

This webpage is not intended to criticize U.S. President Donald J. Trump. Instead, its purpose is to highlight the challenges women encounter when sharing their experiences of injustice, inequality, sexism, misogyny, and oppression in a political system that has historically been dominated by men. This ongoing struggle for women's voices to be heard is crucial in fostering a more inclusive and equitable society. By shedding light on their experiences, we can begin to dismantle the systemic barriers that have long silenced them and work toward meaningful change.

The Global Women’s March

On January 21, 2017, history was made with the Global Women's March, where approximately 2.6 million people, including men, participated worldwide to express their opposition to women's inequality. This significant event showcased the overwhelming support for women's rights and emphasized the importance of political engagement, with men standing in solidarity with women. This solidarity highlighted that the fight for gender equality is not solely a women's issue but a human rights issue that requires collective action. The march served as a powerful reminder that lasting change can only be achieved when everyone united to advocate for justice and equality.

In Utah, a remarkable turnout of 10,000 residents, representing a diverse array of backgrounds and experiences, braved challenging weather conditions to march to the Utah State Capitol. These individuals, from all walks of life, urged lawmakers to advocate for equal rights for all women, including LGBTQ+ individuals, women of color, immigrant women, Muslim women, Disabled women, and those with low or fixed incomes. Organized by Utah Women Unite, the event served as a powerful advocacy for the millions of women who face the denial of fundamental human rights based on gender, showcasing the inclusivity and unity of the movement. The event highlighted the need for comprehensive policy changes that address the distinct challenges faced by diverse groups of women. Participants emphasized that true equality can only be achieved when every woman's voice is heard and valued in the legislative process.

Participants sent a powerful message to Utah lawmakers, showing their commitment to preserving the progress achieved by previous generations of women (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017). This dedication has led to significant policy changes that address disparities in pay, education, and career opportunities, highlighting the tangible impact of the Global Women's March and instilling a sense of hope for the future. This sense of hope fuels ongoing efforts to advocate for gender equality and empower women across all sectors of society. As the movement evolves, it continues to motivate new generations to stand up for their rights and work collaboratively toward a more equitable world.

A group of ASL/Deaf Women at the Utah Women's March in the Utah State Capitol on January 23, 2017. Back Row: L-R: Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Sari Stewart Williams, Dawn Duran (ASL Interpreter), Stephanie Lowder Mathis, and Chrystee Call Davenport. Front Row L-R: Shandra Benito, Jodi Christel Becker, Millicent "Millie" Simmonds (a Deaf actress), and Carol Sanderson

Just 24 hours after U.S. President Donald J. Trump's inauguration, the Global Women's March was launched to address concerns about potential threats to women's civil rights and liberties. This historic event included the "Utah Women Unite" march, coordinated by Kate Kelly, a well-known activist, human rights attorney, and advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment. It became one of the largest marches in Utah's history, held at the State Capitol in Salt Lake City, Utah. The march served as a powerful expression of frustration, with Kelly stating, "I'm sick and tired of men making laws about our bodies, our choices, and our lives without consulting us!" (Vaglanos, The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017). The march not only emphasized the urgent need to protect women's rights but also galvanized a diverse coalition of voices advocating for equality and justice. Participants left the event inspired and motivated to continue their fight for legislative change and social progress.

Kate Kelly, a human rights lawyer & Equal Rights Amendment activist/author. Source: Facebook, 2021

Utah Women's Suffrage Movement

Let's take a moment to explore the inspiring history of women in Utah. In the 1800s, women in Utah exhibited remarkable courage as they entered the political arena to advocate for their rights, including the right to vote. Influential suffragists like Emily Sophia Tanner Richards, Emmeline B. Wells, and Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon were pivotal in advancing women's rights, establishing Utah as a crucial player in the suffrage movement. The legacy of these extraordinary political figures and activists endures today, as they made significant contributions to the fight for women's suffrage, shaping history and leaving a profound and lasting impact on the global women's movement. Their efforts not only inspired future generations of women to advocate for equality but also laid the groundwork for legislative changes that ultimately granted women the rights they deserved. As we reflect on their achievements, it is essential to continue the work they started and strive for a more equitable society for all.

Western suffragists, including Utahns Martha Hughes Cannon, Sarah M. Kimball, Emmeline B. Wells, and Zina D. H. Young, pose with national suffrage leaders Susan B. Anthony and Anna Howard Shaw at the 1895 Rocky Mountain Suffrage Meeting in Salt Lake City. Source: Utah State Historical Society

Emily Sophia Tanner Richards played a pivotal role in the suffrage movement by connecting a Utah suffrage group with the National Woman Suffrage Association, founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. This organization focused on state-level campaigns, lobbying, and traditional methods of political advocacy. Her strong relationship with Susan B. Anthony, an American women's rights activist and prominent leader in the National American Woman Suffrage Association, was crucial to her efforts. Supported by her husband, Franklin S. Richards, Emily established local suffrage associations in collaboration with Relief Societies, the women's organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, across Utah and the Intermountain West. This collective approach emphasized the strength found in unity and empowered women in their quest for voting rights while also fostering connections among diverse groups (Toone, Deseret News, May 7, 2014; Radke-Moss, Better Days 2020). Through these initiatives, Emily and her allies made major advances toward gender equality, setting the stage for future activists.

Emily S. and Franklin S. Richards, leaders in Utah's suffrage movement. Source: Utah State Historical Society

Utah played a crucial role in the suffrage movement, notably through its high membership in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Women in Utah gained the right to vote in 1870, a milestone while many in other states were still facing legal and societal barriers. This leadership showcases Utah's progressive history and its notable contribution to the global women's movement. The legacy of these early achievements continues to shape today's efforts for gender equality and social justice. Reflecting on this history serves as a reminder that the fight for women's rights is an ongoing journey that requires commitment and activism from all parts of society.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton seated, reading with Susan B. Anthony . Source: womenshistory.org

Woman's Exponent,
a Progressive Newspaper

In the early history of Utah, a pivotal moment in the empowerment of women was marked by the establishment of the "Woman's Exponent," a publication dedicated to amplifying the voices and addressing the issues of women within the Latter-day Saints community. Operating independently from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Woman's Exponent was published from 1872 to 1914 under the visionary leadership of editors Lula Greene Richards and Emmeline B. Wells.

Throughout its 42-year operation, the newspaper addressed a diverse range of topics, including women's suffrage, polygamy, home and family life, education, and various social, political, and reform issues. It provided a platform for women's stories and concerns, highlighting the multifaceted experiences of women during that era. The publication also featured household tips, poetry, narratives, and news, serving as a vital space for community building, empowerment, and activism.

Lula Greene Richards. Source: Utah Communication History Encyclopedia

Despite its success, the Woman's Exponent faced significant financial challenges, which ultimately led to the cessation of its publication in 1914 (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016). Its closure marked the end of an important chapter in journalism, as the newspaper had served as a beacon for women's voices and advocacy. Established to provide a platform for women to express their thoughts and engage in public discourse, the Exponent played a crucial role in informing and empowering its readership.

The Woman's Exponent may no longer be published, but its influence remains significant. In the early 1970s, the Boston Mormon Feminists rediscovered it, leading to the creation of a new publication, Exponent II, as detailed in the section below, which has inspired many Latter-day Saint women to advocate for their rights and engage in social reform. The ideas within the original Exponent's pages continue to drive efforts toward gender equality and community empowerment, instilling hope for the future of women's rights.

As we consider the Woman's Exponent's impact, we pay tribute to the voices it elevated and the narratives it conveyed. Its enduring legacy inspires future generations to advocate for women's rights and representation in media. Although the original publication has ended, its mission to empower women's lives lives on through Exponent II, founded in 1974, which fosters ongoing discussion and advocacy for women's issues.

Emmeline B. Wells. Source: PBS.org

"The future will deal more generously
with womankind, and the historian
of the present age will find it very embarrassing to ignore woman."
~Emmeline B. Wells~

The original Woman's Exponent newspaper was taken at the 'Better Days 2020' festival in 2018

Brigham Young's Complex
Role in Women's Leadership

Brigham Young, who served as both the Governor of Utah and the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was a significant advocate for women's education and career opportunities. During his time, women within the Latter-day Saint community held various roles both within the Church and in the broader Utah society. While traditional gender roles were emphasized, women actively participated in areas such as education, healthcare, and community development, which expanded their influence and opportunities.

Brigham Young held remarkably progressive views that not only encouraged women's participation in areas beyond traditional domestic roles but also created greater societal opportunities for women (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016). His commitment to education and professional development for women opened pathways for them to pursue higher education and careers. As a result, his influence contributed to a shift in societal perceptions of women's roles and abilities. However, it's important to note that Brigham Young's legacy concerning women is complex, as his actions both supported and reflected patriarchal norms, sparking ongoing discussions about women's roles and rights.

Brigham Young. Source: www.churchofjesuschrist.org/

Under President Young's leadership, they were not only allowed but also empowered to work and pursue progressive careers. They advanced their political agendas while practicing polygamy and striving for academic and professional success. Women took on various roles in academia, medicine, teaching, writing, and politics (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016). Historians note that Mormon feminists have been part of the movement since the inception of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830 (Havens, The Spectrum, February 24, 2018). This enduring commitment to gender equality within the Church has evolved over time, leading to significant discussions about women's roles and rights in both religious and secular contexts. As the movement continues to grow, modern Mormon feminists strive to balance their faith with advocacy for gender equity and social justice.

The Decline in Women's Leadership Role

For years, women in the Latter-day Saint community have held leadership positions in education, various careers, politics, and within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, particularly in the Relief Society. However, following 1920, there was a gradual decline in the power and status of women in both the church and politics. This trend continued until the 1960s when men began to take control of the finances and operations of the Relief Society, significantly diminishing women's power and independence.

A major factor contributing to this decline was the church's promotion of a traditional family structure during the 1970s and 1980s, which discouraged women from pursuing careers outside the home. This shift led to an increase in the number of stay-at-home mothers and a decrease in college enrollment rates for women in Utah compared to the national average (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016).

This change impacted women's professional aspirations and reinforced societal norms that defined their roles primarily as caregivers and homemakers. As a result, many women faced challenges in balancing their personal ambitions with the expectations placed upon them by both the church and the broader community. In response, many women began to seek alternative avenues for empowerment, leading to grassroots movements that aimed to reclaim their voices and influence within both the church and society.

The Relaunch of the
Woman's Exponent II Magazine and Blog

During the crucial period of the Equal Rights Amendment ratification from 1972 to 1982, Susan Kohler, a feminist and member of the Latter-day Saint community in Boston, Massachusetts, played a pivotal role. She discovered a collection of archived Women's Exponent newspapers at Harvard University's Widener Library and the Boston Public Library. This discovery inspired Dr. Claudia Lauper Bushman and Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich to co-found Exponent II magazine in July 1974 (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).

As the longest-running independent publication for Latter-day Saint women, Exponent II offers feminist forums where women and gender minorities can share their diverse life experiences in an atmosphere of trust and acceptance. The magazine publishes essays, poetry, and art, promoting community and empowerment among its readers.

Exponent II has extensively documented the changing experiences of its readership, providing a platform for Latter-day Saint women to share their stories, challenges, and successes. This encourages dialogue and reflection on various issues related to faith, culture, and identity, highlighting the diverse lives of Latter-day Saint women. These experiences include, but are not limited to, the challenges of balancing faith and career, the intersection of gender and culture, and the journey toward self-acceptance and empowerment.

Claudia Lauper Bushman. Source: Fairmormon.org

Known as the Boston Mormon Feminists, the advocates of Exponent II are a group of Latter-day Saint women in Boston advocating for gender equality within the Church. They consider Exponent II a 'spiritual descendant' of the original Women's Exponent. Claudia Bushman acknowledges the women featured in these pages as role models. Exponent II continues the feminist movement that originated with the Women's Exponent, aiming to empower and strengthen The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while cultivating the talents of Mormon women. The publication showcases a range of experiences and concerns, reflecting the richness of life for Latter-day Saint women from a feminist perspective, and it is published quarterly (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016). By promoting a supportive community, Exponent II fosters dialogue and growth within the church, amplifying women's voices and honoring the legacy of its predecessors while creating an environment that allows subsequent generations of Latter-day Saint women to thrive.

Latter-day Saint women's contributions largely went unnoticed from 1870 to 1970. However, Mormon feminists in Boston made significant advances in the early 1970s, culminating in the establishment of the Women's Exponent magazine in 1974. This revival marked an important moment in the Mormon feminist movement, providing a vital platform to highlight the experiences and perspectives of Latter-day Saint women. Originally published from 1872 to 1914, the Women's Exponent was revived in 1974 and continues to be an important voice today, reminding us of the lasting impact of these women. We owe a tremendous debt to the Women's Exponent for bringing their contributions to light.

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Source: ldswomenofgod.com

Did You Know?

Did you know that in 1976, Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, a historian and Mormon feminist at Harvard University, famously coined the phrase, "Well-behaved women seldom make history"? This statement, often interpreted as a call to rebellion, has had a profound cultural impact, inspiring women to step outside their comfort zones and create meaningful change. It has even led to the development of a wide range of products, including greeting cards, t-shirts, mugs, pins, posters, and more. More importantly, it has sparked a movement that challenges traditional norms and encourages women to take control of their narratives.

Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich '80, Ph.D., with a variety of merchandise bearing her saying, "Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History." Source: www.nhu.edu

Dr. Ulrich's work makes a significant contribution to the feminist movement within the Latter-day Saints community, motivating many and serving as a rallying cry for women's empowerment and recognition of their historical contributions. Her message not only fosters solidarity among women seeking equality but also sparks a broader discussion about women's roles in both the Mormon faith and society. This dialogue encourages women to reclaim their narratives and challenge the traditional norms that have often sidelined their voices. By promoting awareness and understanding, Dr. Ulrich's efforts empower future generations to advocate for their rights and draw strength from their shared experiences.

"Well-behaved woman seldom make history." Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, 1976. Source: LAIDLAW Foundation

The Better Days 2020
Organization is Established

In 2017, Neylan McBaine co-founded Better Days 2020, a nonprofit organization, with Mandy Grant. The organization is dedicated to raising awareness of women's history in Utah through education, legislation, and the art. Better Days 2020's mission includes advocating for women's rights and aims to recognize and encourage the roles that women have played in Utah's leadership. They also strive to integrate women's studies into the state's educational curriculum, emphasizing the contributions of women throughout Utah's history. The initiative seeks to inspire future generations to value leadership roles and foster a deeper understanding of women's experiences, ultimately creating a more inclusive narrative in education.

Our local Deaf individual, Elizabeth DeLong, made history by becoming the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf in 1909. Her biography is featured on the Better Days 2020 website. Additionally, one of our ASL/English bilingual schools in Springville, Utah, is named in her honor and is located under the Utah School for the Deaf. You can find more information about her in the section far below.

Neylan McBaine. Source: www.neylanmcbaine.com. Credit: Chelsie Starley

The Historical Context
of the Equal Rights Amendment

The Century-Long Battle
to Pass the Equal Rights Amendment

In the fight for voting rights, influential civil rights leaders Dr. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns founded the National Woman's Party on June 5, 1916. They separated from the National American Woman Suffrage Association (now known as the League of Women Voters) due to differences in strategy and approach. Alice and Lucy played key roles in advocating for the 19th Amendment, a significant achievement that granted women the right to vote.

The National Woman's Party, under the leadership of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, focused on the national level and employed more aggressive tactics, such as picketing the White House, marching, organizing protests, and engaging in hunger strikes, to pressure the federal government to adopt the amendment. Their strategies were inspired by the suffragettes in England, where Alice and Lucy had previously lived, and ultimately contributed to the successful passage of the 19th Amendment.

In contrast, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, focused on state-by-state lobbying and public education. While both organizations played crucial roles in achieving this landmark victory, their differing approaches highlight the diverse strategies within the Women's Suffrage Movement.

Alice Paul. Source: Biography.com

Despite the landmark victory of the 19th Amendment in 1920, a turning point in the journey toward gender equality, the struggle was far from over. This achievement did not eliminate the substantial barriers that women continued to face. America denied women many rights and opportunities that men enjoyed. These challenges included limited access to higher education, particularly in fields such as law and medicine; fewer career opportunities; difficulties in signing contracts; job insecurity; restrictions on property ownership; lack of access to political office; and control over finances and earnings. Nevertheless, women's resilience and determination in the face of these obstacles did not stop the fight for equality.

However, the 19th Amendment came at the expense of Black and Brown women, who were largely denied this right until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This act marked a crucial moment in the ongoing struggle for equality, ensuring that all women, including women of color, could exercise their right to vote. However, significant obstacles remain. The fight for equality continues to demand our attention and commitment, as challenges such as the gender pay gap, underrepresentation in leadership roles, and the battle for bodily autonomy and reproductive rights persist. Women continue to organize and advocate for their rights, demanding equal pay, reproductive autonomy, and an end to all forms of discrimination.

Lucy Burns. Source: biography.com

After the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, many suffragists stepped back from public life and activism. However, Alice Paul did not. She believed that the true battle for legally protected gender equality was yet to come. Alice's fierce ambition led her to pursue and earn three law degrees, showcasing her courage and determination. Her journey was not without challenges; she faced discrimination and opposition in her quest for gender equality. Despite these obstacles, her unwavering perseverance and resilience remained strong, inspiring future generations.

Two pioneering lawyers and suffragists, Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, understood that achieving true gender equality required more than just voting rights. They dedicated themselves to co-authoring the Equal Rights Amendment, commonly known as the ERA. This amendment aims to prohibit gender discrimination and ensure "equal justice under the law" for all individuals, making a significant and lasting impact on gender equality in the United States. Their commitment and efforts were crucial in advancing gender equality and securing recognition of women's rights.

The ERA represents the ongoing and urgent quest for gender equality. Although some progress has been made, women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals still experience unequal treatment in various areas of life, including the workplace, politics, and social dynamics. This persistent inequality makes it essential to incorporate the ERA into the U.S. Constitution. Enacting the ERA would not just be a step forward; it represents a significant leap toward a fairer and more equitable society, and the time for this leap is now.

The ERA's powerful statement promotes a vision in which "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." By explicitly guaranteeing equal rights, the ERA would provide a crucial safeguard against systemic gender bias and foster a more inclusive society for everyone, regardless of gender.

The Equal Rights Amendment postcard. Designed by Krista Niles. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

The Equal Rights Amendment can achieve several key objectives:

Close the current equality gap in the U.S. Constitution.
Establish a framework for the Supreme Court to interpret "equality rights under the law" as they pertain to government jobs.
Anchor equality laws in the U.S. Constitution to prevent the rollback of hard-won legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1963. These laws have been instrumental in advancing gender equality, and the ERA's inclusion would provide a strong defense against any attempts to diminish their impact (Vote Equality! website).

What will the 28th Amendment really do? Source: voteequality.us/

The primary goal of the ERA is to prevent discrimination based on sex and establish comprehensive protections against it from both federal and state governments. It aims to strengthen safeguards for legal equality, not just for women but also for men, people of color, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those with disabilities. The ERA addresses a widespread issue with a holistic and all-encompassing approach, ensuring that no one is left behind.

Additionally, the ERA's purpose includes removing barriers to equality and enhancing legal protections for women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals. As our understanding of gender continues to evolve, the importance of the ERA grows, helping to protect people of all genders and acknowledge their diverse experiences. Ultimately, the ERA represents more than just legislation; it symbolizes hope for a future that is more inclusive, equitable, and brighter for all.

Crystal Eastman. Source: wikipedia.org

What Can The Equal Rights Amendment Achieve?

The Equal Rights Amendment can achieve several essential goals for gender justice and equality, which include the following:

Challenging Gender Discrimination

The ERA is not only a powerful tool but also an urgent necessity in our fight against gender discrimination. It guarantees that both existing and new rights cannot be denied or diminished based on sex. By offering a stronger legal foundation for challenging gender discrimination in the courts, the ERA can lead to more consistent and favorable rulings for those who face discrimination. This amendment, in turn, would help create a more inclusive and equitable society.

Enhanced Protection Against Rollback

The ERA would help safeguard against the rollback of existing legal advancements in women's rights and equality, especially in areas such as reproductive healthcare, workplace rights, and protection from violence.

The absence of the ERA raises concerns about potential rollbacks of existing legal protections, especially following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, which eliminated federal safeguards for abortion rights and opened the door for states to revoke those rights. Furthermore, critical laws like Title IX and the Violence Against Women Act may also be under threat, highlighting the necessity for strong protections for gender equality rights.

Closing the Gender Pay Gap

The ERA would address pay discrimination by making it easier for women to challenge unequal pay. Despite progress over the years, women continue to earn less than men for the same work. The ERA aims to promote fair pay practices to help close this wage gap.

Empowering Marginalized Communities

The ERA can benefit marginalized communities, including women of color and LGBTQ+ individuals, as well as those with intersecting identities, who often face various forms of discrimination. By protecting the rights of all marginalized groups, the ERA can help dismantle multiple forms of discrimination and promote inclusivity. This amendment would pave the way for a more equitable and fair future for everyone.

Support for Gender-Based Violence

The ERA will enhance women's and LGBTQ+'s access to a legal framework that promotes justice in cases of gender-based violence, including domestic violence, sexual assault, and rape. It will also establish and enforce penalties for a range of offenses, from sexual harassment to assault in the workplace, providing a strong shield of protection, especially for women and LGBTQ+ individuals in the military.

ERA Social Media Post - Roberta Madden Quote. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

Protecting the LGBTQ+ Rights

The ERA can protect against discrimination based on gender, gender identity, gender orientation, and gender expression for the LGBTQ+ community. It would ensure that all individuals are treated equally under the law, fostering a more inclusive society. By establishing these protections, the ERA would help combat systemic biases and promote fairness in various aspects of life, including employment, housing, and education. Additionally, this amendment would ensure that transgender, nonbinary, and intersex individuals have access to appropriate healthcare and challenge harmful gender stereotypes.

Tackling the Disparities of Female Poverty

The ERA will tackle the disparities of female poverty by addressing income, Social Security, pensions, and other programs, while also recognizing that workplace gender discrimination exacerbates these negative impacts.

Protecting Pregnancy Discrimination

The ERA can protect pregnant employees from job loss, ensuring they receive necessary accommodations. This protection is needed to create a supportive work environment where individuals feel valued and secure, enabling them to balance their professional responsibilities with their personal lives. By fostering an inclusive environment, employers can significantly boost employee morale and retention.

Providing Healthcare Access

The ERA seeks to guarantee equal access to healthcare services, including abortion and reproductive care, for women and marginalized communities. By prioritizing healthcare rights, the ERA empowers individuals to exercise their fundamental human rights over their bodies, addressing the unique health needs of these groups. This focus not only promotes equity in health outcomes but also empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their bodies and future. Through its advocacy for comprehensive healthcare access, the ERA aims to dismantle systemic barriers that have historically hindered progress, ultimately fostering a more equitable and just society.

Advancing Family and Caregiving Responsibilities

The ERA aims to enhance workplace equality by challenging the stereotype that women should be the primary caregivers at home. By addressing these gender norms, the ERA fosters greater equality and offers hope for a more progressive and equitable future. It promotes policies that support work-life balance, affordable childcare, parental leave, and elder care responsibility for everyone, regardless of gender. This potential to challenge and change societal norms paves the way for a more inclusive and fair future.

International Standing

Incorporating the ERA into the U.S. Constitution would not only show the United States' commitment to gender equality on the global stage, but it would also align the nation with many other countries that already have similar protections in their constitutions. This alignment would not only instill pride but also enhance our global connections and influence, potentially inspiring other nations to strengthen their own gender equality laws.

Lastly, the ERA has the potential to renew efforts against gender discrimination, aiming to achieve success rates similar to those seen in cases of discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin. One of the key goals of the ERA is to provide essential financial support for survivors of gender-based violence—an urgent and necessary measure that has long been overdue in the Violence Against Women Act of 1994, as courts often deny such assistance. This support, which could include financial aid for medical expenses, legal fees, and other costs incurred as a result of the violence, is crucial for the well-being and recovery of survivors. Furthermore, Congress has frequently resisted efforts to renew this act. Although the ERA may not directly address specific issues, it would enhance laws related to child sex trafficking and address practices like female genital mutilation, foster care inequities, and child marriage. Achieving this goal would require proper funding, oversight, investigation, and prosecution in these areas, which are often under-enforced and where our most vulnerable populations have been neglected.

Overall, the ERA stands as a vital promise for advancing gender equality in the United States. Thanks to pioneers like Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, the ERA has been a cornerstone for advocacy and activism over the past century. This amendment has been integral to movements focused on women's, BIPOC, and LGBTQ+ rights, sparking necessary conversations, motivating activism, and advancing progress toward social justice. Despite the strides we've made, the ERA remains an essential piece of legislation, necessary to ensure comprehensive rights for all individuals in America.

I am an ERA Advocate. Designed by Erica Meline. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

The Introduction of the
Equal Rights Amendment at the Two Events

On July 21, 1923, Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, two trailblazing leaders in the women's rights movement, introduced the Equal Rights Amendment during the 75th anniversary of the 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. This significant event, which marked a turning point in the campaign for gender equality, paved the way for the ratification of the ERA.

In December 1923, Alice and Crystal introduced the ERA to the United States Congress, laying the groundwork for future progress in the women's rights movement. Unfortunately, it did not pass during that period. Since then, the ERA has been introduced in every session of Congress, reflecting the steadfast commitment to gender equality. Despite repeated attempts to pass it, the ERA has encountered numerous challenges and opposition. Nonetheless, the ongoing determination of activists and advocates has kept the conversation alive, inspiring future generations to continue the fight for equal rights and honor the legacy of early pioneers.

"Equality of rights under the law
shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by any
state on account of sex."
~Alice Paul~

At the 75th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention, suffragist and women's rights activist Alice Paul presented the Lucretia Mott Amendment, which would prohibit any sex-based discrimination. Later, this amendment became known as the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: National Woman's Party Conference, Seneca Falls, New York, July 21, 1923. Visual materials from the National Woman's Party Records, Prints, and Photographs Division at the Library of Congress

"If we keep on this way they will be celebrating
the 150th anniversary of the 1848 Convention
without being much further advanced in equal
rights than we are…If we had not concentrated
on the Federal Amendment we should be working
today for suffrage…We shall not be safe until
the principle of equal rights is written into the
framework of our government."
~Alice Paul~

Did You Know?

Did you know that the Equal Rights Amendment had three name changes before Congress eventually passed it in 1972? It was initially known as the Lucretia Mott Amendment and then as the Alice Paul Amendment.

With language akin to the 19th Amendment, Alice Paul first drafted the Lucretia Mott Amendment, which was presented to Congress between 1923 and 1942 and stated, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction." Congress never passed it.

The Alice Paul Amendment was renamed in 1943 after Alice Paul proposed a revised version that more closely matched the language of the 15th and 19th Amendments. It stated that "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite the setbacks, she and her supporters continued to advocate for the amendment in Congress between 1943 and 1972.

Finally, in 1972, Congress revised and passed what we now call the "Equal Rights Amendment," or ERA, as in:

Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification [allowing states and the federal government time to adjust their laws and policies to comply with the new constitutional provision].

The Equal Rights Amendment Poster. Designed by Taulukos Designs. Source: redbubble.com

The Equal Rights Amendment
Faces Challenges in the Legislation

The Equal Rights Amendment, first championed by Alice Paul, represents a long-standing commitment to achieving gender equality, despite facing many challenges over the years. Advocates for the ERA had a significant influence on the modern women's movement during the 1960s and 1970s, a period marked by substantial social and political changes that energized feminist activism and advanced the fight for gender equality. This wave of activism not only brought attention to the ERA but also highlighted the ongoing legal and social inequalities women faced. Support for the amendment also grew among federal lawmakers, including Representatives Martha Griffiths (D-MI) and Shirley Chisholm (D-NY).

Martha Griffiths. Source: aauwhonolulu.org

Martha was the first woman to serve on the influential House Committee on Ways and Means, while Shirley was the first Black woman elected to Congress. After 49 years of dedicated efforts, Representative Martha Griffiths reintroduced the ERA in 1971. The House overwhelmingly approved it on October 12, 1971, and the Senate followed suit on March 22, 1972, sending it to the states for ratification (New York Public Library website). Following Congress's approval, many states quickly ratified the amendment. To be included in the U.S. Constitution, the ERA required ratification from 38 states. It seemed almost certain to succeed until Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative housewife and a longtime Republican activist allied with the rising religious right, unexpectedly derailed it, leading to a sudden and dramatic turn of events.

Shirley Chisholm. Photo by Thomas J. O'Halloran. Source. blackpast.org

The rise of a well-organized conservative movement, especially among religious groups in the United States, complicated the efforts of ERA advocates to secure ratification from the three additional states needed for its passage after 35 states had approved it. A major obstacle was Phyllis Schlafly, who collaborated with the religious right, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She launched a campaign to prevent the ERA from being added to the U.S. Constitution. In the 1970s, Phyllis spearheaded the STOP ERA campaign, which stood for "Stop Taking Our Privileges." This anti-ERA movement successfully rallied many women to its cause by framing ERA supporters as individuals who "hate men, marriage, and children" and would "destroy morality and the family" (New York Public Library website). The STOP ERA campaign employed various tactics, including grassroots organizing, media outreach, and public demonstrations, to spread its message and mobilize opposition to the ERA. The debate over the ERA ignited a fierce national battle during that decade, highlighting deep societal divisions and the intensity of the struggle.

In 1977, activist Phyllis Schlafly, wearing a "Stop ERA" badge, demonstrated with other women against the Equal Rights Amendment in front of the White House in Washington, D.C. Warren K. Leffler/Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. Source: wams.nyhistory.org

During the 1970s, despite the efforts of the Stop ERA, the Equal Rights Amendment gained significant support. However, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints emerged as a leading opponent of the ERA. In 1977, the Church allied with Phyllis Schlafly's STOP ERA campaign and joined forces with the Religious Right to oppose the ratification of the ERA in Utah on moral grounds. Their concerns focused on the potential effects of the amendment on family structure, gender distinctions, abortion, same-sex marriage, inclusive bathrooms, the risks associated with women serving in the military, and the value of stay-at-home motherhood. They believed that the ERA would undermine traditional family values and gender roles.

In response to the opposition against the ERA, Dr. Sonia Johnson co-founded and led Mormons for ERA, a national organization dedicated to advocating for the passage of the amendment. This group, primarily composed of women from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was established to counter the Church's official stance against the ERA. They actively participated in the National Organization for Women's "ERA YES" campaign, which aimed to advance the amendment. Unfortunately, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ultimately succeeded in blocking the vote on the ERA. For a deeper understanding of the ERA's impact on Mormon women, the document 'Mormon Feminism in 1977 and Today' offers a comprehensive overview of their responses during the International Women's Year Convention in 1975 and the National Women's Convention in 1977. It explores the political reasons behind the Church's opposition to the ERA, detailing how conventions were dominated by Relief Society women who strongly opposed the proposed amendment. Additionally, it highlights the advocacy efforts of Mormon feminists for the ERA during these crucial years, as well as the challenges they faced in their support of the ERA.

The ratification process for the Equal Rights Amendment required the approval of 38 states to become law, which was a significant and complex undertaking. The process was further complicated by a specific deadline—an aspect not typically found in other constitutional amendments. The ERA had an initial ratification deadline of March 22, 1979. However, when this original seven-year time limit expired, the ERA had not secured enough support. Congress then extended the deadline to June 30, 1982.

Despite facing numerous challenges, supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment showed remarkable dedication to the cause. From 1972 to 1982, they engaged in a variety of activities, including lobbying, marching, rallying, petitioning, picketing, and participating in hunger strikes. These actions demanded significant personal and professional sacrifices, often involving great personal risk in their fight for equality. Unfortunately, despite their efforts, the ERA fell short of the necessary ratifications, lacking the three additional states, including Utah, needed to amend the U.S. Constitution by the critical deadline.

The debate surrounding the ERA revealed significant societal divisions regarding gender equality, which demonstrated the complexity of the women's rights movement at the time. The failure to secure the requisite support by 1982 marked a major setback for the advancement of women's rights in the United States. This outcome had lasting implications, as it prevented the ERA from being enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and deprived individuals of a crucial legal safeguard against gender discrimination.

Dr. Sonia Johnson testifies before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights on January 13, 1978. Source: nursingclio.org/

Nonetheless, the fight for gender equality continued to motivate future generations to advocate for women's rights, LGBTQ+ individuals rights, and the importance of the ERA in American society. Ongoing advocacy has sparked new discussions about the ERA's relevance, with activists exploring innovative strategies for achieving constitutional equality. As awareness increased, there was growing hope that renewed efforts would lead to the passage of the ERA, establishing women's rights and LGBTQ+ individuals' rights as fundamental in the United States.

After decades of legislative battles over issues such as gender equality, bodily autonomy, reproductive healthcare, access to contraception, same-sex marriage, transgender rights, women's military service, and inclusive restrooms, our nation has finally achieved a major milestone. The U.S. Constitution now includes the Equal Rights Amendment, a historic addition that was affirmed as the law of the land by President Joe R. Biden on January 17, 2025. This monumental achievement in the fight for gender equality, endorsed by the highest office in the country, is a testament to our collective efforts and highlights the profound impact the ERA will have on our society. More information is available in the section far below.

The ERA reinforces the importance of equal rights for all genders and promotes further legislative reforms to eliminate sex discrimination. It ensures that everyone, especially women and LGBTQ+ individuals, is guaranteed equal protection and rights under the law. The amendment also addresses issues such as same-sex marriage and transgender rights, ensuring fair treatment and protection for all. As a society, we must actively implement and uphold the principles of the amendment to build a more equitable future.

The ongoing denial of equal rights and protections for women and LGBTQ+ individuals in the United States is a critical issue that requires our collective action and commitment. The fight for gender equality is a journey, not a destination, that demands our active support, particularly for the Equal Rights Amendment, which President Biden has endorsed and published. It is through our collective action and commitment that we can bring about the necessary changes and ensure that everyone, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, is treated equally under the law.

The ERA represents our commitment to gender equality and empowers all of us to make meaningful contributions to this vital movement. This is not a task for a select few; it requires the involvement of everyone—women, men, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals alike. Each person, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, has a significant role in advancing and supporting gender equality. Your participation matters, and you are a vital part of this cause.

Mormons for ERA. Source: patheos.com

“I Am For The Equal Rights Amendment.” ~Shirley Chisholm~

The Legacy of Alice Paul

Alice Paul was a pivotal figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement, recognized for her impactful quotes advocating for equal rights. No one had as much energy for a long flight as she did. She famously stated, "I never doubted that equal rights were the right direction. Most reforms, most problems, are complicated. But to me there is nothing complicated about ordinary equality." Alice emphasized the necessity for women's full participation in all aspects of society, stating, "There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it," according to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. Her vision included a future where women were not subject to men's laws or customs and could participate equally with men in shaping their own lives, as noted by Study.com.

Alice Paul. Created by Erica Young, Member of API’s Advocacy Committee. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

In addition to her work for suffrage, Alice Paul was a passionate advocate for gender equality, with a strong focus on the Equal Rights Amendment. Even after suffering a stroke in 1974 and moving to a nursing home, she remained committed to her cause. Despite her health struggles, Alice continued to monitor the progress of the ERA and welcomed visitors who updated her on the campaign. She actively contributed to the ERA efforts by providing strategic advice on how to approach legislators and effectively spread the message (Leap, New Jersey Monthly, August 10, 2020). Although she passed away on July 9, 1977, at the age of 92, she did not live to see the ratification of the ERA in the following decades. Nevertheless, her passion, dedication, and strategic efforts established her as a pioneering figure in the feminist movement.

Alice Paul is discussing the ERA with a visitor at a nursing home during the 1970s. Source: alicepaul.org

Alice Paul's relentless work played a crucial role in securing women's voting rights and laid the foundation for future generations to continue the fight for equality in various aspects of life. She is celebrated as a key figure in the women's suffrage movement and a champion of social justice, inspiring ongoing campaigns for gender equality in the United States. Her legacy continues through the Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice, located at her family's home, Paulsdale, in New Jersey. The center, established in her honor, continues her work by promoting gender equality through education, advocacy, and providing a platform for ongoing discussions on women's rights and social justice.

Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice

Alice Paul. Source: ERA Coalition

"When you put your hand to the plow,
you can’t put it down until you get
to the end of the row.”
~Alice Paul, recalling her mother’s advice~

Have You Heard of Sonia Johnson?

Have you heard of the courageous Dr. Sonia Johnson? She was an influential feminist activist, writer, and member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. During the 1970s and 1980s, she dedicated herself to the women's rights movement. Sonia fiercely advocated for equality, even at the cost of her church membership and her marriage. Similar to Alice Paul, some critics deemed her methods "too radical." However, Sonia viewed herself as a champion of equality rather than a radical. Her legacy continues to inspire the ongoing fight for the Equal Rights Amendment today.

Sonia Johnson. Source: dialoguejournal.com

Sonia played a crucial role in the ERA movement, co-founding and leading 'Mormons for ERA' in 1977. Her powerful voice made a significant impact when she testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on January 13, 1978, standing against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' efforts to defeat the ERA. In 1981, she published 'From Housewife to Heretic,' a transformative book that advanced the cause of Mormon feminism by documenting her journey. This work encourages many to challenge issues of gender, power, and religious authority within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and beyond. Sonia's story remains a vital reminder of the ongoing struggle for women's rights.

Kate Kelly and Sonia Johnson share a laugh at the Clubhouse launching Kate's new book, "Ordinary Equality," on March 31, 2022. Photo by Rick Egan. Source: The Salt Lake Tribune

First Lady Rosalynn Carter
Advocates for the Equal Rights Amendment

"My greatest disappointment
in all the projects I worked on during
the White House years was the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment to be ratified...
Why all the controversy and why
such difficulty in giving women the
protection of the Constitution that should
have been theirs long ago?"
~Rosalynn Carter~

First Lady Rosalynn Carter speaks on the Equal Rights Amendment in Houston, Texas, on November 18, 1977, during the National Women’s Conference, where 2,000 elected delegates and over 32,000 observers participated in the first and only federally funded national conference for women in U.S. history. Source: Ms. Magazine

First Lady Rosalynn Carter, wife of President Jimmy Carter, was a strong advocate for women's equality. Her support for the Equal Rights Amendment, which aimed to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex, was a key part of her legacy. Alongside President Carter, she played a pivotal role in the women's rights movement of the 1970s. However, she considered the failure of the ERA to pass as one of her biggest regrets during his presidency. Despite this setback, her legacy lives on, and we owe her gratitude for her commitment to this essential cause.

After leaving office, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter continued to advance women's rights globally through the Carter Center, which they founded together. The Center has worked tirelessly to combat gender-based violence, promote women's education, and support female political leaders in emerging democracies.

If you're interested in Rosalynn Carter's efforts to support the Equal Rights Amendment during the 1970s, you can click this link to access photos and documents that tell her story. You can also explore President Carter's advocacy for equal gender rights by clicking this link. Your interest and engagement in these narratives are crucial to keeping their legacies alive.

jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. Source: CBS News

Abigail Adams Urges Her Husband to
"Remember the Ladies"

It is worth noting that on March 31, 1776, Abigail Adams, a trailblazing advocate for women's rights, famously wrote a letter to her husband, John Adams, who was a member of the Continental Congress and would later become the second president of the United States. In her letter, she urged him to "remember the ladies" and consider their rights while drafting the new Declaration of Independence during the Revolutionary War. She implored him to consider the rights of women and not grant husbands "unlimited power" over them, stating that "all men would be tyrants if they could," as they drafted the new nation's laws. Abigail also called for more equitable treatment of women than what previous generations had offered. She warned that women would "foment a rebellion" against laws they had no say in or had no representation (History.com, May 28, 2025). Although John Adams did not fully embrace Abigail's plea for women's rights in the new legislation, her letter remains a powerful reminder of the importance of including women in the struggle for liberty and equality, highlighting her lasting impact on history and its enduring relevance to our present society.

Abigail Adams. Source: Facebook's National Archives Foundation

It is a common misconception that women are fully and equally protected under the U.S. Constitution, which explicitly guarantees equal rights for women. However, this is not the case. While the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, it did not explicitly ensure equal rights for all genders. This oversight has led to a significant push for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, an essential step toward achieving true equality. The 19th Amendment was a milestone in women's rights, as it allowed women to vote; however, it did not provide comprehensive protection against gender-based discrimination. The Equal Rights Amendment would fill this gap by explicitly prohibiting discrimination based on sex, thereby guaranteeing equal rights for all genders under the U.S. Constitution.

According to Ms. Magazine, the U.S. Constitution was written in 1787 by a group of white, land-owning men who largely reflected the prevailing political and social views of their time. During the drafting of this crucial document, they deliberately excluded women, failing to recognize them as full citizens. This historical injustice serves as a stark reminder of the long road to equality, as it excluded women from being considered full citizens and barred them from participating in many aspects of public and political life. Women were expected to remain silent. However, Abigail Adams' voice was ignored, and women continued to battle for their rights. It was not until the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 that women gained the right to participate in the political community and vote (Spillar, Ms. Magazine, September 17, 2024).

Women do not have equal rights in the U.S. Constitution. Source: equalmeansequal.org

Other amendments, such as the 14th Amendment, provide some protection against gender discrimination, though they are subject to differing interpretations by the courts. However, this protection is weaker than for other categories, like race or religion, making it more vulnerable to gender discrimination lawsuits. For instance, the 14th Amendment did not grant women the right to vote until the 19th Amendment was passed in 1920. Furthermore, former Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia noted that the 14th Amendment does not explicitly include protections for sex or gender. When asked about it, Antonin Scalia stated, "Certainly the Constitution does not require discrimination on the basis of sex. The only issue is whether it prohibits it. It doesn't. Nobody ever thought that that's what it meant. Nobody ever voted for that." The Equal Rights Amendment serves as the foundation for laws that ensure equality is applied universally. While the emphasis is on achieving gender equality, it's also crucial to address the need for equality among women themselves (Goodarzi, ERA Coalition, November 30, 2021).

Despite women's efforts to shape the nation's future through voting, holding governance positions, and securing roles in the workforce and military, they are still excluded from the U.S. Constitution (Spillar, Ms. Magazine, September 17, 2024). While existing federal laws address discrimination in specific contexts, the absence of the ERA puts the rights of women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals at risk. For example, Title IX and the Violence Against Women Act could be ignored, weakened, or repealed without the ERA, similar to what occurred with Roe v. Wade. This absence could diminish protections for women and marginalized populations, making them more vulnerable to discrimination and violence. Therefore, the ERA is not just a solution, but a crucial and urgent one for securing their rights. As of 2025, the ERA has been ratified; however, the urgent need for its implementation remains. It serves as a call to action for all who believe in equality, highlighting the immediate need for support and advocacy for the ERA to ensure full constitutional equality for women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals.

When the U.S. Constitution fails to equally represent more than half of a country's population, it prevents the government from realizing its full democratic potential. Despite significant progress, women, the BIPOC community, and the LGBTQ+ community continue to face obstacles to full constitutional protection in the United States. This ongoing struggle for equality under the Constitution requires our attention and commitment. To address these disparities, it is essential to advocate for changes that ensure all voices are heard and represented. This advocacy is not just a call to action, but a powerful tool that empowers us to work towards a more equitable democracy that reflects the diverse fabric of our society and secures constitutional equality for everyone.

The achievement of women's suffrage took approximately 144 years, culminating in their right to vote in 1920. In 2025, U.S. President Joe R. Biden affirmed the Equal Rights Amendment as the national law. This historic moment marks 249 years since Abigail Adams' request and 102 years since the introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment by Alice Paul. It demonstrates that progress is not only possible but is actively occurring. This milestone instills hope for the future and strengthens the belief that our collective efforts can bring about meaningful change. As we move forward, let us remember the lessons of the past and the progress we've made. Ongoing discussion is not just encouraged; everyone needs to engage in and contribute to its advancement, making it a collective effort towards a more comprehensive gender equality for everyone in the United States. The progress made in the fight for women's rights should inspire us all and offer us hope for a more equal future.

ERA Social Media Post - Antonin Scalia Quote. Source: equalrightsamendment.org/

“When the Quakers were founded…one of their principles was and is equality of the sexes. So I never had any other idea…the principle was always there.”
~Alice Paul~

Did You Know?

Notable figures such as Betty Friedan, who authored "The Feminine Mystique" in 1963 and founded the National Organization for Women, and Gloria Steinem, who co-founded Ms. Magazine, a feminist publication, in 1972, played a crucial role in promoting the Equal Rights Amendment and campaigning for its passage and ratification. Their efforts, including Gloria's testimony before a Senate hearing on the ERA on May 6, 1970, where she argued for its passage and debunked common myths and misconceptions about women and gender equality, showcased their courage. This event was two years before Congress ratified the amendment in 1972.

Their activism was pivotal in sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 1960s to 1980s, a period marked by profound change and progress. This movement challenged traditional gender roles and advocated for a broad range of issues, including workplace equality, reproductive rights, and legal protections against gender discrimination. Additionally, it aimed to secure legal equality and challenge societal norms surrounding gender roles. As a result, the work of Betty and Gloria laid the groundwork for future generations to continue the fight for gender equality—a struggle that remains relevant today.

To provide the historical context, feminism is often described using the metaphor of "waves," with each wave representing a distinct period and focus within the movement's history. The four waves are as follows:

First Wave (late 19th-early 20th century): This wave focused on suffrage, specifically the fight to grant women the right to vote.
Second Wave (1960s - 1980s): This wave addressed broader issues of legal and social equality, advocating for fair pay, access to education and employment, reproductive rights, and challenging gender stereotypes.
Third Wave (1990s-2000s): This wave emphasized intersectionality and individual empowerment, recognizing that various forms of oppression—such as those based on race, class, gender, and sexuality—are interconnected and cannot be addressed alone.
Fourth Wave (2010-present): This wave emphasizes digital activism and social justice, focusing on issues such as sexual harassment, violence against women, and online activism. The #MeToo movement has brought significant attention to issues of sexual harassment and assault. This wave continues to address intersectional issues and aims to create a more inclusive and equitable society.

Betty Fridan. Designed by Erica Young, Member of API’s Advocacy Committee. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

Gloria Steinem. Designed by: Erica Young, Member of API’s Advocacy Committee. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

Kate Kelly: Utah, Let's Ratify the ERA

Utah has a long history of advocating for women's rights, dating back to the early days of settlement, which makes it a pioneer in this field. A notable milestone occurred in 1895 when Utah adopted its Equal Rights Amendment, positioning itself as a strong advocate for women's rights. The state constitution, as outlined in Article IV, Section 1, states that "Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil, political, and religious rights and benefits." This progressive spirit is not only a source of pride but also a reason for optimism and hope, reflecting the pioneering efforts of those who came before us.

Utah's 1896 Constitution. Source: womenunite

However, Utah's decision not to ratify the ERA in the 1970s and 1980s undermined its progressive stance on women's rights, reflecting a reluctance in the state legislature to fully recognize women as equal citizens (Quist, The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019). A year before Virginia ratified the ERA in 2020, Kate Kelly, a Mormon feminist and founder of Ordain Women, shared her perspectives in an op-ed for the Salt Lake Tribune on August 24, 2019. She emphasized in her piece that the ERA embodies the essence of the Golden Rule, which advocates treating others with the same respect and decency. Kate urged Utah to ratify the ERA as the 38th and final state needed for its passage, framing it as an opportunity to align with Utah's values while affirming gender equality on a national level (Kelly, Salt Lake Tribune, August 24, 2019). Unfortunately, Utah did not become the 38th state to ratify the amendment. Despite this setback, there was considerable support for the ERA, with 74% of Utah residents and an impressive 94% of Americans in favor of it (Rich, 2020). For more insights about Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment, you may want to explore 'From Housewives to Protesters: The Story of Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment.' This movement, supported by a diverse group of Mormon feminists, demonstrated the widespread appeal of the Equal Rights Amendment in the state of Utah. It also reflected changing perspectives on women's equality within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This initiative highlighted the challenges and conflicts these feminists faced while advocating for equal rights amid the Church's opposition to the ERA. Their struggle highlights the diverse ways women sought to secure equal legal rights and how Mormon feminists from various backgrounds navigated the ERA advocacy, challenged traditional gender roles, and promoted a more equitable society.

This legacy of advocacy in Utah continues to shape modern movements for equality, reminding us that the fight for women's rights is an ongoing journey that requires not only recognition but also our active participation. As we honor these historical achievements, we must also remain vigilant in addressing the challenges that persist today, underscoring the urgency of the issue.

Kate Kelly: Utah, let's ratify the ERA. Source: The Salt Lake Tribune

Former Utah Supreme Court Justice Speaks
on Equality at the University of Utah

While Kate Kelly championed Utah's ratification of the ERA, Christine M. Durham, the first woman to serve on the Utah Supreme Court, inspired the next generation in 2019 by stating, “The torch is being passed from women of my generation to your generation, and it’s very important to educate yourself about the future and the past" (Collett, 2019). Energized by their passion and determination, the younger generation has not only revitalized but also redefined the ERA movement, bringing it closer than ever to achieving formal constitutional status. This renewed momentum, fueled by the collective efforts of dedicated advocates, has highlighted the need for gender equality across all aspects of society. Understanding both the past and the future empowers us to continue this vital work.

The increasing support for the ERA brought out its transformative potential. It's not just about legal protections; it represents dignity and recognition for all individuals. The ERA serves as a powerful force for social change and the advancement of gender equality. By reinforcing protections in critical legislation such as the Violence Against Women Act, Title IX, bodily autonomy, reproductive health rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and equal pay for women, the ERA empowers women and LGBTQ+ individuals, fostering a society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive equally. Recognizing the profound and transformative impact of the ERA should inspire us to advocate for its ratification.

Furthermore, the ERA is not limited to legal matters; it is a comprehensive measure that safeguards against sex discrimination in all areas of life. This includes promoting gender equality, ensuring Title IX protections for gender-affirming healthcare and reproductive rights, and addressing important issues such as access to birth control, abortion, fertility treatments, LGBTQ+ rights, racial justice, and equal pay. It also involves advocating for justice in cases of sexual harassment and domestic violence. The ERA's broad and inclusive protections make it a crucial step in the fight for gender equality, assuring us of its comprehensive approach.

Christine M. Durham. Source: The American Law Institute

“The torch is being passed
from women of my generation to
your generation, and it’s very
important to educate yourself
about the future and the past."
~Christine M. Durham~

Kelly Whited Jones, an Activist
for the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah

Despite the challenges Utah faced in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2010s, the state remained steadfast in its support for the Equal Rights Amendment, reflecting the tireless dedication of its advocates. In her article for The Salt Lake Tribune on July 22, 2023, Kelly Whited Jones, a founding member of Utah Equal Rights Coalition and Utah ERA activist, highlighted the resilience of former Utah Supreme Court Justice Christine Durham, Congresswoman Karen Shepherd, Eileen Fisher, and Carol Lynn Pearson in their efforts to pass the ERA in Utah. Even after the national deadline for ratifying the ERA had passed, these women continued to champion their cause for change. Their determination, combined with a growing awareness of women's rights—an encouraging sign of progress—kept the movement alive despite facing significant opposition. Kelly emphasizes that their dedication is not only commendable but truly inspiring, and their knowledge will continue to grow and motivate others. Reflecting on their work reminds us of the importance of resilience in the face of adversity, empowering us and underscoring the ongoing need to fight for gender equality in our society.

Kelly Whited Jones, left, and Jody England Hansen dress up as Silent Sentinels (women who protested outside the White House a century ago for suffrage), as they attend the legislative session on Tuesday, Feb. 4, 2020, to encourage Utah legislators to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune

Women and LGBTQ+ individuals in Utah have been campaigning for the ERA for many years, overcoming numerous challenges along the way. In 2017, inspired by the worldwide women's marches that highlighted women's rights, Kate Kelly, a human rights attorney at Equality Now, and host of an ERA podcast called Ordinary Equality, helped draft a resolution for ERA ratification in Utah, one of the 15 states that had not ratified the amendment. The resolution was sponsored by state Senator Jim Dabakis (Kate Kelly—Wikipedia). Despite delays from the Utah Legislature in recognizing women's legal equality, the sustained public support for the ERA has been a driving force behind its resurgence. The collective voices and actions of citizens played a crucial role in bringing the ERA back into the spotlight. This growing awareness energized activists and led to increased advocacy efforts throughout the state. As more people rallied behind Kate Kelly and other prominent campaigners, hope for the passage of the ERA grew, encouraging lawmakers to reconsider their positions and take action.

One major obstacle has been opposition from leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who have expressed concerns about the potential implications related to abortion, inclusive restrooms, and family structures. Kate, who is a queer, said in Truthout that "women are realizing that nothing we have is permanent," so interest in the ERA is on the rise. The things we once took for granted are now vulnerable, and nothing is too sacred to undo (Littlefield, Truthout, December 20, 2019). This realization sparked renewed activism among women and their allies, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding rights that many believed were secure but were under threat. The ERA, as a constitutional amendment, was a crucial tool in this fight, and advocates were more determined than ever to enshrine gender equality in the U.S. Constitution as discussions around it gained momentum.

Despite facing these barriers, the ERA had gained renewed attention and support. Key local politicians, including Senator Jim Dabakis, Representative Karen Kwan, and Senators Kathleen Riebe and Kirk Cullimore, have all shown their backing for the ERA. Key local politicians, including Senator Jim Dabakis, Representative Karen Kwan, and Senators Kathleen Riebe and Kirk Cullimore, have all shown their backing for the ERA. Their support underscores the progress the amendment is making, even as it continues to face challenges. This growing momentum is vital as advocates strive to mobilize public opinion and garner additional support from legislators. With increased awareness and engagement, there is hope that the ERA will finally achieve ratification and secure equal rights for all genders in the United States.

ERA YES: Equal Rights Amendment Poster. Source: Designed by CandisKohl. redbubble.com

Kelly Whited Jones highlighted the essential role of the Equal Rights Amendment in preventing federal laws from discriminating against individuals based on gender and establishing a higher legal standard for cases of sex discrimination. This amendment enables more people to seek justice through the courts. For instance, prosecutors in Utah filed only 11% of sexual assault charges in 2023. The state's domestic abuse laws do not adequately protect survivors, with a domestic assault rate of one in three, which is significantly higher than the national average of one in five.

Additionally, human resource departments often retaliate against women who report violations, leading to firings or costly legal battles. Therefore, the ERA is crucial for protecting women in the workplace, at universities, and in their homes. Despite some progress, women continue to face significant barriers to equality in 2023. Utah has also rolled back women's rights to medical privacy and autonomy while maintaining men's medical rights. Furthermore, the removal of equality standards in university admissions has effectively legalized gender discrimination in the workplace.

While attending the 2020 legislative session at the Utah State Capitol, Kelly Whited Jones, a founding member of the Utah ERA Coalition, and her supporter, Jody England Hasnsen, met remarkable young girls from the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind. On Facebook on January 29, 2020, she expressed her belief that working towards equality is worth striving for.

Kelly Whited Jones emphasized that Utah is one of the 12 states that have not ratified the Equal Rights Amendment. She stated that it was time for the state to fulfill the goals that women have been fighting for since the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. This clip highlights the ongoing struggle for gender equality and inspires the audience to continue their efforts to achieve it. Carol Lynn Pearson, a Latter-day Saint poet, author, playwright, screenwriter, performer, speaker, and general freelance philosopher—a committed advocate for the ERA in Utah—praised those supporting the amendment and expressed her belief that success is within reach (Whited Jones, The Salt Lake Tribune, July 22, 2023). Success is indeed within reach, as the collective voices of women and their allies resonate more powerfully than ever. With continued advocacy and grassroots efforts, the dream of full equality may soon become a reality, echoing the aspirations first voiced at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Carol Lynn Pearson. Source: https://carollynnpearson.com

"This world crisis came about
without women having anything
to do with it. If the women of
the world had not been excluded
from world affairs, things today
might have been different."
~Alice Paul~

Virginia Becomes 38th and Final State
to Ratify the Equal Rights Amendment

Nearly 40 years after the Equal Rights Amendment expired, it finally achieved its goal. The efforts to ratify the ERA have been significant, culminating in its ratification in 2020 by the state of Virginia. This victory is a testament to the unwavering perseverance and dedication of those involved, inspiring us all with their commitment. The momentum began to build through several key events that played a crucial role in the ERA's history. These events, such as the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994, the Women's March in 2017, and the rise of the #MeToo movement, were not just milestones but pivotal moments that accelerated the push for the ERA. The first final victory was achieved with ratifications from Nevada in 2017, Illinois in 2018, and Virginia in 2020, which enabled the amendment to be recognized as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Women lawmakers, notably those of women of color and LGBTQ+ individuals, spearheaded legislation to ratify the ERA, making this victory possible.

Just two months into President Trump's administration, Nevada ratified the ERA in response to the 2017 Women's Marches, which were a series of global protests advocating for women's rights and other social issues. The massive turnout and extensive media coverage of these marches drew significant attention to the ERA, resulting in increased public support and political pressure. The following year, Illinois ratified the amendment, and Virginia followed two years later. The renewed momentum behind the ERA was fueled by a growing awareness of the need for explicit constitutional protections against sex-based discrimination, particularly during the Trump administration, according to Kate Kelly, a human rights attorney at Equality (Littlefield, Truthout, December 20, 2019).

On January 27, 2020, the state of Virginia made history by becoming the 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, marking a monumental milestone in the history of women's rights. This momentous occasion marked a major victory in the fight for gender equality, securing the 38th and final state needed for the ERA's ratification. Constitutional experts recognized this event as a pivotal moment, indicating that the ERA had become a permanent part of the U.S. Constitution, as outlined in Article V, and would be enacted through the amendment process. According to Article V of the Constitution, amendments to the Constitution require a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress, which was achieved on March 22, 1972, and ratification by three-fourths of the states—38 in total—was completed on January 27, 2020. However, efforts to remove the 1982 deadline for ratification and advocate for the ERA's permanence posed challenges. More information about Article V is provided in the following section.

Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, both staunch advocates of the ERA, highlighted that the Constitution does not set deadlines for amending it. They further clarified that, while the executive branch holds significant influence, it cannot stop the ratification of an amendment. For example, the 27th Amendment, which governs congressional salaries, was ratified 203 years after its first proposal, between 1789 and 1992. Amendments to the U.S. Constitution sometimes take time to become effective. Similarly, the fight to ratify the ERA, initially introduced in 1923, has spanned a century, and Virginia's ratification in 2020 came just 48 years after the ERA's approval in Congress in 1972. This historic journey culminated in President Joe R. Biden's major proclamation on January 17, 2025, officially establishing the ERA as national law. President Biden's announcement was significant because it was the final stage in the ERA's ratification process, formally enshrining it as part of the U.S. Constitution, as explained further in the preceding section.

After Nevada ratified the amendment in 2017 and Illinois followed in 2018, Virginia's ratification in 2020 raised questions about whether the National Archivist could officially certify it. The National Archivist plays a crucial role in the ratification process, as this official is responsible for recording and certifying the ratification of constitutional amendments. Concerns arose regarding whether the ratification clock had stopped in 1982, raising doubts about the validity of subsequent ratifications. Organizations such as the National Organization for Women and the ERA Coalition urged that 38 ratifications had been achieved, but the National Archivist chose not to take action (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025).

Despite meeting the necessary requirements to become the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the ERA has faced significant challenges. During Trump's first administration, the Office of Legal Counsel, the National Archives, and the Department of Justice blocked completion of the ERA's ratification process due to the outdated 1982 ratification deadline. The Office of Legal Counsel recognized the validity and enforceability of the Congress that passed the ERA in 1972, but they concluded that extending or removing the deadline requires action by Congress or the courts, not the National Archives. This delay raised debates about the amendment's relevance to today's gender equality issues. These challenges underscore the gravity of the situation and the need for immediate action.

Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, the 2012 Republican nominee for president, strongly opposed the certification of the ERA. On February 8, 2022, he, along with other opponents—Senators Ron Johnson and Rob Portman from the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs—sent a letter to David Ferriero, the National Archivist, urging him not to certify and publish the amendment. The ERA, a crucial piece of legislation, aims to guarantee women's equality under the law. Mitt Romney's opposition to this vital amendment undermines the goal of gender equality, effectively relegating women to a second-class status and emphasizing the need to accelerate its enforcement.

During this period, the women's movement experienced a significant increase in support, particularly from younger advocates, BIPOC individuals, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. These dedicated individuals remained steadfast in their commitment to achieving gender equality and securing legal protections for their rights. Despite opposition from leaders like Mitt Romney, they continued to advocate for the enforcement of the ERA, sparking national discussions about the importance of equal rights. Their resilience and dedication inspired a new generation to join the cause, demonstrating the enduring power of activism in shaping political discourse.

Their persistence sparked the House of Representatives to vote to remove the deadline for recognizing the ERA as part of the U.S. Constitution. This decision is a significant step in the ERA's legislative journey, reflecting strong bipartisan support, with Democrats leading the initiative in both 2020 and 2021. Every Democrat voted in favor of the measure. Although the Senate attempted to pass the measure on April 26, 2023, it fell short due to the requirement of 60 votes under filibuster rules, receiving support from only 52 senators. Among those in favor were two Republican women, Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins, while the majority of Republican senators opposed the measure. Supporters of the ERA worked diligently to organize campaigns and educate the public, aiming for constitutional recognition as gender equality became a more noticeable issue in American politics.

ERA YES: Virginia is #38th in the Ms. Winter 2020 Cover. Source: https://msmagazine.com/product/cover-ms-winter2020/

Laurence H. Tribe and Russ D. Feingold,
Both Constitutional Experts,
Endorse the Equal Rights Amendment

When Nevada, Illinois, and Virginia ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, it achieved the necessary support from 38 states. Article V of the U.S. Constitution, established by the founders, outlines the process for amending the Constitution. It states that a proposed amendment becomes part of the Constitution once it is ratified by three-fourths (¾) of the states. However, the advancement of women's legal rights in the United States has never been a straightforward process, and the ERA's journey has encountered significant challenges.

The ratification by Virginia ignited a debate regarding the validity of the 1982 deadline for ratification and whether the National Archivist has the authority to officially certify these ratifications. Many critics argued that the deadline had expired, rendering the later ratifications irrelevant. In contrast, organizations such as the National Organization for Women, the ERA Coalition, Feminist Generation, and the American Bar Association—along with various constitutional scholars—asserted that the Equal Rights Amendment has secured its status as law. This strong support from legal experts provided reassurance about the ERA's validity. These experts contended that the ERA meets all necessary requirements and deserves recognition as law, despite the archivist's inaction.

It is important to acknowledge the journey of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was initially introduced by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman in 1923 and ratified by Virginia in 2020. The language of the amendment is clear and straightforward, which is often a point of controversy for those who do not recognize women as equal to men. This clarity reassures us of its purpose. Historically, the Constitution has lacked clarity regarding women's rights, and the ERA seeks to address this issue.

ARTICLE V--

"Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
"Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
"Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification."

Since Section 3 specifies that a two-year period must pass for the amendment to take effect after ratification, there is an urgent need to fully implement the Equal Rights Amendment following Virginia's ratification in 2020. In 2022, the ERA was expected to take effect. Advocates put pressure on Congress to affirm the ERA, remove its deadline, and add it to the U.S. Constitution.

Social Media Banner: Equality for ALL. Designed by Krista Niles. Source: www.equalrightsamendment.org

Congress passed the ERA 50 years ago, marking a significant milestone in the ongoing struggle for gender equality. On March 22, 2022, marking the 50th anniversary of this historic event, Representative Carolyn B. Maloney, Chairwoman of the Oversight and Reform Committee and a key advocate for the ERA in Congress, strongly urged David Ferriero, the National Archivist, to officially recognize the ERA as the 28th amendment. She wrote the following:

"On the anniversary of a historic step towards equality in our country, I am writing to share new legal analyses from leading constitutional experts Laurence Tribe and Russ Feingold, which confirm the ERA is 'currently a valid part of the United States Constitution' and state that you, as Archivist of the United States, 'can and should certify and publish the ERA as the 28th Amendment to the Constitution without delay" (House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform website).

Carolyn B. Maloney. Source: Wikipedia.org

Chairperson Maloney highlighted the insights of renowned legal scholar Laurence H. Tribe, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor Emeritus of Constitutional Law at Harvard Law School, and Senator Russ Feingold, President of the American Constitution Society and former Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on the Constitution. Both analyses concluded that the ERA has met all constitutional requirements for ratification. As a result, no further action from Congress or the Executive Branch is necessary for the National Archivist to certify the amendment (House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform website; Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025).

The Archivist's role is to receive ratifications and mark them, then publish them in the Federal Register, ensuring that they are recognized and enforced as law. Laurence Tribe and Russ Feingold expressed strong support for the ERA. Laurence argued that the ERA has effectively been ratified since Virginia's approval in 2020, asserting that the Archivist does not need to publish it for it to be recognized as law. He stated, "The ERA is currently a valid part of the United States Constitution. Congress should act to recognize it, and even if Congress takes no action, the Archivist should publish it as the Twenty-Eighth Amendment" (Nichols, The Nation, January 22, 2025).

Laurence H. Tribe. Source: fedsoc.org

Russ Feingold backed Laurence Tribe's position, stating, "In my opinion, the Equal Rights Amendment has met all constitutional requirements, and the Archivist can and should certify and publish the ERA as the 28th Amendment to the Constitution without delay." He explicitly rejected the idea that any additional legislative or executive action was needed, explaining, "Congress, having passed the ERA by a two-thirds vote in both chambers and sent the proposed amendment to the states for ratification, has fulfilled its constitutional role. The Archivist can publish it without further action from the executive branch or Congress" (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025).

Russ D. Feingold. Source: wikipedia.org

Chairperson Maloney concluded her letter by urging the Archivist to immediately certify and publish the ERA as the 28th Amendment, stating,

"Women and people of all marginalized genders across the United States continue to experience discrimination on the basis of sex. The only way to ensure true and equal protection under the law is to cement the ERA into the U.S. Constitution. As Chairwoman of the Committee with jurisdiction over the National Archives, and as a woman whose rights under the law are still not fully reflected in our nation's founding document, I urge you to carry out your ministerial duty under the law without delay" (House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform website).

However, Dr. Colleen Shogan, who was appointed by President Joe R. Biden in 2023 as the first female National Archivist, chose not to act on the ERA, believing that its ratification deadline had passed. This stance was similar to that of her predecessor, David Ferriero, who questioned the validity of the amendment. The deadline set by Congress was viewed as making any ratifications that occurred afterward irrelevant. Nonetheless, the ERA is still regarded as part of the U.S. Constitution under Article V. However, its legal status is subject to interpretation and depends on actions rather than being a straightforward issue of validity.

Regardless of whether the Archivist publishes the ERA, the legal foundation for its validity, emphasized by Laurence Tribe, is vital and should provide confidence in its status. Laurence Tribe's emphasis on the Constitution not mandating the Archivist to publish the ERA for it to take effect as law is crucial. Since the amendment fulfills the requirements outlined in Article V for amending the Constitution, it is enforceable and valid (Tribe, The Contrarian, January 17, 2025). This legal basis strengthens the argument for the ERA's legitimacy.

Representative Carolyn Maloney of New York makes a political statement at the Met Gala on September 13, 2021, by wearing a dress with streaming epaulets that bears the message "Equal Rights for Women" and carrying a matching bag that advocates for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: @CarolynBMaloney on X

“The ERA Is Part of the Constitution."
~Russ D. Feingold~

Representative Cori Bush of Missouri
and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York
Advocate the Equal Rights Amendment
Through the Legislative Process

One year after constitutional experts Laurence H. Tribe and Russ D. Feingold endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment, a significant milestone was reached. On July 12, 2023, Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York and Representative Cori Bush of Missouri introduced the Equal Rights Amendment Now Resolution. This historic event marked the first time ERA legislation was sponsored in both the House and the Senate, highlighting the growing momentum for constitutional protections that ensure equal rights for everyone, regardless of sex. The resolution emphasizes a renewed commitment to addressing gender inequality and underscores the importance of women's and LGBTQ+ rights in today's sociopolitical landscape.

The resolution drew attention to the urgent need for gender equality and directed the National Archivist to certify and publish the Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Cori Bush and Kirsten Gillibrand urged Colleen Shogan, the Archivist, to expedite this process. Their efforts illustrated the increased involvement of BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities in the fight for gender equality. Despite citing a 1982 deadline, Colleen Shogan refused to certify and publish the ERA. However, advocates continued to rally support, emphasizing that the need for gender equality extends beyond arbitrary deadlines. Their passionate commitment to the cause highlighted that the ERA is vital for an inclusive democracy and affirms the rights and dignity of all individuals, fostering a society where everyone can thrive free from discrimination. As the movement grew, advocates focused on educating the public about the significance of equality and the lasting impact the ERA would have on future generations.

Furthermore, Cori Bush and Kirsten Gillibrand urged President Joe R. Biden, a supporter of the ERA, to direct the National Archivist the authority to remove the deadline and certify the amendment. However, President Biden proposed a bipartisan strategy to gain agreement from both Republicans and Democrats for the ERA's certification, though this was not necessary. Unfortunately, this approach failed in 2023, resulting in further delays to the ERA's progress. Despite these setbacks, ERA advocates remained optimistic, organizing rallies and educational campaigns to raise awareness about the need for constitutional protection of equal rights for all genders. They believed that increased public support and pressure on politicians would eventually lead to the passage of the ERA, a crucial step toward a more equitable future for everyone. However, after 2023, there was no further advancement in the movement.

Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York introduced the ERA Now Resolution, July 13, 2023. Source: Generation Ratify

The American Bar Association Passes
the Equal Rights Amendment Now Resolution

The optimism of ERA advocates was realized when the American Bar Association (ABA), a key player in the legal sector, took a leading role in the ratification process of the Equal Rights Amendment. The organization closely monitored the growing support for the ERA from various influential groups, including Russ Feingold, a notable advocate for constitutional rights, and the American Constitution Society, a prominent progressive legal organization. These entities, along with the American Association of University Women, the National Organization for Women, the ERA Coalition, the Young Feminist Party, and an increasing number of members of Congress, significantly contributed to the momentum behind the ERA (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025).

The American Bar Association (ABA) is among the eighty-four organizations and medical associations that have pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment to become the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. After a year of thorough research, the ABA passed Resolution 601 on August 6, 2024, a major event in the ERA's journey, declaring that the ERA was ready for publication, having met all legal requirements. This resolution stated that "the American Bar Association supports the principle that any time limit for ratification of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution is not consistent with Article V of the Constitution." For those states—Nebraska, Tennessee, Idaho, Kentucky, and South Dakota—that passed the ERA but asked to withdraw their prior approval, it also stated that "Article V does not permit a state to rescind its ratification of an amendment to the Constitution." Furthermore, it urgently called for "federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal governments to support the implementation of the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution" (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025). This collaborative effort, led by the ABA, underscores the vital role the ERA plays in promoting justice, equality, and the rights of all Americans. They argued that its publication would mark an important milestone in gender equality and establish it as official U.S. legislation.

The key points of the resolution include:

Time limits on amendments conflict with Article V.
Article V does not allow for the rescission of ratifications.
The ABA urged the implementation of the 28th Equal Rights Amendment, as outlined in Article V, to promote gender equality within the legal system.

The ABA's resolution report also countered the efforts of anti-ERA forces attempting to block the amendment's addition to the U.S. Constitution. The report included a detailed explanation of the fact that "the language of Article V contains no time limit on the ratification process" and pointed out that "ERA opponents concede that the text of the Constitution includes no limit on the time for state ratification of a constitutional amendment." The report referenced Russ Feingold's March 21, 2022, letter to the House Committee on Oversight and Reform, which stated, "[The resolving clause with the purported deadline] is not what the states ratified. Upon examining the amendment itself, it contains prefatory language, followed by the designation 'Article,' and then sections 1, 2, and 3. That is what the states ratified, not the deadline" (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025).

Moreover, the American Bar Association, backed by 400,000 members, has firmly concluded and recognized that the Equal Rights Amendment is a legitimate law, calling for its immediate publication. Their unwavering commitment to advocating for the ERA, a significant step forward in the ongoing fight for gender equality, underscores its legal validity. They believe it meets constitutional requirements. With Donald Trump winning the presidential election for a second time in 2024, ABA and ERA supporters actively lobbied President Joe R. Biden to endorse their resolution and affirm the ERA's legal status, rather than leaving it to the archivist to decide. This strong support from the ABA should reassure us of the ERA's legal standing.

The committed National ERA Publication Task Force, led by New York State Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, also pressed President Biden to publish the ERA before the end of his term, demonstrating the strength of group effort. Their persistent efforts yielded a significant accomplishment, with the support of 46 senators who signed a letter requesting this move. This united front not only highlighted but also significantly boosted the growing momentum for gender equality within the political sphere, as advocates continued to rally support for the amendment. This collective determination reflects a broader societal push to enshrine the Equal Rights Amendment in the U.S. Constitution, encouraging and giving hope to those who believe in gender equality.

The ABA's confirmation of the ERA, with the support of the senators who supported the ERA, should instill confidence in its legitimacy. For more information, visit the ABA Website, where you can find discussions about the resolution and access supporting research. This collaboration between legal experts and advocates not only highlights but also amplifies the growing momentum behind the movement. As public awareness increases, it is crucial for citizens to engage in discussions about the implications of the ERA and its potential to reshape the legal landscape for future generations.

ERA NOW LAST CHANCE. Source: wbai.org/

Campaign Urges President Joe R. Biden to Publish Equal Rights Amendment Before Leaving Office

As the Biden administration's term draws to a close on January 20, 2025, the urgency of the situation has prompted many advocacy groups, legal organizations, and advocates to take swift action. They have been working tirelessly, with the significant backing of the American Bar Association's 2024 resolution, to persuade President Joe R. Biden to use his authority and publish the Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution before his term ends.

The rally underscored the significant progress in the Equal Rights Amendment's journey, a century-long battle for gender equality. In 2020, this struggle reached a crucial milestone when Virginia became the 38th state to ratify it. However, the ERA remains unpublished due to procedural barriers.

The Feminist Generation, formerly known as the Young Feminist Party, rallies to get President Biden to publish the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: feministgeneration.org

The ERA Coalition, the National Organization for Women, the League of Women Voters, the Young Feminist Party, Vote Equality, Equal Means Equal, the National LGBTQ Task Force, and a dozen other organizations—both large and small—have united to form a formidable front. Their collective efforts, along with the support of key politicians like Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, Rep. Ayanna Pressley of Massachusetts, and former Rep. Cori Bush of Missouri, have served as crucial liaisons between the ERA Coalition and the White House (Becker, 19thnews.org, January 16, 2025). Their shared belief in the ERA's value has fostered a strong sense of unity among their supporters, demonstrating a powerful collaboration in the fight for gender equality.

The ERA protests began in December 2024 and lasted until the end of President Biden's tenure. Faced with almost certain defeat, members of the Young Feminist Party picketed in front of the White House in an attempt to get the ERA published before Donald Trump takes office in frigid January temperatures. They held signs, stood sentinel, and advocated for all of us until President Biden signed the ERA into law. One of their bigger signs reads, "PUT WOMEN AND LGBTQ+ PEOPLE IN THE CONSTITUTION." Despite the terrible weather conditions, they persisted in their demonstration, exhibiting their steadfast devotion to the cause and their unwavering commitment to gender equality, showcasing their determination and resilience in the face of adversity (Becker, 19thnews.org, January 16, 2025).

Members of the Young Feminist Party hold signs and banners outside the White House, urging President Biden to publish the Equal Rights Amendment before his presidency ends. Source: 19thnews.org

In addition, the protestors hung a 40-foot banner asking President Biden whether his legacy would be that of a "Hero or Zero" outside the National Archives on January 10, 2025, which led to 66 people being detained and seven arrested. Kamala Lopez, founder and president of Equal Means Equal, stated that 38 states have now passed the ERA, demonstrating overwhelming support for the amendment. She maintained that Biden may be a "hero" by publishing it in the Constitution for enforcement. Without the publication of the ERA, she called Biden "zero," emphasizing the urgent potential impact of his decision on the future of gender equality (Fischer, NewsShare, January 10, 2025).

The rally continued to demand the publication of the Equal Rights Amendment before the end of President Biden's term and before Donald Trump took office. Activists and lawmakers who have been at the forefront of the ERA movement gathered to ensure that the momentum for the amendment did not fade. They urged supporters to remain vigilant and engaged.

Supporters stressed the need to pass the amendment to guarantee equal rights for all citizens, regardless of gender, and to promote equality in all aspects of society. They believed immediate action was essential to uphold the nation's values of equality and justice, creating a strong sense of urgency.

On January 10, 2025, Equal Means Equal activists protested outside the National Archives building in Washington, D.C., demanding the publication of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The protest involved the hanging of a large banner that read "Publish ERA. Hero or Zero" with a photo of President Biden. Source: equalmeansequal.org

"The ERA is the Law."
~American Bar Association~

U.S. President Joe J. Biden
Affirms the Equal Rights Amendment
as the Law of the Land

For over a century, women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals have shown remarkable perseverance in their fight for the Equal Rights Amendment to secure gender equality in the U.S. Constitution. This ongoing struggle, which began in 1923, has turned the ERA into a powerful symbol of the fight for equality and rights. The deep history of the ERA, rooted in the early 20th century, connects us to past battles and honors the progress we have made. This effort culminated in U.S. President Joe R. Biden's significant declaration that the Equal Rights Amendment is now national law.

On January 17, 2025, President Biden, a long-time advocate for gender equality, announced a historic victory from the White House, just three days before the end of his term. He declared the Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, establishing it as the "law of the land." This vital announcement marks a crucial step in our nation's ongoing pursuit of gender equality. President Biden's essential role in achieving this landmark decision, along with his unwavering support for gender equality and commitment to upholding the Constitution, will be remembered in our nation's history.

After thorough consultations and assessments, President Biden, in agreement with the American Bar Association and legal scholars, confirmed that the ERA had successfully cleared all necessary hurdles to become the 28th Amendment. Their expertise and advocacy played a pivotal role in the ratification of the ERA. His statement affirming the ERA's legal status is a watershed moment in our history. He stated, "In keeping with my oath and duty to the Constitution and country, I affirm what I believe and what three-fourths of the states have ratified: the 28th Amendment is the law of the land, guaranteeing all Americans equal rights and protections under the law regardless of their sex" (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025). The American Constitution Society also released a supporting statement on President Biden's recognition of the Equal Rights Amendment. President Biden's legal affirmation of the ERA, after a century of advocacy, represents a critical turning point that highlights the progress made and inspires ongoing advocacy, instilling hope for a more equitable future.

President Joe Biden, January 17, 2025. "I affirm what I believe and what three-fourths of the states ratified: the 28th Amendment is the law of the land, guaranteeing all American equal rights and protections under the law regardless of the sex. Source: ERA Coalition

President Biden's endorsement of the Equal Rights Amendment marks a significant milestone, aligning with the views of gender equality advocates like Russ Feingold. Russ, who served alongside Joe Biden in the Senate for 18 years, supports the President's assertion that the standards for ratification have been met. However, he warned that while Joe's statement recognizes the "validity of the Equal Rights Amendment, which has been so long and hard fought for by so many," this validation is still rejected by many individuals in positions of power. Nevertheless, this announcement further energizes the ongoing struggle for gender equality, especially now that Biden is out of office and right-wing Republicans control both the White House and Congress (Nichols, The Nation.com, January 22, 2025).

Renowned constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe made a strong statement emphasizing the importance of President Biden's efforts, saying, "Thanks to President Biden, the Constitution will finally guarantee equality for all" (Tribe, The Contrarian, January 17, 2025). Laurence Tribe asserted that the Equal Rights Amendment has already taken effect since Virginia ratified it in 2020, and the Archivist does not need to publish it to establish it as the national law. He writes:

"The only reason Congress gave the Archivist such a duty nearly a century ago was to ensure that the Nation got word that an amendment was in force, enabling officials at all levels of government to conform their actions to it. In our modern age of broadcast, cable, and internet communication, the President's announcement itself performed that function" (Rodale, mayarodale.substack.com, January 18, 2025).

President Biden's historic decision to declare the Equal Rights Amendment the 28th Amendment to the United States Constitution is a monumental victory for those who champion justice, equality, and fairness. While this bold move has been widely celebrated, it has also sparked intense debate. Opponents have said they would take the ERA to court if the Archivist published it.

Kate Kelly, the senior director of the Women's Initiative at the Center for American Progress, provides helpful advice regarding this issue. She notes that those who oppose the ERA, including certain attorneys and politicians, would first need to recognize the amendment as legitimate, similar to Article V, before initiating a lawsuit against it (Goodwin, Religious Dispatches, January 21, 2025). Kelly further clarifies the Archivist's role in this process, explaining that Article V of the Constitution outlines two key requirements: Congress must take action, and the states must ratify the amendment. Courts and other parties have no say in this matter. The Archivist is responsible for fulfilling a statutory obligation by processing and certifying the new amendment (Between the Lines website). In a significant development, President Biden recognized and declared the ERA as law, establishing its meaningful legal implications.

Kate Kelly, a respected advocate for women's rights, has expressed agreement with Laurence Tribe and Russ Feingold regarding the role of the Archivist in certifying and publishing new amendments in the Federal Register. The Archivist plays a crucial part in the amendment process, as their responsibility includes ensuring that the latest amendment is properly certified and published. However, the two archivists, David Ferriero and Colleen Shogan, argued that legal precedents concerning ratification deadlines prevent them from publishing the Equal Rights Amendment without additional action from Congress or the courts.

President Biden declares the Equal Rights Amendment is now the law of the land, guaranteeing all Americans equal rights and protections under the law regardless of their sex. Source: White House

It is important to note that the Archivist does not need to publish the ERA for it to be recognized as law. The ERA is already a valid part of the U.S. Constitution, having been passed by Congress and ratified by 38 states, as indicated in Article V. Opponents of the ERA argue that the missed deadline is legally binding. Supporters, on the other hand, contend that the deadline is not binding because it was included in the preamble rather than the text of the amendment itself. They cite the 27th Amendment, which was ratified centuries after its proposal, as a significant precedent. Additionally, the American Bar Association has passed a resolution in support of the validity of the ERA.

Kate Kelly emphasized the next step: implementation. She stated, "We're going to file substantive lawsuits based on the 28th Amendment. We're going to pass laws because we have new constitutional hopes. We're going to fully embrace the fact that we have changed the Constitution" (Goodwin, Religious Dispatches, January 21, 2025). This bold approach has the potential to transform the legal landscape and challenge established norms. By leveraging the power of the 28th Amendment, advocates aim to reshape the legal framework, challenge existing paradigms, and promote a more equitable society. This could pave the way for significant reforms that respond to the public's demand for justice. The potential impact of the 28th Amendment is profound, promising a more just and equal future for everyone and instilling hope and optimism for the positive changes it will bring.

Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, a dedicated champion of the Equal Rights Amendment, reinforced Kate Kelly's commitment to its implementation in a statement posted on Threads. She remarked, "Women across America can—and should—use the ERA to file lawsuits against unconstitutional laws that deny women equality, from pay discrimination to access to healthcare." Kirsten envisions a future in which women are paid equally and have access to the same healthcare as men. The ERA is more than simply a symbol; it is a powerful tool for promoting actual change and equality.

Biden Publish ERA.. Source: bidenpublishtheera.org

Reflecting on our journey, we have made significant progress in areas such as inclusive restrooms, LGBTQ+ rights, and women's participation in the military. Fifty years ago, opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment instilled fear in women, leading them to act against their own interests and oppose constitutional equality. Anti-ERA activists like Phyllis Schlafly argued that the ERA would legalize same-sex marriage, which has already happened; impose gender-neutral bathrooms, which already exist in many places; and draft women into the military, a branch that many women have voluntarily joined. Understanding this history is crucial when considering recent victories and the ongoing struggle for gender equality. These victories are not just milestones; they are a testament to the progress and momentum we have gained in the fight for gender equality, instilling hope and optimism for the future.

Moreover, the United States has joined the 85% of countries that include gender provisions in their constitutions (Kelly, The Center for American Progress, January 17, 2025). President Biden's legacy inspires future activists to challenge systemic inequality and advocate for legislation that promotes inclusivity and fairness. While the President's statement represents a symbolic victory for supporters of the ERA, its status may be debated in Congress and could face legal challenges. Therefore, we must continue to commit ourselves to the ongoing fight for equal rights. The need for continued efforts is not merely a suggestion; it is a call to action that should motivate and inspire us all. We must ensure that this victory counts and use it to achieve greater equality for everyone in our society. Let this victory serve as a springboard for our continued fight for gender equality. Your support and action are essential to making the goal a reality.

After more than a century of advocacy, this milestone is a significant step toward achieving gender equality. Following President Biden's affirmation, we anticipate legislative and policy changes that will promote gender equality in all aspects of society. However, we must continue to advocate for the state-level implementation of the inclusive ERA, including Utah, as there is still much work to be done. Your support and participation are not only necessary but also critical to the ongoing fight for equality. Your involvement is integral to our success. This continuous commitment will ensure that the ERA is fully and effectively implemented. The battle isn't over, and your involvement is crucial. We all have a role to play in this historic journey toward gender equality.

Biden Publish the ERA. Source: equalmeansequal.org

Constitutional Amendment Process

Providing a historical context on the constitutional amendment process, it's worth noting that President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the certifications for the 24th and 25th Amendments as a witness. Similarly, President Richard Nixon witnessed the certification of the 26th Amendment. However, on May 18, 1992, a significant change occurred when, for the first time, the Archivist served as the certifying official to recognize the ratification of the 27th Amendment. The Director of the Federal Register signed the certification as a witness, marking a new chapter in the certification process (National Archives website).

It is important to understand that the President does not have a constitutional role in the amendment process. This means that a joint resolution is not sent to the White House for signing or approval. Even President Biden did not direct or authorize the Archivist to publish the Equal Rights Amendment. However, the ERA met the requirements of Article V and is recognized as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution according to constitutional scholars and the American Bar Association. This recognition underscores the integrity of the U.S. constitutional process, independent of the President's involvement.

Representative Jennifer McClellan stated, "Basically, (1) the Constitution outlines the requirements and doesn't authorize Congress to add additional requirements like a deadline, (2) the Archivist's publication is ministerial, and (3) federal law says once the Archivist receives notice that the requirements have been met, it shall be published" (Vote Equality! website).

Constitutional amendments often spark debate and legal challenges, frequently existing in a gray area of interpretation. For the 28th Amendment to succeed, it must overcome over a century of misogyny and gain public support. This amendment places the responsibility on everyone to advocate for its advancement. A collective effort, where each individual plays a crucial role, is essential for creating a fair society for all, regardless of gender. By holding institutions accountable and pushing for change, we can work toward a more equitable future (Vote Equality! website).

The Equal Rights Amendment is proposed as the 28th Amendment. Source: voteequality.us

The Debate Is Over:
The Equal Rights Amendment is Now the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

As of today, the Equal Rights Amendment is law, having been ratified under Article V of the U.S. Constitution, according to the ERA Coalition. However, its legitimacy continues to face challenges. Opponents typically cite three main arguments: 1. the ratification time limit set by Congress, 2. state rescissions, and 3. the refusal of the National Archivist to certify and publish the ERA as the 28th Amendment (Guzman, The ERA Coalition, July 8, 2025).

The National Archivist, who is responsible for maintaining and preserving the official documents of the U.S. government, has declined to certify and publish the ERA as the 28th Amendment. This decision was influenced by instructions from the Trump Administration's Department of Justice, following Virginia's ratification in 2020. However, these arguments do not withstand constitutional scrutiny (Guzman, The ERA Coalition, July 8, 2025). The Equal Rights Amendment is legitimate, and its validity is not in question.

Isabella Guzman from the ERA Coalition highlighted that time limits are not part of the Article V amendment process established in the U.S. Constitution. Once an amendment is ratified by three-fourths of the states, it becomes valid. The time limit associated with the Equal Rights Amendment was included in the preamble by Congress, not in the text of the amendment itself. It means the states never voted on a time limit. Congress also has the authority to extend or remove such deadlines, as it has done in the past (Guzman, The ERA Coalition, July 8, 2025).

As a result, the Equal Rights Amendment meets all the criteria specified in Article V of the Constitution. Isabella stated, "The ERA is the law, and it's time for our institutions to acknowledge and enforce it. We, the public, have a crucial role in spreading awareness about the ERA's validity as the 28th Amendment and in urging our representatives and the legal system to uphold the law" (Guzman, The ERA Coalition, July 8, 2025). This message underscores the important role each of us plays in advocating for the full implementation of the ERA and driving societal change. It's time for us to step up and support this cause. For more information, refer to 'The Equal Rights Amendment is the 28th Amendment' by Isabella Guzman, published on July 8, 2025.

Zakiya Thomas, President and CEO of the ERA Coalition, stated, "The debate is over—the Equal Rights Amendment is now officially the 28th Amendment to the Constitution, representing a historic step towards gender equality." President Biden's support for this milestone instills hope and reinforces our collective commitment to gender equality. This significant achievement empowers women and marginalized communities, motivating us to continue our efforts on legislation that respects and protects these rights, making gender equality a reality for everyone. The incorporation of the Equal Rights Amendment into our U.S. Constitution represents a major turning point in the fight for gender equality. First proposed in 1923, the ERA has long represented the struggle for gender equality, and its journey from a mere proposal to a constitutional amendment is a testament to the perseverance and dedication of generations of activists.

Zakiya Thomas, President and CEO of the ERA Coalition. Source: www.eracoalition.org

The ERA is essential for addressing discrimination in various aspects of life. For instance, it can help ensure that women are paid the same as men for the same work, protect individuals from being discriminated against in the workplace based on their gender, guarantee access to reproductive healthcare without discrimination, and prevent gender-based violence. The ERA provides a legal foundation to tackle these and other forms of gender inequality head-on.

Moreover, the ERA has the power to foster a cultural shift. By incorporating the principle of equality into our legal framework, the workforce can reevaluate and update its outdated beliefs and practices. Companies or institutions are more likely to implement policies that promote diversity and inclusion, leading to a future workforce with improved representation in leadership roles and increased opportunities in fields such as STEM, business, healthcare, and education.

Much like the First and Second Amendments, the ERA is vital to our legal structure and crucial in safeguarding against gender discrimination, particularly in the areas of employment and reproductive rights. Everyone needs to raise awareness about this amendment. Advocating for the ERA helps address wage gaps and workplace bias, contributing to the broader struggle for equality.

Kate Kelly has emphasized the importance of implementing the ERA to advance gender equality, while the ERA Coalition highlights the importance of public education about it. Building widespread support and understanding of the amendment is crucial. Your advocacy and knowledge are not just important; they are essential in this vital pursuit of equality, enabling you to make a meaningful contribution to change.

The Equal Rights Amendment is the law of the land. Source: ERA Coalition

Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley Promotes Conversations About the Equal Rights Amendment

Congressperson Ayanna Pressley has emphasized the practical significance of the Equal Rights Amendment, stating, "One of the things that intrigued me tactically is that we had never considered the ERA as a tool for protection against the many injustices that women continue to face." This practical aspect of the ERA, as a means to challenge injustices, is a crucial part of its power.

Rep. Pressley pointed out that discussions surrounding issues like the wage gap, domestic violence, or healthcare often overlook the necessity of passing the ERA. She aims to connect these disparities to the lack of gender equality in our Constitution, highlighting how these systemic issues are intertwined. "If you're in a room discussing the wage gap, it is very rare for someone to say, 'That's why we need to pass the ERA.' If we are in a space discussing domestic violence or sexual assault and the lack of justice for survivors, you wouldn't typically hear, 'And that's why we need to pass the ERA.' When talking about inequitable healthcare systems or the high rates of Black maternal morbidity, you wouldn't say, 'That's why we need to pass the ERA.' I wanted to change that. I wanted people to see the connection—that these inequities and disparities, which we have normalized as part of the experience of being a girl or a woman, are all linked to the fact that gender equality has not been enshrined in our Constitution" (Rios, womenshistory.org, April 23, 2024). Her goal is to make these connections clear, demonstrating that the lack of gender equality in our U.S. Constitution is linked to various systemic disparities faced by women.

Zakiya Thomas stated, "As a Black woman in America, I've always known that my rights are precarious and subject to the whims of others." She elaborated, "Many Black and brown women, as well as cis and trans women, are leading this effort because we understand that it benefits all of us. If we remain isolated, we will continue to be fractured and unable to advance our cause" (Rios, womenshistory.org, April 23, 2024). This statement reflects the diligent efforts of numerous individuals and partner organizations committed to promoting fairness and justice in our society. The accomplishments of the ERA Coalition and its member organizations demonstrate the power that can be achieved when we unite for a common cause. This victory is not just about the Equal Rights Amendment; it emphasizes the importance of unity and collaboration in achieving our shared goals. This achievement serves as a reminder that every member of this movement has the power to effect change, and together we are part of a larger, united front for gender equality.

In 2025, the ERA Coalition announced that the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment is now recognized as national law, as detailed in a statement released by the organization. This statement outlines key points that are essential for understanding the significance of the ERA and its impact on various populations. Despite facing misinformation and challenges regarding its validity, we must remain steadfast in our belief that the ERA has met all constitutional requirements and is officially recognized as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. However, our efforts are far from over. For instance, a nationwide abortion ban is emerging, alongside attempts to outlaw contraception entirely. Voting rights are also under attack, with new laws being implemented that could prevent millions of women from casting their ballots. This includes the proposed Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act (SAVE Act), which has proof of citizenship requirements, such as a birth certificate and passport, that would disproportionately disenfranchise women. Additionally, there is an ongoing assault on science, education, and the military. Research is being censored, gender recognition is being erased, and Sexual Assault Prevention and Response programs are being dismantled. Furthermore, transgender athletes are facing bans, and access to gender-affirming care is being prohibited.

The Equal Rights Amendment, as outlined by the ERA Coalition, encompasses several key provisions designed to protect individuals from gender-based violence and discrimination in legislation and law enforcement. It seeks to address discrimination in government employment across various sectors, including education, law enforcement, and the military. Additionally, the ERA would empower Congress to tackle issues such as unequal pay, workplace harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and crimes committed against women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals. It would also establish a foundation for congressional action to ensure access to reproductive healthcare, prenatal care, and contraception. Overall, the ERA provides comprehensive protection against gender-based discrimination and violence, promoting safety and equality for all individuals.

As we move forward in the current political climate under the Trump administration, the need for the ERA is more important than ever. It is essential to continue educating others about the ERA and its importance, speaking out against sex-based discrimination, and advocating for comprehensive policies that promote equality and protect the rights of all individuals. We must uphold the principles of equality and inclusivity within our communities.

Furthermore, it is crucial to advocate for the full implementation of the ERA across all aspects of society, creating an environment where everyone can thrive without fear of discrimination. This commitment requires collaboration among individuals, organizations, and lawmakers to ensure that equality is not merely an aspiration but a lived reality.

By fostering dialogue and raising awareness, we can keep these critical issues at the forefront of public discourse, inspiring future generations to champion these essential principles and contribute to a more just society. Together, we can build a future where equality is not just an ideal, but a reality for everyone.

Ayanna Pressley. Source: wikipedia.org

Women, BIPOC, and LGBTQ+ Individuals Continue to
Face Ongoing Attacks and Threats to Their Rights

The recognition of the Equal Rights Amendment is a significant step, but the urgency of its implementation has never been more critical. The immediate removal of President Biden's ERA proclamation from the White House website following Trump's inauguration, along with ongoing efforts by the U.S. Supreme Court and conservative politicians to limit the rights of women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals, underscores the pressing need for the ERA. Recent rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court and legislative actions taken by conservative politicians have contributed to the erosion of rights and a weakening of democracy. The failure to adopt the ERA into the U.S. Constitution in 2022, driven by a decline in support from the National Archivist and opposition from the majority of Republicans, has serious repercussions. The overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022 has resulted in a significant increase in restrictions on abortion and reproductive healthcare rights. This change is a direct consequence of the Dobbs decision, which eliminated the federal constitutional right to abortion. The ruling has led to significant impacts as laws restricting women's bodily autonomy and reproductive rights continue to increase.

This situation provides an opportunity to accelerate the implementation of the ERA. As we continue to witness ongoing debates and legislative actions that threaten the hard-won rights of individuals, the enforcement of the ERA has become more crucial than ever. Implementing the ERA can challenge and overturn discriminatory laws, ensuring that all Americans receive equal rights and protections. This is essential for our society's commitment to social justice and equality. The ERA is not merely an idea; it is a vital tool in our fight for equality and justice.

However, with the Trump Administration set to take office on January 20, 2025, Zakiya Thomas expressed profound concern in an email on June 2, 2025. She emphasized that the Equal Rights Amendment, having met all constitutional requirements to be recognized as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, has yet to be universally acknowledged or applied in law. She stressed the urgent need to secure constitutional equality for all, arguing that the ERA should not be a matter of debate but a universally accepted principle. Zakiya pointed out that the ERA represents a significant societal shift that benefits everyone, promoting stronger legal protections, better family support, and a democracy free from sex-discriminatory laws, practices, and attitudes. The urgency of enforcing the ERA is paramount. To achieve full legal recognition, we must discuss and raise awareness of our equal rights under the ERA, as outlined by Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley. Raising awareness is essential for gaining support for the ratification and implementation of the ERA.

Recent events have revealed a troubling trend of attacks and ongoing rollbacks of various rights, including those related to gender equality, women's rights, BIPOC rights, LGBTQ+ rights, Disability rights, and immigrant justice during the Trump Administration's second term. These issues expose vulnerabilities in our current legal system regarding gender discrimination, highlighting the crucial need to protect the Equal Rights Amendment against shifting political trends. As Zakiya Thomas, President and CEO of the ERA Coalition, emphasizes, the fight for the ERA is more important now than ever. We are living in a deeply troubling time in the United States—one that challenges the very essence of our national identity. The fundamental promises of our democracy—freedom, equality, and justice for all—are under threat.

In an email on July 30, 2025, she stated, "We must continue to fight for our rights and advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment as a tool for change. We need to push back against those who are determined to undo the hard-won progress of generations. Our rights are the result of relentless struggle—a legacy of courage, resistance, and hope. The ERA is part of that legacy, and it is up to us to carry it forward and build a more just and inclusive future." Zakiya concluded by emphasizing that the time to fight for the Equal Rights Amendment—and for one another—is now.

Additionally, Zakiya stressed that men play a pivotal role in advancing constitutional equality. She noted that the ERA is a societal issue that benefits everyone, as it aims to provide legal protections against gender discrimination and fosters a more equitable society for all. Gender discrimination also affects men in areas such as child custody, alimony, caregiving, and gender-based violence, which makes their support for the ERA not just important but integral in the fight for equality. By supporting the ERA, we advocate not only for women's rights but also for a fairer society for everyone. A more equitable society for everyone ultimately leads to stronger communities and a more just legal framework. We must unite across genders to dismantle the barriers of discrimination and create a future where equality is the norm, not the exception. Your support, regardless of your gender, is crucial in this fight for equality. Let's work together to create a future where everyone, regardless of gender, can benefit from the societal advantages of the ERA.

As a woman born in the early 1970s and a member of Generation X in the United States, I have seen great progress in the fight for gender equality throughout my life. I refuse to stand by while my rights—and those of my daughter and future granddaughters—are stripped away. The potential loss of these rights is not just a political issue; it is deeply personal. My daughter, like many others, has already lost access to essential rights, such as abortion healthcare, and may face further losses in the future, including bodily autonomy and reproductive healthcare. This situation poses a threat not only to her autonomy but also to her health and well-being. We are on the verge of losing regulatory protections for the rights of women, BIPOC individuals, and LGBTQ+ individuals, and I will not be silent in the face of injustice. I want my daughter to pursue her dreams without limitations imposed by her gender or cultural expectations. Traditional gender roles mustn't hold her back. This campaign aims to fight for our rights, shape a better future for everyone, and ensure the protection and respect of our rights.

Jimmy Carter was a champion for the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: The Smithsonian Institution website

Furthermore, we cannot allow Christian nationalists, through the Project 2025 blueprint, to undermine the hard-won rights of women, BIPOC individuals, LGBTQ+ individuals, and Disabled individuals. Advocating for the Equal Rights Amendment is essential for achieving true equality. To protect the rights of our current and future generations, we must come together to support the recognition and implementation of the ERA. By uniting, we can foster a strong movement that champions justice and equality for all. Remember, the progress we achieve today lays the groundwork for a more inclusive future for everyone. Your voice is important, and your actions are impactful. You play a vital role in this movement, and collectively, we can make a difference.

Building on Zakiya Thomas' impassioned words, we, as advocates for the ERA, fully commit to promoting its universal recognition and implementation as the 28th Amendment. Imagine a future in which your daughter, sister, mother, and all women receive respect and dignity as men. This vision can be realized through the Equal Rights Amendment, which ensures that gender equality is more than simply an ideal but a fundamental right guaranteed by our Constitution. By incorporating gender equality into our Constitution, we take a significant step toward eliminating discrimination and empowering future generations. Together, we can build a society where all people, regardless of gender, have equal opportunities to flourish and prosper.

The failure to implement the ERA directly affects us, and prompt action is necessary. As mentioned earlier, we must work together to advocate for the protection and advancement of women's, BIPOC, and LGBTQ+ rights, ensuring that future generations do not face the same obstacles. We need to raise our voices, support legislation that defends these rights, and hold our elected officials accountable for promoting equality and justice. Your involvement is crucial in this endeavor. We cannot succeed without you. Your support is not just a contribution; it is an essential part of our collective effort. By educating communities and advocating for legislative change, we can move toward a society where gender equality is a reality for everyone, not just an aspiration.

'The Equal Rights Amendment is now the Law of the Land!' Democrats Aboard. Source: www.democratsabroad.org/era_intro

As we celebrate the legalization of the Equal Rights Amendment, it is crucial to increase awareness about the 28th Amendment and the need for the federal government to recognize it. This amendment, a cornerstone of our fight for justice and equality, has made significant progress in acknowledging and protecting the humanity and dignity of everyone. This progress, a testament to the dedication of many advocates, should fill us with hope and optimism as we move forward, remaining vigilant and committed to the principles of equity and justice for all, ensuring that no one is left behind.

Our commitment to democracy also depends on upholding equality and justice for all through education and awareness. Your support during this critical moment is not only necessary but essential. Your actions and support are not just vital to this movement; they are integral. Let us continue to unite and strive for a more inclusive and hopeful future, knowing that each of us, including you, plays a crucial role in this collective effort. Together, we can create a society where every voice is heard and every individual has the opportunity to thrive. Let us work hand in hand, fostering understanding and compassion to build a brighter tomorrow for generations to come.

ERA Postcard - I (Heart) the ERA. Designed by Krista Niles. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

Petition in Support of the Equal Rights Amendment by the Presidents of the Latter-day Saint Relief Society and Young Women's Association

It is noteworthy that long before the Equal Rights Amendment was ratified in 2025, Amy Brown Lyman, the Relief Society President, and Lucy Grant Gannon, the Young Women's Association President, were strong advocates for this amendment. On March 13, 1943, they sent a postcard to Senator Abe Murdock of Utah, which was a significant action that emphasized the importance of their cause and urged his support for the amendment. This moment marked a pivotal point in the movement's history. Though the ERA did not pass in Congress, both organizations demonstrated their staunch adherence to the Equal Rights Amendment, showcasing their resilience and determination. Their efforts laid the groundwork for future advocacy, inspiring generations to continue the fight for gender equality. The legacy of their commitment to the ERA remains a crucial part of the ongoing struggle for women's rights in America.

On March 13, 1943, Amy Brown Lyman, the Relief Society President, and Lucy Grant Gannon, the Young Women's Association President, sent a postcard urging their Senator, Abe Murdock, to support the Equal Rights Amendment. Credit for uncovering this source goes to researcher Ardis E. Parshall.

Amy Brown Lyman. Source: Better Days 2020

In conclusion, let's celebrate the progress we have made toward gender equality, thanks to the courageous feminists who have fought for our rights. Now is the time to unite and support those most affected while standing firm for equality and democracy. The Equal Rights Amendment is important because it guarantees fairness and respect for all individuals. As we move forward, let's keep the ERA in mind—our strength lies in our unity. Unity empowers us to amplify our voices and advocate for comprehensive policies that promote justice and equity. Together, we can ensure that the fight for gender equality continues to thrive and that future generations enjoy the rights and freedoms they deserve.

Advocating for the ERA is urgent. It holds the same significance as our First, Second, and Fourteenth Amendments, reflecting the core values of our nation. We must enshrine these principles in law to guarantee fair treatment for all, regardless of gender. Without the ERA, we risk allowing inequality to continue, leaving many without full protection of their rights. We must unite in this effort, advocating for a future where every individual, regardless of gender, can enjoy the same legal protections and opportunities.

The present is a moment for action—let's stand up for justice and equality. Together, with your support, we can tackle challenges and opposition. This fight is not just about legal text; it's about achieving real justice for everyone. Achieving real justice for everyone requires our collective effort and steadfast loyalty. Let us unite our voices and resources to create a society where fairness and respect are the norms, not the exceptions, and pave the way for a brighter, more inclusive future for all.

The ERA National Policy. Source: CADA News

"I believe in women,
especially thinking women."
~Emmeline B. Wells~

SpeakOut SpeakEasy. Source: The Utah Equal Rights Amendment Coalition, 2023

The First Female Vote is Cast in Utah

When exploring the history of women's suffrage, it's important to note that on February 14, 1870, the Utah Territory became the first territory in the United States to hold elections on Valentine's Day. Although the Wyoming Territory granted women the right to vote on December 10, 1869, it was the women of Utah who first exercised this right by casting their ballots. Utah's elections occurred earlier, on February 14, 1870, while Wyoming's first election with women's suffrage took place later, on September 6, 1870. This major victory in women's suffrage not only marked a pivotal moment in Utah's history but also set a precedent for future voting rights across the nation. The courageous actions of these women laid the groundwork for the ongoing struggle for equality and representation in American politics.

A pivotal moment in this history was when Seraph Young Ford, a 23-year-old schoolteacher and grandniece of Brigham Young, courageously stepped forward to become the first woman in the United States to cast a ballot under an equal suffrage law. Her actions represented a significant milestone in the suffrage movement, with Utah playing a pivotal role in this transformative era. While Wyoming had passed legislation granting women the right to vote just a few months earlier, Utah can proudly claim the distinction of being the first territory where women exercised that right by casting their ballots. This historic moment highlighted a significant victory for women's rights and also set a precedent for the future of suffrage across the nation. The courage and determination of these early pioneers laid the groundwork for subsequent generations to continue the fight for equality at the ballot box.

Art by David Koch. Seraph Young votes at the Utah State Capitol building. Source: Better Days 2020

The Utah Women's Suffrage Movement is a notable example of perseverance, having successfully achieved the right to vote on two occasions: first in 1870 and again in 1895. These victories occurred well before the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women across the United States the right to vote. Both milestones were significant achievements in the fight for women's suffrage. These achievements not only empowered women in Utah but also inspired suffragists nationwide to continue their struggles for equality. The efforts of these early advocates laid the groundwork for the broader movement that ultimately led to the nationwide recognition of women's voting rights.

After Utah became a state on January 4, 1896, its citizens, including women, participated in their first national election. Utah became the third state to grant women the right to vote, following Wyoming on July 23, 1890, and Colorado on November 7, 1893. This landmark achievement not only empowered women in Utah but also catalyzed similar movements across the country. As more states began to recognize women's suffrage, the momentum for a national constitutional amendment grew stronger, ultimately culminating in the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

On this special day, let us honor these historic milestones in women's rights and celebrate the progress toward equality and love. Let us also acknowledge the ongoing efforts to ensure that all voices are heard and represented as we strive for a society where equality is not just a goal but a reality for everyone. Together, we can continue to build on the legacy of those who fought tirelessly for the rights we cherish today.

In 2018, Utah introduced a new license plate design to honor the historic achievement of 1870, recognizing the state's women as the first in modern American history to gain the right to vote. Source: Betterdays2020.com

The Influential Women in Utah

Martha Hughes Cannon. Source: Utah State Historical Society, Deseret News Archives

One of the influential women in Utah is Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon. She was a remarkable figure in our history, recognized not only as a physician and public health advocate but also as America's first female state senator. She further advanced women's suffrage by becoming the first female state senator in the United States. Dr. Hughes Cannon won the election on November 3, 1896, defeating her husband, Angus Cannon, and her best friend, Emmeline B. Wells. Her victory, despite the personal and societal challenges she faced, is a testament to her resilience. During her tenure, she implemented groundbreaking changes in Utah's public health system. Her pioneering efforts as a suffragist marked a pivotal moment in the battle for women's rights. Dr. Hughes Cannon delivered influential testimony before the U.S. Congress in support of a national suffrage amendment, which had a significant impact on the community during the early years of statehood. Her advocacy not only inspired many but also laid the groundwork for future generations of women leaders. The legacy of her work continues to resonate today, reminding us of the importance of perseverance in the pursuit of equality and justice.

Dr. Hughes Cannon also served on the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, where her efforts made a significant and lasting impact. As a state senator, she profoundly influenced education and healthcare by successfully passing legislation benefiting the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. The first bill was the "Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens," which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah. The second bill, the "Act of Authorizing the Erection of a Hospital Building for the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb," was passed by lawmakers in 1898. This legislation led to the construction of a hospital building on the school campus, which was completed in 1900 (Pace, The Utah Eagle, October 1946; Martha Hughes Cannon, Utah Division of Archives and Records Services, April 9, 2020; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Dr. Hughes Cannon's dedication and influence on the school's development are a testament to her commitment to public service and education. Her efforts not only advanced the quality of education for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students but also set a precedent for inclusive educational practices in Utah. The legacy of her work continues to influence advocates for accessibility and equal opportunities in education today.

Utah Governor Heber Wells acknowledged Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon's significant contributions to the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind by endorsing the first compulsory attendance law. He appointed her to the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, which inspired her to sponsor a second bill to establish a hospital at that institution. Even after leaving politics after one term, Dr. Hughes Cannon remained committed to her work by serving two additional terms on the board of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, leaving behind a lasting legacy (Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Her work was not only impactful but also widely recognized, as evidenced by Governor Wells' endorsement and her subsequent appointments. Her subsequent appointments underscored the trust and respect she had earned within the community, enabling her to influence educational policies that benefited many students. Dr. Hughes Cannon's dedication to public service and advocacy for the underserved has never stopped inspiring future generations of leaders.

In 2024, a significant event occurred when a statue honoring Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon—a physician, politician, and pioneering suffragist—was unveiled in the National Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This statue honors Dr. Hughes Cannon's accomplishments and emphasizes Utah's significant involvement in the national suffrage campaign, as well as the state's ongoing dedication to gender equality. It inspires us, serving as a reminder of our past achievements and the work that lies ahead. The statue stands as a proud testament to Dr. Hughes Cannon's legacy and her ongoing impact on society. Her contributions not only advanced women's rights in Utah but also influenced the larger national dialogue surrounding equality and justice. As we reflect on her legacy, we are inspired to continue advocating for progress and to remember the sacrifices of those who battled for the rights we enjoy today.

The statue of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon goes to Washington, DC. Source: BetterDays2020.org

In 2017, women made up half of Utah's population but held only 1 in 7 legislative seats, one of the lowest rates in the nation (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017). By 2024, Utah was ranked as the worst state for women's equality, coming in 46th out of 50 states for gender equality and scoring poorly on justice and safety (Anderson & Madsen, Utah Women & Leadership Project, January 4, 2024). This alarming trend highlights the ongoing challenges women face in achieving equal representation and access to resources in Utah. As advocates push for policy changes and increased awareness, it remains crucial to address the systemic barriers that hinder women's advancement in both political and social spheres.

The Utah State Senate in 1897, Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon standing to the left of center. Source: Utah State Historical Society

Maud May Babcock. Source: J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah

Maud May Babcock was the University of Utah's first female faculty member and the founder of the Departments of Speech, Physical Education, and University Theater. She also served on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf for twenty-two years, including twelve years as president. In recognition of her contributions, the Babcock Theater, which is the first college dramatic club in the United States, was named in her honor. Maud joined the University of Utah in 1892 and taught there for forty-six years. Additionally, she made history as the first woman to serve as a Senate chaplain in Utah (Toone, Deseret News, May 7, 2014; Maud May Babcock, Wikipedia, December 28, 2018). Her legacy continues to inspire future generations of students and educators alike, underscoring the importance of dedication to the arts and education. Babcock's pioneering spirit and commitment to her community have had a profound influence on Utah's cultural landscape.

One of Maud May Babcock's most significant contributions was her advocacy for the Deaf community in Utah. While serving on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, she traveled to the East in 1904 to study the communication methods used in other schools for Deaf students. Her findings led to successful advocacy for additional funding to support new programs at the Utah School for the Deaf. Maud demonstrated her commitment by regularly visiting the school to share her experiences with the students (Robert, 1994; Maud May Babcock—Wikipedia). At the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, Maud shared her unique and enlightening experiences from her visits to Deaf schools in France and Germany, providing a global perspective to the Utah Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). This exchange of ideas enriched the local community and fostered a sense of solidarity among Deaf individuals worldwide. Maud's efforts helped bridge cultural gaps and inspired many to advocate for improved education and resources for the Deaf.

After the Global Women's March, a group of Deaf women from Utah, including Roberta Dunlap Bolanos, Chrystee Call Davenport, Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Shandra Benito, Jodi Christel Becker, Carol Sanderson, Stephanie Lowder Mathis, Sari Williams, and Utah's Deaf actress Millicent "Millie" Simmonds, seized the chance to march locally. Despite progress in gender equality, Deaf women still face significant challenges. Although they have made strides in education, employment, and voting, their journeys remain difficult. Participating in the march was a powerful declaration of their determination to overcome these obstacles and advocate for their rights. Their voices, united in purpose, resonated throughout the community, inspiring others to join the fight for equity and representation. As they marched, they not only celebrated their achievements but also drew attention to the ongoing struggles that demanded action.

A group of the Utah Women Unite participants at the Utah State Capitol. Two Deaf participants are seating on the right side. One in her black coat is Millie Simmonds and Carol Sanderson is sitting next to her. Credit: Utah Women Unite website

Utah Deaf Women Who Made
a Difference in the Deaf Community

Elizabeth DeLong Holds the Distinction of
Being the First Female President of the
Utah Association of the Deaf

Elizabeth “Libbie” DeLong was a pivotal figure in Utah Deaf History. Elizabeth graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1897 and Gallaudet College in 1902. She later became a faculty member of the Utah School for the Deaf. She holds the distinction of being the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. Her election victory was not just a personal triumph but a historic turning point in the Deaf community, showcasing the increasing leadership and influence of Deaf women in Utah. Her presidency was a powerful illustration of the importance of recognizing and celebrating the remarkable achievements of women who break down barriers and inspire others, emphasizing the need for gender equality and representation. It was a landmark event that began with the establishment of the National Association of the Deaf, leading to the formation of the Utah Association of the Deaf and culminating in her election as the first female Deaf president of the association. Her presidency was more than a title; it was a catalyst for change, with a profound impact on the Deaf community in Utah.

Following the establishment of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) in 1880 states such as Utah began forming their own chapters. The formation of NAD marked a pivotal moment in the Deaf community's fight for recognition and rights. As state associations for the Deaf proliferated across the country, Elizabeth DeLong played a crucial role in proposing and co-founding the Utah Association of the Deaf (UAD), on June 10, 1909, at the Utah School for the Deaf, Ogden, Utah. Her vision and leadership primarily focused on addressing the social and welfare needs of the school's alums, fostering a supportive community (Evans, 1999). Her commitment and efforts led to her election as the association's first Deaf female president, a role that would significantly impact the Utah Deaf community. Competing against two male Deaf candidates on June 11, 1909, Elizabeth made history by winning the election over them, becoming the first female Deaf president not only of the Utah chapter but also of any state chapter of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. The National Association of the Deaf, the nation's premier civil rights organization of, by, and for the Deaf, played a vital role in the national Deaf community, advocating for the rights and welfare of Deaf individuals. Elizabeth's victory was a significant milestone, a testament to the increasing influence and leadership of Deaf women in the United States.

Elizabeth's victory in the election was a notable turning point, given the societal barriers that Deaf women faced at the time. These challenges, such as a lack of voting rights and widespread gender discrimination, were hurdles that Elizabeth had to overcome. Her victory was not just a personal triumph but a significant milestone in the fight for equality and representation for Deaf women. Women did not gain the right to vote until the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, and the National Association of the Deaf prohibited Deaf women from voting in their elections until 1964, when this policy was changed (NAD History Website). Elizabeth's election marked a crucial step toward equality and representation within the Utah Deaf community. Her presidency brought about tangible changes, including increased access to education and employment opportunities for Deaf individuals, as well as a stronger sense of community and empowerment among Deaf women. At that time, Deaf women in the United States faced additional barriers, including communication challenges and limited access to education, employment, and political opportunities, making Elizabeth's achievements even more impressive. Her leadership had influenced many, and her legacy continues to shape the Deaf community today.

Elizabeth DeLong's remarkable achievements are a testament to her unwavering perseverance. Her participation in Gallaudet College's O.W.L.S. presidential election in 1901, a secret support network for women, marked a turning point in her journey (The Buff and Blue, October 1901; This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959). This platform gave her a voice to advocate for women's rights, a cause she continued to champion until the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in 1920. Her resilience in the face of societal challenges, such as gender discrimination and the fight for voting rights, as well as institutional barriers, including the National Association of the Deaf's prohibition on Deaf women voting in their elections until 1964, is an inspiration to all. Her journey was not easy, as she had to overcome societal prejudices and institutional roadblocks to achieve her historic success. As a Deaf woman in a male-dominated society, she faced additional barriers, including communication challenges and limited access to education, employment, and political opportunities. Her story is a powerful reminder of the struggles faced by Deaf women, and her triumph is a testament to the strength and resilience of the human spirit.

Elizabeth's active participation in Utah's early suffrage movement also shaped her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations. From 1909 to 1915, she served as the president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. At the end of her second term as president in 1915, she delivered a powerful speech at the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention, marking a pivotal moment in the women's suffrage movement (The Ogden Daily Standard, June 9, 1915; The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). In her address, she passionately championed women's suffrage, emphasizing the importance of women's voices in shaping the nation's future. Her commitment to advancing women's rights, despite the societal challenges, demonstrated her resilience and left an eternal mark on the movement, inspiring many and empowering individuals to this day.

Elizabeth made significant contributions to the Utah Deaf community and the women's suffrage movement. Her exceptional leadership and advocacy for the Deaf community in Utah, at the intersection of Deaf rights and women's rights, have made a profound and lasting impact on representation and equality in the state. Her efforts led to significant improvements in the lives of Deaf individuals, promoting social and welfare needs, which reinforces the importance of her work. Her work directly impacted the lives of Deaf individuals, providing them with increased access to education and employment opportunities and fostering a stronger sense of community and empowerment among Deaf women. Her work not only broke down barriers for Deaf women but also paved the way for a more inclusive and equitable society for all Deaf individuals, highlighting the importance of ongoing support for Deaf rights and representation.

Elizabeth's upbringing was in Utah, where women had the right to vote, a law passed by the territorial legislature on February 14, 1870—seven years before her birth. She grew up in an environment where women enjoyed their voting rights—a privilege that shaped her understanding of civic duty and equality. As a trailblazer for Deaf women in leadership roles, Elizabeth has supported women's suffrage and made significant contributions to both the Utah Deaf community and the women's rights movement, leaving an eternal mark through her work that continues to shape our society.

It is vital that we carry on Elizabeth DeLong's legacy by ensuring that Deaf women's leadership thrives in our community today and for future generations to come. Her story exemplifies the power of perseverance and determination, showing that when diverse voices, including yours, come together, they can foster meaningful change. By recognizing her efforts and contributions, we not only celebrate her achievements but also acknowledge the lasting impact of her work, which should motivate us to continue this vital work and make our own lasting contributions. One of our ASL/English bilingual schools under the umbrella of the Utah School for the Deaf is named after Elizabeth DeLong. Let's appreciate and honor the work of pioneers like Elizabeth, as she paved the way for a more inclusive and equitable future.

The BetterDays2020 website features Elizabeth DeLong's biography, along with the stories of other trailblazing women from Utah who have made significant contributions to the state's history. These narratives highlight the resilience and determination of these women, showcasing their achievements to inspire future generations to pursue their own paths of leadership and innovation.

Elizabeth DeLong. Source: FamilySearch.org

Emma Magdalene Emmertson,
Suffragette Leader

Emma Magalene Emmertson was a dedicated educator in Deaf education, graduating from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1907 and the University of Utah in 1917 (The 1916-1917 Catalog of the University of Utah; The 1916-1917 University of Utah Commencement Program). According to her grandson, Don Jorgenson II, in an interview with Carolyn Jorgenson, she was also a suffragette who actively participated in the Women's Suffrage Movement from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. This significant social and political campaign aimed to secure voting rights for women. Emma's granddaughter, Kristan Jorgensen, also described her as a very strong woman on FamilySearch.org (KristanKap, FamilySearch.org, December 7, 2017).

Kristan emphasized that Emma's determination and resilience inspired not only her family but also those around her during a pivotal time in history. Emma's legacy as a champion for women's rights continues to resonate, reminding future generations of the importance of advocacy and perseverance in the pursuit of equality.

Utah's women's suffrage campaign, rooted in the local community, significantly influenced Emma's activism. This grassroots movement achieved the right to vote for women in 1870 and left a profound impact on Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. The courage and determination of these trailblazing women inspired Emma and strengthened her commitment to activism. The Women's Suffrage Movement in Utah illustrates how local efforts can lead to national change, transforming societal perspectives on gender equality and inspiring countless individuals like Emma to fight for justice for marginalized communities. Emma's activism thrived as she worked passionately to advocate for the rights of the Utah Deaf community, motivated by the resilience of those who came before her.

Emma M. Emmertson. Source: The Utah Eagle, June 6, 1907

Mary Anne Wooslayer, Resilient Leader

Mary Anne Wooslayer, a 1907 graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf, made history as the first female Deaf student to earn a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah in 1916 (University of Utah Transcript, 1916; Mary Woolslayer's Autobiography). Her journey was made possible by the support of Maud May Babcock, a member of the Utah School for the Deaf Board of Trustees and a faculty member at the University of Utah. Maud's guidance and advocacy during Mary's time at the university played a crucial role in her success (Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection, 1890). The early efforts in the state to promote education and career opportunities for women, along with Mary's connection to Maud May Babcock, likely influenced her decision to pursue higher education at the University of Utah.

Similarly, Emma M. Emmertson enrolled at the University of Utah in 1911 and graduated in 1917, illustrating the opportunities available to women at the time. After finishing college, Mary and Emma went on to teach at state schools for the deaf. Their commitment to education improved their lives and paved the way for future generations of women in this field. Mary and Emma, who worked as Deaf educators, not only inspired many students but also strongly advocated the importance of access to education, highlighting its value in society.

Mary Anne Wooslayer

Gallaudet College Denies Deaf Women Admission

It is worth noting that between 1864 and 1887, Gallaudet College denied admission to Deaf women (Gallaudet University: US History Encyclopedia). This exclusion was a reflection of the prevailing societal attitudes of the time, which often marginalized women from attending college, especially Deaf women. These women found it challenging to enroll at Gallaudet due to their gender status and the prevalent societal norms. The acceptance of Deaf women at Gallaudet in 1887 was a testament to the courage and determination of these women in challenging these norms and advocating for their rights. This change not only highlighted the value of diversity within the institution but also the importance of inclusivity in education.

Justina Wooldridge Keeley,
Community Advocate Leader

The same applies to the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD), established in 1901 as a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization, which provided insurance to Deaf men. However, the NFSD initially excluded women from membership and equal privileges. However, the NFSD initially excluded women from membership and equal privileges, forcing them to fight for their rights. In early 1915, Deaf women began to campaign for full membership and admission to this male-dominated organization, which viewed men as the primary figures in the household (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This struggle for inclusion highlighted the broader issues of gender inequality within the Deaf community and the need for advocacy. As a result, Deaf women organized rallies and petitions, ultimately leading to significant changes in the NFSD's policies by the late 1910s.

In Utah, NFSD's early efforts were spearheaded by Justina Wooldridge Keeley, a significant figure in its history who later became involved with Salt Lake City Division No. 56. While visiting her home state of Missouri, she discovered a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization. Upon returning to Salt Lake City, Utah, the Salt Lake City Division No. 56 was founded in 1916 by the local Deaf men (UAD Bulletin, Summer, 1966; Walker, 1966). This organization aimed to provide financial security and support for the Deaf community, creating an atmosphere of brotherhood and empowerment among its members. Keeley's leadership and vision were instrumental in expanding the services offered and promoting advocacy for Deaf rights in the region.

Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which represented a major turning point in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change brought attention to the need for gender inclusion within the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf. It proved to be an essential step in the organization's pursuit of equality. This achievement not only empowered women within the society but also set a precedent for future advocacy efforts aimed at dismantling systemic barriers. Consequently, the NFSD began to evolve into a more inclusive organization, embracing diversity and encouraging a sense of belonging among all its members.

Justina W. Keeley. Source: Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56. October 15, 1966

Kim Lucas, the Second Female President of the
Utah Association of the Deaf

Kim Lucas

In 2019, Kim Lucas made history by becoming the second woman to serve as president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, marking the end of 104 years of male leadership. Elizabeth Delong was the first woman to hold this position, serving from 1909 to 1915. Kim's election was an essential event for the organization, underscoring its commitment to progress and inclusivity. Throughout her journey, the Utah Association of the Deaf provided support, fostering greater diversity in leadership. Additionally, Kim is the first queer president of the organization, marking a pivotal moment for women's leadership and representation within the Deaf Queer community. This milestone not only highlights the evolving landscape of leadership within the organization but also inspires future generations to embrace their identities and pursue roles in advocacy and representation. Kim's leadership will undoubtedly pave the way for more inclusive practices and greater visibility for marginalized voices within the community.

Moreover, for the first time since 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has achieved a significant milestone with two female presidential officers: Kim Lucas as president and Ashli-Marie Grant as vice president. This marks an important step toward achieving gender equality and diversity in our organization's leadership. This milestone inspires current members and encourages future generations to pursue leadership roles within the Utah Deaf community. As we move forward, it is essential to continue fostering an environment that values diverse perspectives and empowers all individuals to contribute to our shared goals.

As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States. This moment marks not just a potential change in leadership but a profound shift in societal norms and expectations. As we move forward, let us continue to champion equality, ensuring that every voice is heard and valued in our democratic process.

Ashli-Marie Grant

Did You Know?

Did you know that my amazing Gallaudet University friend and roommate, Kimberly Solomon Crites, has a remarkable family connection to women's history in Utah? Her great-grandmother, Laura Loretta Woodland Tanner, born in 1867, was a bold suffragist in Utah! How incredible is that?! She is second from the right in the photo, advocating for the 1920 passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote. Laura worked with key figures in the movement like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Ida B. Wells, and Alice Paul.

Members of the executive committee of the national suﬀragists' convention and prominent local women supporting national political freedom for women, pictured with Senator Reed Smoot, to whom they had just appealed for support of their movement in the next Congress. Courtesy of the National Woman's Party at Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument. Source: exponentII.org Suffragists in front of the Hotel Utah on October 4, 1915. Laura Loretta Woodland Tanner is second from the right, campaigning for the 19th Amendment, which was passed in 1920, granting women the right to vote

Laura was the first woman to graduate from Brigham Young College in 1887 and later taught in Cache County and Logan. In 1896, she was the speaker for the Republican Women at the statehood celebration. During World War I, she was on the Herbert Hoover National Food Distribution Relief Committee.

Laura served in the Utah State Senate from 1927 to 1928 and from 1931 to 1932, chaired the House Steering Committee, and was involved in various civic organizations. She also taught Relief Society for 18 years and was nominated for Utah Mother of the Year in 1957. Laura was active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and filled missions with her husband in California and Michigan.

It would be wonderful to see Laura's inspiring biography, summarized by Kimberly's brother, published on the BetterDays 2020 website! I'm so grateful for all that Laura did to fight for our voting rights—something we, as women, often take for granted now. Let's celebrate her legacy together!

Four roommates from Gallaudet University, taken in 1996. L-R: Andrea Garff Anderson, Kimberly Solomon Crites (that's her!), Charlotte Kaldani Simeos, and Jodi Christel Becker

There is a list of things that young women now take for granted that women couldn't do in the past.

Things Women Couldn't Do Before Feminism. Source: The Transformed Wife

Women couldn’t vote until 1920.

Married women couldn’t prescribe birth control until 1965.

Women couldn’t get divorce easily until 1969. It was difficult to divorce for physical abuse or adultery.

Women couldn’t practice law until 1971.

Women couldn’t run the marathon until 1972.

Women couldn’t get abortions throughout the country until 1973.

Women couldn’t own credit cards under their own names until 1974.

Women couldn’t serve on juries in all states until 1973. Utah deemed women fit for jury duty way back in 1879.

Women couldn’t join military academics until 1976.

Women couldn’t report workplace discrimination on the basis of pregnancy until 1978. They could be fired for being pregnant.

Women couldn’t report workplace discrimination on the basis of pregnancy until 1978.

Women couldn’t sue for sexual harassment until 1980.

Women couldn’t report rape at the hands of their husbands until 1993.

Women couldn’t protect themselves from domestic violence until 1994.

Women couldn’t serve in active combat until 2013.

Women couldn’t get the emergency contraception known as Plan B until 1998. As of 2016, you couldn’t find it in the drugstore aisles.

A Debt of Gratitude to Feminist Organizations

Sego Lily Center for the Abused Deaf

Feminist organizations that fought for women's rights deserve our gratitude. Women have made great strides in their fight for equality, as shown by the following examples.

The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in the United States to ensure equal rights for all individuals, regardless of gender. Although the U.S. Congress passed the amendment in 1972, it did not secure the necessary ratification from thirty-eight states by the June 30, 1982 deadline. Utah was a staunch opponent of the ERA in the 1970s and continues to oppose it today.

Wage disparities between men and women continue to be a significant issue, making it necessary to take action. These inequalities are evident in various aspects of employment, including hiring, firing, opportunities for advancement, pay equality, and medical accommodations across federal, state, and local government positions.

There is also a failure to ensure physical safety by adequately addressing domestic violence, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This includes issues like the large backlogs of untested rape kits and the lack of investigation into rape cases. Law enforcement often receives insufficient training to effectively deal with gender-based violence, which can lead to a minimization or disregard of these crimes.

Acts of self-defense result in significantly higher rates of imprisonment for women. In high-conflict divorce cases that involve domestic violence, child custody often becomes a contentious issue. For support, you can contact the Sego Lily Center for the Abused Deaf at slcad.org in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Impoverishment is more prevalent among women than men, which makes the need for safe and affordable housing critical. Additionally, discriminatory enforcement of nuisance laws and evictions exacerbates this issue.

While quality healthcare, including reproductive services, is available, there is often a lack of necessary kits, training, and forensic nurses for handling sexual assault intake in hospitals.

Access to safe and legal abortion is essential following the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022.

Comprehensive sex education is necessary.

Women in the military face challenges, as the military often fails to address reports of sexual harassment and assault adequately.

Human trafficking is a crime; however, the enforcement of laws regarding sex trafficking is often discriminatory.

Racial Injustice: Women in the labor force experience the impacts of both gender and racial inequality, which includes disparities in wages.

In the United States, the only developed country that does not mandate paid maternity leave, paternity leave is often longer and more readily available than maternity leave.

Women continue to face challenges in attaining leadership roles and breaking through the glass ceiling barriers in these positions. Hillary Clinton and Kamala Harris serve as notable examples of this struggle.

The Equal Rights Amendment is the 28th Amendment. Source: eracoalition.org

Let's Challenge the
Status Quo Successfully!

The ongoing neglect of women's rights and protections is an urgent issue that requires our immediate attention. Sharon Weeks, the author of "It Seems to Me: What Young Women May Not Know," points out that many young women may not be aware of the significant history behind women's rights and often feel comfortable with their current status. She emphasizes the importance of understanding women's rights and challenging the status quo. Young women must realize that they are not merely observers; they have a significant and empowering role in advocating for and promoting women's rights. If we choose not to participate in this advocacy, it could have long-lasting effects on future generations, including our daughters and granddaughters (Weeks, Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017). It is crucial for young women to recognize that their voices matter and can drive meaningful change. By actively engaging in discussions and initiatives related to women's rights, they can help create a more equitable society for all.

As someone who values self-reliance, education, and career success, I believe that Utah could greatly benefit from placing a greater emphasis on women's empowerment, especially considering its unique cultural influences. Our local culture, which is shaped by religious perspectives, strongly emphasizes marriage and family life. However, women in Utah face significant challenges, such as the pay gap and educational disparities, including lower college graduation rates and limited opportunities for career advancement. These issues hinder women's empowerment and contribute to serious problems like domestic violence, sexual assault, and gender-based discrimination. It's essential to note that women are not confined to traditional roles, such as homemakers and mothers; they have diverse dreams and aspirations that encompass education and professional careers. Your empowerment is not just important, but it is essential to our collective progress and the realization of our shared dreams. Shared dreams can only be achieved when everyone has equal opportunities to thrive and succeed. By fostering an environment that supports women's ambitions and addresses systemic inequalities, we pave the way for a brighter, more inclusive future for all.

Across the United States, significant work remains to be done to enhance women's access to education, careers, healthcare, and technology. Women's rights are fundamental human rights that everyone should actively support and promote. Let's unite and champion these rights, ensuring that no one falls behind on this crucial journey! I urge you to start conversations about women's rights, support organizations that promote gender equality, and advocate for policies that empower women. Together, we can make a difference. We can make a difference by creating a space where all women can thrive. By raising awareness and taking action, we can create a brighter future for generations to come.

"Plain and simple.
The Equal Rights Amendment
is the 28th Amendment."
~ ERA Coalition, May 15, 2025~

My Experience with Rally Participation

In the following sections, I have documented my experiences participating in rallies and included photos in slideshows for your viewing. Additionally, I created a video about the history of the Equal Rights Amendment and provided articles to help understand the women's rights movement and stay informed about legislative issues. This comprehensive approach not only highlights the importance of these events but also encourages others to engage in activism. By providing various resources, I aim to stimulate further discussion and action on these crucial topics. It is our responsibility to stay informed and take action in the ongoing fight for equality.

The Utah Women's March

A Slideshow of the
Utah Women's March in
Salt Lake City, Utah
January 23, 2017

Enjoy viewing the attached slideshow of photos from the Utah Women's March held in Salt Lake City, Utah, on January 23, 2017. This event was not just a powerful testament to the collective voice and determination of women and LGBTQ+ individuals advocating for their rights but also a source of inspiration and motivation for all of us. The slideshow captures the spirit and energy of the march, serving as a potent reminder of the ongoing fight for equality. By staying informed and engaged, you can contribute to this important cause and be part of a larger movement that supports initiatives promoting social justice.

Utah State Capitol Rally Highlights Equal Rights Amendment December 3, 2019

On December 3, 2019, State Representative Karen Kwan, a Democrat from Taylorsville, Utah, introduced legislation for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 2020. Around 200 supporters, including Deaf advocates, UAD President Kim Lucas, SLCAD President Robert Belshe, UAD board member Brooke Budzinski Groosinger, and Honor Belshe (Robert's 15-year-old daughter), gathered at the Utah State Capitol for a rally in support of this historic moment. We were honored to be part of this landmark moment. We united to advocate for equality and justice for all, and the energy and enthusiasm were palpable. It was a powerful reminder of the importance of standing together in pursuit of progress and change. Your support and involvement are crucial in this collective effort for equality.

L-R: Julie Loder, ASL Interpreter, Jodi Christel Becker, Rep. Karen Kwan, Kim, Smith, Brooke Groosinger, Honor Belshe, and Robert Belshe

State Rep. Karen Kwan, D-Taylorsville, introduced a bill Tuesday that would ratify the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah. The ERA adds language to the U.S. Constitution on equal rights for all people regardless of sex. ROCIO HERNANDEZ / KUER

A Slideshow of
Representative Karen Kwan
introducing a resolution for Utah to ratify
the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution
of the United States in 2020 at the Utah State Capitol
December 3, 2019

Enjoy viewing the attached photos in the slideshow of Representative Karen Kwan introducing a resolution for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 2020 at the Utah State Capitol on December 3, 2019. This moment marked a significant step in the ongoing fight for gender equality, showcasing the determination of advocates working toward equal rights for all. The resolution underscored the significance of the Equal Rights Amendment, a pivotal piece of legislation that ensures rights are protected, regardless of gender, in the ever-evolving landscape of American law. It's important to stay informed about such key initiatives in our fight for equality.

Utah Women's Equality Day
August 26, 2021

My daughter, Danielle, and I attended the Utah Women's Equality Day event at the Utah State Capitol on August 26, 2021, to advocate for gender equality. It was inspiring to see so many passionate individuals come together to support this vital cause. Events like these raise awareness and foster a sense of community among advocates dedicated to making a difference.

Danielle and Jodi (Mother & Daughter)

ASL Video: The History of the
Equal Rights Amendment

Stay informed and involved in the ongoing effort to achieve true equality for all. Watch the video I created for the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in 2020 to gain greater insight into the Equal Rights Amendment in ASL. The Deaf community has been an integral part of the ERA advocacy. Engaging with local advocacy groups can provide you with additional resources and opportunities to take action.

ERA Poster - I Support the ERA. Designed by Krista Niles. Source: equalrightsamendment.org

Articles on Women's Rights Movement
and Legislative Initiatives

Delve deeper into the issues surrounding women's equality by exploring the linked articles. They offer invaluable insights and perspectives on a range of topics, from the history of the women's rights movement to current legislative efforts. These articles are crucial for enhancing your understanding of these critical issues. I will continue to add more articles that I feel are important and relevant. Your commitment to staying informed is a vital part of the advocacy process.

Get Involved and Empower Yourself

Get involved and empower yourself by advocating for your rights. Subscribe to the petitions and newsletters linked below to stay updated and engaged. Your voice matters, and your support can make a difference.

Utah ERA Coalition - https://utaheracoalition.org
Utah Women and Leadership Project - https://www.usu.edu/uwlp/
Ms. Magazine - http://msmagazine.com
National Women Law Center - http://www.nwlc.org
Equality Now - www.equalitynow.org
National Organization for Women - https://now.org
League of Women Voters - https://www.lwv.org
Equal Rights Amendment - www.equalrightsamendment.org
Equal Means Equal - http://equalmeansequal.org
ERA Coalition - http://www.eracoalition.org
Generation Ratify - https://www.generationratify.org/
Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice - https://www.alicepaul.org
A Mighty Girls - https://www.amightygirl.com

"Well-Behaved Women
Seldom Make History"

As we celebrate the monumental achievements of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in 1920, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which extended that right to women of color, we can take pride in the progress made with the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) at the federal level. The ERA, now part of our U.S. Constitution, stands as a significant milestone in our ongoing fight for equality. These historic achievements, attained through resilience and unity, serve as a beacon of hope and inspiration.

First proposed in 1923 and ratified by 38 states, the ERA is now part of the U.S. Constitution; however, its full implementation is still pending. This amendment is essential for achieving gender equality, yet many people remain unaware of its existence, allowing inequality to persist. It is time to raise awareness and advocate for gender equality under the law. Let us honor the victories of the past while continuing our fight for a more equitable future.

The ERA, our 28th Amendment, is not just a law; it is a powerful tool for change. It protects everyone against discrimination based on sex or sexual orientation. For instance, this ERA can be used to ensure equal pay for equal work, protect against gender-based violence, and promote gender diversity in leadership roles. As Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich said, "Well-behaved women seldom make history." Let's take action! Our unity is vital, and we must recognize intersectionality in our fight for equality. Everyone deserves equal protection, regardless of race, ethnicity, or identity.

Now is the moment to act decisively. Silence is not an option; we must advocate for our rights and push for the implementation of the ERA. The urgency is clear, and every voice matters. Together, we can create history. The time for change is now—we cannot afford to wait any longer.

It is essential to raise awareness about the ERA. Take the time to educate yourself and others, engage in meaningful discussions, and share information to foster open dialogue. Change begins with us, and we are ready for it. Claim your rights and your future; advocate for the 28th Amendment.

Let's unite, amplify our voices, and take action. This is our opportunity to create meaningful change. Together, as a united front, we can make a difference. Go ERA!

"Well-behaved women seldom make history." Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, 1976. Source: Instagram: drelizabethcomen

References

"Abigail Adams urges husband to “remember the ladies." History.com. www.history.com/this-day-in-history/march-31/abigail-adams-urges-husband-to-remember-the-ladies

Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice. https://www.alicepaul.org/

Brooks, Joanna, Steenblik Rachel Hunt and Wheelwright, Hannah. "Mormon Feminism Essential Writing." Oxford University Press, 2016.

Becker, Amanda. "'Protect us': Young people urge Biden to add women and LGBTQ+ people to the Constitution." 19th News.com, January 16, 2025. https://19thnews.org/2025/01/young-feminist-party-biden-equal-rights-amendment/

"Campaign Urges Biden to Publish Equal Rights Amendment Before Leaving Office." Between the Lines, January 8, 2025. https://btlonline.org/campaign-urges-biden-to-publish-equal-rights-amendment-before-leaving-office/#:~:text=As%20the%20Biden%20administration%20nears,been%20ratified%20in%20the%20Constitution

Clark, Rebekah. First Woman to Vote in Utah and the Modern Nation. Better Days 2020. https://www.utahwomenshistory.org/bios/seraph-young/

Collett Katelyn. "Former Utah Supreme Court Justice Speaks on Equality at the U." The Daily Utah Chronicle, March 12, 2019. https://dailyutahchronicle.com/2019/03/12/former-utah-supreme-court-justice-speaks-on-equality-at-the-u/#:~:text=She%20told%20the%20Chronicle%2C%20%E2%80%9CI,systems%20that%20are%20meant%20to

"Constitutional Equality." National Organization for Women. https://now.org/issues/constitutional-equality/

"Constitutional Amendment Process." www.archives.gov/federal-register/constitution

Cuzman, Isabella. "The Equal Rights Amendment is the 28th Amendment." The ERA Coalition, July 8, 2025. eracoalition.org/2025/07/08/ratification-the-amendment-process-of-the-equal-rights-amendment/

"Deaf People of Two States Will Hold Reunion." The Ogden Daily Standard, June 9, 1915.

"Equal Rights Amendment: A Century of Speaking Out." New York Public Library. www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/equal-rights-amendment

Evans, David S. "A Silent World in the Intermountain West: Records from the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind: 1884-1941." A thesis presented to the Department of History, Utah State University. 1999.

Francis, Roberta. "The Equal Rights Amendment: Frequently Asked Questions." The Equal Rights Amendment. www.equalrightsamendment.org

"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.

Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."

Gehrke, Robert. “Gehrke: Utah lawmakers should heed remarkable women’s march as call to action.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017.

Goodarzi, Aryana. "Human Rights and the ERA." ERA Coalition, November 30, 2021. www.eracoalition.org/2021/11/30/human-rights-and-the-era/

Goodwin, Megan. "Before Leaving Office Biden Announced the ERA Should Already by 28th Amendment — If it is, Could It Be Used to Protect Trans People?" Religion Dispatches. https://religiondispatches.org/before-leaving-office-biden-announced-the-era-should-already-be-28th-amendment-if-it-is-could-it-be-used-against-trans-people/

Guzman, Isabella. "The Equal Rights Amendment is the 28th Amendment." The ERA Coalition, July 8, 2025. eracoalition.org/2025/07/08/ratification-the-amendment-process-of-the-equal-rights-amendment/

Havens, Emily. "Mormon and feminists: Not an oxymoron - a rich history." The Spectrum, February 24, 2018. https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2018/02/24/mormon-and-feminist-not-oxymoron-rich-history-lds-church/345375002/

Jan. "The Suffrage Movement," February 23, 2009. https://www.ldswomenofgod.com/2009/02/23/the-suffrage-movement/

Jones, Kelly Whited. "Kelly Whited Jones: 100 years later, women are still fighting for equality and the ERA." The Salt Lake Tribute, July 23, 2023.

Kelly, Kate. "Feminist." Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Kelly_(feminist)

Kelly, Kate. "Kate Kelly: Utah, let's ratify the ERA." The Salt Lake Tribune. August 24, 2019.

Kelly, Kate. "Why Passing the ERA Is as Critical to LGBTQ+ Folks as the Equality Act." Advocate, March 22, 2022. https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2022/3/22/why-passing-era-critical-lgbtq-folks-equality-act

Kelly, Kate. "The ERA Solidifies Women’s Rights in the Constitution as the 28th Amendment." The Center for American Progress, January 17, 2025. www.americanprogress.org/article/the-era-solidifies-womens-rights-in-the-constitution-as-the-28th-amendment/

Kennedy, Lesley. "How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment." History.com, September 29, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly

Leap, Barbara. "Lifelong Activism of Suffragist Alice Paul." New Jersey Monthly. (August 10, 2020).

Littlefield, Amy. "After Nearly a Century, 2020 May Usher in the Equal Rights Amendment." Truthout. (December 20, 2019).

“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.

"Martha Hughes Cannon," Wikipedia, January 22, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hughes_Cannon

Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.

"Maud Babcock," Wikipedia, December 28, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Babcock

"NAD History." https://www.nad.org/about-us/nad-history/

Mary Woolslayer's Autobiography.

"National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1901-2007 manuscripts." Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006. Gallaudet University Archives.

Nichols, John. "Russ Feingold is Clear: :The ERA is Part of the Constitution." The Nation.com, January 22, 2025. www.thenation.com/article/politics/russ-feingold-era-constitution/?utm_source=flipboard&utm_content=topic/socialjustice#

"On 50th Anniversary of Congress Passing the ERA, Chairwoman Maloney Presses Archivist to Recognize ERA as 28th Amendment." House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, March 22, 2022.

Pemberton, Jennifer. "When the Equal Rights Amendment Came to Utah." Utah Public Radio, August 25, 2016. https://www.upr.org/news/2016-08-25/when-the-equal-rights-amendment-came-to-utah

Radke-Moss, Andrea. "Emily S. Richards, A Believer in Suffrage." Better Days 2020. https://utahwomenshistory.org/the-women/emilysrichards/

Rich, Amy, (2020). The ERA Deadline Removal Reasons.

Rios, Carmmen. "ERA Now: Inside the Intersectional Movement for Women’s Constitutional Equality." www.womenshistory.org, April 23, 2024. www.womenshistory.org/articles/era-now-inside-intersectional-movement-womens-constitutional-equality

Rodale, Maya. "President Biden affirms the Equal Rights Amendment! Of course, controversy ensues." mayarodale.substack.com, January 18, 2025.

"Salt Lake Frat to Mark 50th Year." The UAD Bulletin, Vol. 4 No. 3 (Summer 1966): 1.

Stack, Peggy Fletcher. “New book explores an early Mormon dichotomy: Women defending polygamy while pushing a feminist agenda.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 9, 2017.

Spiller, Kathy. "This Constitution Week, a Reminder That Women Still Aren't in Our Nation's Founding Document." msmagazine.com, September 17, 2025. https://msmagazine.com/2024/09/17/constitution-women-equal-rights-amendment/

The 1916-1917 Catalog of the University of Utah.

The 1916-1917 University of Utah Commencement Program.

The University of Utah Transcript, 1916.

"This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson." (October 17, 1959). https://library.arlingtonva.us/2019/10/14/this-week-in-19th-amendment-history-agatha-tiegel-hanson/

Toone, Trent. "10 remarkable women in LDS Church history." Deseret News, May 7, 2014. https://www.deseret.com/2014/5/7/20540994/10-remarkable-women-in-lds-church-history/

Tribe, Laurence H. "The Equal Rights Amendment at long Last." The Contrarian, January 17, 2025. contrarian.substack.com/p/the-equal-rights-amendment-at-long

Quist, Michelle. "Michelle Quist: For the Conservation Case for the Equal Rights Amendement." The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019. https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/10/03/michelle-quist/

“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university

Vaglanos, Alanna. “Thousands Marched On Utah State Capitol Calling For Women’s Equality.” The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017.

Vote Equality! "Talking Points About the 28th Amendment." voteequality.us

Walker, Rodney Wilson. Outlined History of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf. Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56 National Fraternal Society of the Deaf 1916-1966. Prudential Plaza Auditorium, October 15, 1966.

Weeks, Sharon. "It seems to me: What young women may not know." Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017. http://www.leadertelegram.com/Opinion/Commentary/2017/02/05/lt-div-class-libPageBodyLinebreak-gt-What-young-women-may-not-know-lt-div-gt.html

"Wyoming Grants Women The Vote." History.com, 2009.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wyoming-grants-women-the-vote

Disclaimer

Utah Deaf Women Who Made​a Difference in the Deaf Community

Utah Women's Equality Day ​August 26, 2021

Utah Deaf Women Who Made
a Difference in the Deaf Community

Utah Women's Equality Day
August 26, 2021