History of Interpreting
Service in Utah
Compiled & Written by Jodi Becker Kinner
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2021
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2021
Prior to the late 1950s and 1960s, there were no sign language classes or interpreter preparation programs available (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). It was common for Children of Deaf Adults, also known as CODAs, to volunteer their time as interpreters for the Utah Deaf community at various events, appointments, meetings, church activities, and other gatherings. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Utah native, CODA, and former director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, remarked that for years, interpreters, particularly CODAs, volunteered to interpret for Deaf people until the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) was established in 1965 (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). During the revolutionary period of the 1960s and 1970s, some marginalized groups across the country strived to achieve social equality in the larger society. It was a crucial time for the field of sign language interpreting to improve and expand (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). After being impacted by changes in the RID climate, particularly the Code of Ethics, which is now known as the Code of Professional Conduct, the role of interpreters changed from "helpers" to "professionals."
Preceding the arrival of professional interpreters, the Utah Deaf community relied heavily on hard of hearing people who learned their language before using hearing aids, and those who had lost their hearing after learning their language had acquired good speaking ability. By 1961, the percentage of people who became Deaf later in life had begun to decline, while the percentage of people who were born deaf had begun to climb. In addition, the proportion of Deaf people with multiple disabilities was also increasing (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). As a result of this, the demand for interpreting services among members of the Utah Deaf community had increased significantly. They could no longer rely on persons who were hard of hearing to give interpretation whenever it was needed. It was clearly past time for the RID organization to be established to meet their interpreting demands.
Preceding the arrival of professional interpreters, the Utah Deaf community relied heavily on hard of hearing people who learned their language before using hearing aids, and those who had lost their hearing after learning their language had acquired good speaking ability. By 1961, the percentage of people who became Deaf later in life had begun to decline, while the percentage of people who were born deaf had begun to climb. In addition, the proportion of Deaf people with multiple disabilities was also increasing (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). As a result of this, the demand for interpreting services among members of the Utah Deaf community had increased significantly. They could no longer rely on persons who were hard of hearing to give interpretation whenever it was needed. It was clearly past time for the RID organization to be established to meet their interpreting demands.
A Workshop on Interpreting for the Deaf
On June 14-17, 1964, Ball State Teachers College, now Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana, organized a "Interpreting for the Deaf" workshop in order to provide a more formal and structured foundation for the training of interpreters, as well as to upgrade services and support offered to the Deaf population. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a representative of the Utah Association for the Deaf and president of the National Association of the Deaf, was invited to participate in this workshop as a consultant (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008).
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson
A National Registry to Interpreters of the Deaf Established
The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) was formed a year later, in 1965, after being pushed on several fronts. During discussions, the need for the development of a model state law that would include provisions for interpreters to assist the Deaf community came up. At the time, many states had identical legislation providing Deaf people the right to have an interpreter present in court. When a Deaf person's life, liberty, property, health, or pursuit of normal living were in jeopardy, the Deaf community believed it was necessary. As a result, guidelines were established to make the appointment of an interpreter for Deaf people who may be required to appear in court a routine procedure so that their legal rights may be protected (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1965). In 1972, the RID was recognized as a legal organization. Following the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, interpreting services became a rapidly growing industry. Schools, postsecondary institutions, government organizations, hospitals, court/legal systems, and private enterprises all hire interpreters.
Madelaine Burton Perkins relays information for Robert G. Sanderson during proceeding in Judge Gordon Hall's courtroom. UAD Bulletin, February 1972
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Becomes
the First RID Certified Interpreter
the First RID Certified Interpreter
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Utah native, CODA, and former director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, holds the distinction of being the United States' first nationally certified interpreter in the United States. Her story of how this accomplished is fascinating (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992). She was sent to a National Registry to Interpreters of the Deaf training program in Indiana in 1965 to take her certification exam while working with Dr. Sanderson to become a professional certified interpreter (Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).
Beth Ann Campbell by Robert L. Bonnell
Beth Ann's husband, Dr. Jay J. Campbell, a former Deputy Superintendent of the Utah State Office of Education who was a strong supporter of the Utah Deaf community, said that part of the training includes selecting and certifying interpreters on a national level. All of the participants were tested, and the sequence in which they were tested was determined by drawing straws. Beth Ann was chosen to be the last to be tested, and the lady next to her was the first to be chosen. "I don't want to be first," she said to Beth Ann. "I don't want to be last," Beth Ann replied. They just traded numbers, with Beth Ann being the first to be tested. She was the first to be tested and the first to pass the exam. She went on to become the first professionally certified interpreter in the United States (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992). Beth Ann was a pioneer in the field of interpreting from that point on.
Workshop on Interpreting in Salt Lake City, Utah
The Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City hosted a one-day workshop on interpreting concerns on June 3, 1967, under the direction of Robert G. Sanderson. The Utah Division of Rehabilitation provided funding for the program as part of its efforts to provide services to Deaf people. It was attended by roughly forty-five people in all, who included representatives from the local community, parents, teachers, and Deaf people. Participants in the morning session included Dr. Vaughn L. Hall, administrator of the Division of Rehabilitation; Maurice Warshaw, chairman of the Utah Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped; Dr. Max Cutler, a clinical psychologist; Judge Aldon J. Anderson; Robert K. Ward, statewide planning director of the Division of Rehabilitation; and Lloyd H. Perkins, president of the Salt Lake Valley LDS Branch for the Deaf.
Following lunch, the participants were divided into three groups to explore specific problems and make recommendations to the facilitator. Robert Sanderson was in charge of the session, and he was pleased with the comments he received from all attendees. The plans were created to put the suggestions into action, which included establishing a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
Following lunch, the participants were divided into three groups to explore specific problems and make recommendations to the facilitator. Robert Sanderson was in charge of the session, and he was pleased with the comments he received from all attendees. The plans were created to put the suggestions into action, which included establishing a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Photo in courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
When the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) was founded on October 5, 1968, the state of Utah became an affiliate chapter of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, which was established in 1968. It was held at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah, for the first chapter meeting of the URID. The purpose of this meeting was to establish a constitution and rules for the organization, as well as to elect executives to serve on its board of directors (The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968). There were forty-one Deaf and hearing people in attendance at the meeting, including Albert Pimentel, Executive Director of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, who came all the way from Washington, D.C. to represent the organization.
The following officers were elected: Gene Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee
The following officers were elected: Gene Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee
The officers who were elected were as follows:
Gene Stewart. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Madeleine Burton Perkins. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Edith Wheeler. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Dennis Platt. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Jonathan Freston. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Ned C. Wheeler. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Lloyd Perkins. UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
The Purpose of Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
The purpose of URID was to establish an effective organization of interpreters to be used by and for the Deaf, as well as the general public, for any purpose in which interpreters would be beneficial. According to the URID, a registry of interpreters for sign language and oral Deaf people was to be established and maintained. Since the inception of URID in 1968, the organization grew to include sixteen members. The vast majority of them were CODAs, or offspring of Deaf adults. Many of them were deaf, and one of them was hard of hearing. Two individuals were married to a Deaf spouse. Only one hearing individual learmned sign language while working as a house parent and counselor at the South Dakota for the Deaf. Hearing individuals served as interpreters, and Deaf people served as reverse interpreters, today referred to as Certified Deaf Interpreters.The following individuals served as interpreters or reverse interpreters:
- Lucy McMills Greenwood (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Dennis R. Platt (Deaf)
- Betty J. Jones (CODA)
- Madelaine P. Burton (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Keith W. Tolzin (former houseparent and counselor at South Dakota School for the Deaf)
- Beth Ann Stewart Campbell (CODA)
- Nancy F. Murray (Deaf spouse)
- Ned C. Wheeler (Deaf)
- Iola Elizabeth Jensen (Deaf)
- Evern Lee Smith (CODA)
- Edith D. Wheeler (Hard of Hearing)
- Robert G. Sanderson (Deaf)
- Gene Stewart (CODA)
- Doris L. Wastlund (CODA)
- Lloyd H. Perkins (Deaf)
- Jon C. Freston (CODA) (UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970).
Channel 4 News Controversy
Dr. Grant B. Bitter, an impassioned oral advocate, and his oral followers were disturbed by Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's signing on television while interpreting the Channel 4 News in 1971. The oralists complained to Dr. Avard Rigby, Robert G. Sanderson's boss, and demanded that Beth Ann no longer be allowed to interpret the news. During the meeting with the oral advocates, Dr. Rigby's reaction kept Gene Stewart, CODA and Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor, his boss, Robert, and Beth Ann on pins and needles. According to Gene, Beth Ann was only on one of the three major news networks. "Well, why don't you just change the channel if you don't want to see her?" The oral advocates were angered by what Dr. Rigby had said. The oral advocates then requested that Robert Sanderson, Dr. Bitter's adversary, be fired. Dr. Rigby responded as follows: "I won't fire him. He's one of my best employees " (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, October 2006; Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell interprets for deaf TV viewers as Newscaster. UAD Bulletin, February 1972. She gave her time without pay serving as the interpreter down in the right-hand corner of the TV screen on Channel 4 for the news broadcast. Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992
This situation prompted Robert Sanderson to get his Ph.D. "No one listens to you unless you have a Ph.D. after your name," he told Gene Stewart after the meeting. "So, I'm going back to school" (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012). Robert Sanderson reportedly struggled to get everyone to listen to him, whereas everyone listened to Dr. Bitter simply because he was a Ph.D. at the time. Since 1965, there has been antagonism between Robert Sanderson (who didn't get his Ph.D until 1974) and Dr. Bitter over the philosophy of Deaf Education.
Dr. Grant B. Bitter. The Utah Eagle, October 1967
Dr. Sanderson, a non-member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, asked Lloyd Perkins, bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, and Kenneth Kinner, branch president of the Ogden Branch for the Deaf to ask church members to write a thank you note to Channel 4 News for providing an interpreter on their news while battling with Dr. Bitter over the Channel 4 News. According to the photo from the February 1972 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann continued to interpret the news a year after the meeting with Dr. Rigby.
A Workshop for the Training of Interpreters for the Deaf
Despite the fact that they were at odds with Dr. Grant B. Bitter, the Utah Deaf community, particularly Robert G. Sanderson, continued to expand their interpreting service. The Workshop for the Training of Deaf Interpreters was held on May 6, 1972, by the Divisions of Adult Education and Training and Vocational Rehabilitation.
Among the speakers at the workshop were Ralph Neesam, president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters, Dr. Ray L. Jones, director of the Leadership Training Program in the Area of the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California, and Robert E. Bevill, consumer-consultant at the University of Arizona.
Following the presentation, the workshop's goals were to increase professionalism among oral and manual interpreters. 'Certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and interpersonal relationships between Deaf people and interpreters, as well as interpreters and interpreters' were among the subjects highlighted (UAD Bulletin, June 1972).
Among the speakers at the workshop were Ralph Neesam, president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters, Dr. Ray L. Jones, director of the Leadership Training Program in the Area of the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California, and Robert E. Bevill, consumer-consultant at the University of Arizona.
Following the presentation, the workshop's goals were to increase professionalism among oral and manual interpreters. 'Certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and interpersonal relationships between Deaf people and interpreters, as well as interpreters and interpreters' were among the subjects highlighted (UAD Bulletin, June 1972).
Utah School for the Deaf 100th Years Anniversary Alumni Reunion, 1984
Observations of Beth Ann Stewart Campbell on the National and State Registry of Deaf Interpreters and Their Impact on the Utah Deaf Community
In the June 1973 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell highlighted several aspects of the interpreter and her profession as an interpreter. She hoped that the Utah Deaf community would recognize interpreters' responsibilities and compensate by determining their own responsibilities and courtesies toward interpreters.
Under the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) certification requirements, certified interpreters were paid to work as professional interpreters, and they were expected to observe the Code of Ethics, which was later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell had observed how the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community had changed since the formation of the RID in 1965 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Utah Deaf in 1968. She observed that "with the new professional status, the interpreter has almost become a machine. Similarly, she acknowledged that "the interpreter lost her identity with her own thoughts, feelings, and opinions in certain respects." In contrast, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if "the interpreter becomes so much like an unthinking and unfeeling machine, she will lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person," She would "lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person." 'When not interpreting, the interpreter was first and foremost a friend,' Beth Ann said. She also stressed that when not working as an interpreter, the interpreter should be able to accept Deaf people on this basis, and that the interpreter should be aware of and committed to the cause of Deaf people's needs (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
"For years, the interpreters volunteered to interpret for Deaf people until the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was founded," Beth Ann Campbell recalled. Between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer, discussing money compensation for services got "sticky" (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). Beth Ann stressed that the interpreter should not accept money for providing services when she can perceive that it would be a hardship on Deaf consumer in need of assistance for moral reasons.
Under the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) certification requirements, certified interpreters were paid to work as professional interpreters, and they were expected to observe the Code of Ethics, which was later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell had observed how the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community had changed since the formation of the RID in 1965 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Utah Deaf in 1968. She observed that "with the new professional status, the interpreter has almost become a machine. Similarly, she acknowledged that "the interpreter lost her identity with her own thoughts, feelings, and opinions in certain respects." In contrast, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if "the interpreter becomes so much like an unthinking and unfeeling machine, she will lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person," She would "lose what they love: her ability to be a warm, loving, and understanding person." 'When not interpreting, the interpreter was first and foremost a friend,' Beth Ann said. She also stressed that when not working as an interpreter, the interpreter should be able to accept Deaf people on this basis, and that the interpreter should be aware of and committed to the cause of Deaf people's needs (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
"For years, the interpreters volunteered to interpret for Deaf people until the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was founded," Beth Ann Campbell recalled. Between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer, discussing money compensation for services got "sticky" (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). Beth Ann stressed that the interpreter should not accept money for providing services when she can perceive that it would be a hardship on Deaf consumer in need of assistance for moral reasons.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell
In this case, she noted, "If the interpreter feels she cannot interpret without charging a fee, then it is the interpreter's job to check ahead of time whether the task should be with or without monetary compensation from the Deaf consumer" (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
To be sure, Beth Ann advised that the fee be negotiated in advance and agreed upon by both parties before the actual interpreting. With this in mind, she was concerned that collecting a fee after the task is completed and the Deaf consumer believed the fee was excessive, which could destroy trust between the interpreter and the consumer. It would also be difficult for the interpreter to expect to be paid when the Deaf consumer informs her that he is cash-strapped. According to Beth Ann, the interpreter most likely hired a babysitter and paid for her own gas mileage (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
Beth Ann Campbell recognized that there were times when the interpreter was willing to interpret because of her love and dedication to the Deaf person. 'The interpreter was competent and willing to assist.' She did, however, point out that some Deaf people had a habit of taking interpreters for granted and placing them on pedestals.
For example, the interpreters, for example, were elevated above their status. In a sense, the interpreter had to bridge a gap in assisting the Deaf person communicate with the world around him, and in a sense, the interpreter was a "hearing aid" to the Deaf,' Beth Ann explained. With this in mind, Beth Ann reminded the interpreters that they had been given the opportunity to serve and the privilege to use their interpreting skills.
'The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf acknowledged the unique position of an interpreter in the life of a Deaf person,' Beth Ann Stewart Campbell explained. As a result, this group created a code of ethics to safeguard both Deaf people and interpreters in a profession that arose to serve people with communication barriers (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In those circumstances, RID recognized that "deaf people can be granted equality with hearing people in the matter of their right of communication" through interpreters (UAD Bulletin, November 1973).
RID also acknowledged that "the basic system for self-regulation governing the professional conduct of the interpreter was the same as that governing the ethical conduct of any business or profession, with the addition of a stronger emphasis on the high ethical characteristics of the interpreter's role in assisting an often misunderstood group of people" (UAD Bulletin, November 1973). Beth Ann's observations on the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, as well as its impact on the Utah Deaf community, were valid thanks to the Code of Ethics.
To be sure, Beth Ann advised that the fee be negotiated in advance and agreed upon by both parties before the actual interpreting. With this in mind, she was concerned that collecting a fee after the task is completed and the Deaf consumer believed the fee was excessive, which could destroy trust between the interpreter and the consumer. It would also be difficult for the interpreter to expect to be paid when the Deaf consumer informs her that he is cash-strapped. According to Beth Ann, the interpreter most likely hired a babysitter and paid for her own gas mileage (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
Beth Ann Campbell recognized that there were times when the interpreter was willing to interpret because of her love and dedication to the Deaf person. 'The interpreter was competent and willing to assist.' She did, however, point out that some Deaf people had a habit of taking interpreters for granted and placing them on pedestals.
For example, the interpreters, for example, were elevated above their status. In a sense, the interpreter had to bridge a gap in assisting the Deaf person communicate with the world around him, and in a sense, the interpreter was a "hearing aid" to the Deaf,' Beth Ann explained. With this in mind, Beth Ann reminded the interpreters that they had been given the opportunity to serve and the privilege to use their interpreting skills.
'The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf acknowledged the unique position of an interpreter in the life of a Deaf person,' Beth Ann Stewart Campbell explained. As a result, this group created a code of ethics to safeguard both Deaf people and interpreters in a profession that arose to serve people with communication barriers (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In those circumstances, RID recognized that "deaf people can be granted equality with hearing people in the matter of their right of communication" through interpreters (UAD Bulletin, November 1973).
RID also acknowledged that "the basic system for self-regulation governing the professional conduct of the interpreter was the same as that governing the ethical conduct of any business or profession, with the addition of a stronger emphasis on the high ethical characteristics of the interpreter's role in assisting an often misunderstood group of people" (UAD Bulletin, November 1973). Beth Ann's observations on the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, as well as its impact on the Utah Deaf community, were valid thanks to the Code of Ethics.
First Interpreter Service for the Deaf
Officers of the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) received and oversaw United Way funds in the 1970s to create the first Deaf interpreting service in Utah to serve the Deaf and hard of hearing community - probably the "first" in the country (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 2; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, January 1999, p. 3).
Interpreter Betty Jones, left, practices sign language at another interpreter, Ms. Kinneti looks on. Deserter News Photos by Gerald W. Silver, January 24, 1972
Utah Certified Interpreters
Thirteen Utah interpreters passed the state certification exam for the Utah Registry of Interpreters on November 16, 1974. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Betty Jones, Madeleine Burton, and Lucy McMills Greenwood were among the well-known interpreters who received both local and national certifications. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen, both deaf, were the first Deaf people in Utah to achieve the state certification as reverse interpreters (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell. UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71
Betty Jones. UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71
Madeleine Burton Perkins. UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71
Lucy McMills Greenwood. UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. The UAD Bulletin, Winter 1965
W. David Mortensen
The Establishment of Provo URID
In 1975, the Provo Chapter of Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established. Its first president was Emil Bussio and 23 members were on the roll (UAD Bulletin, June 1975).
The Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Since the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was created in 1968, the training workshops were held every year. In order to pass state certification exams, trained interpreters were encouraged to attend workshops where knowledge was provided and skills were taught. Over the years, a series of workshops for interpreters covered topics such as the Code of Ethics, State Certification Examination Preparation, Reverse Interpreting, Interpreting Complexities: Role and Function of the Interpreter, The Oral Interpreter: A New Professional, and many others (UAD Bulletin, July 1976).
The Role of Utah Association for the Deaf
In Interpreting Service
In Interpreting Service
Under the direction of W. David Mortensen, sometimes known as Dave, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, had been a friend and supporter of interpreters for many years. He has had a number of leadership positions that have had an impact on how interpreters think about and approach their work. As a result of Dave's leadership and vision, interpreters recognized the need for high-quality interpretations and respect for the Utah Deaf community. Old-school interpreters were ecstatic to get the opportunity to work with him. While patiently waiting through important meetings, he mentored interpreters and took them under his wing. He also took the time to offer feedback to the interpreters he worked with. His continuous commitment to the profession of interpretation and the Utah Deaf community resulted in interpretation training opportunities.
W. David Mortensen
As president of UAD in 1982, Dave Mortensen actively lobbied with the Salt Lake Area Community Council to secure money for the interpreting project. As a result of the funding, the UAD was able to hire two full-time interpreters to serve the "entire-state" from the Utah Community Center for the Deaf. As can be seen, Dave was "persuasive and persistent," The endeavor served as the foundation for the creation of professional interpreting in Utah. Due to pressure from the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, which believed it was a statewide issue, UAD had to abandon the interpreting effort. This did not, however, deter Dave from seeking better interpreting services. As president of the UAD, he continued to advocate for Deaf people's demand for reliable, competent, trained, and professional interpreting services. He also lobbied the state legislature and served on one of several legislative committees looking into sign language and interpreting issues (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).
Doris Wastlund interprets the classroom at the University of Utah. UAD Bulletin, February 1972
First Training Program for Interpreters
In 1983, the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) assisted the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in developing its competent interpreter certification procedure. In partnership with this organization, the UAD developed the first interpreter training program in Utah, as well as the first testing and certification processes – another "first" in the country (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 1-3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999).
The Utah State Legislature enacted the first interpreter bill, "Interpreters for the Deaf," in 1983, after the UAD lobbied for it. This statute recognized the use of qualified interpreters in the legal system, such as in courtrooms and doctor's offices/hospital visits. This law also guaranteed the confidentiality of any interpreted communications (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The Utah State Legislature enacted the first interpreter bill, "Interpreters for the Deaf," in 1983, after the UAD lobbied for it. This statute recognized the use of qualified interpreters in the legal system, such as in courtrooms and doctor's offices/hospital visits. This law also guaranteed the confidentiality of any interpreted communications (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The Utah Interpreting Program is Formed
For many years, Division of Rehabilitation employees assisted and operated the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. In the 1980s, individuals from outside the Division were elected to govern the URID (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).
In 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community requested interpreting services from two different agencies. The first was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful, and the second at Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City. Court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events could all benefit from interpreting services. Deaf people had to take full responsibility for calling ahead to schedule an interpreter for an appointment (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
In 1990, the URID's interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities were taken over by the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH), which was housed at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf (later renamed the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center). DSDHH immediately accepted the responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). Two years later, in May 1992, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP) under the supervision of Mitchel Jensen (UAD Bulletin, June 1992). The agencies shifted their services to the UIP, which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community.
Following the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), several interpreting agencies, such as InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, Five Star Interpreting Agency, and others, were formed to provide interpreting services for the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had tremendous impact on interpreting services across the country since it placed the responsibility for ensuring "effective communication" on removing obstacles by providing auxiliary aids and services when necessary.
In 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community requested interpreting services from two different agencies. The first was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful, and the second at Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City. Court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events could all benefit from interpreting services. Deaf people had to take full responsibility for calling ahead to schedule an interpreter for an appointment (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
In 1990, the URID's interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities were taken over by the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH), which was housed at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf (later renamed the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center). DSDHH immediately accepted the responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). Two years later, in May 1992, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP) under the supervision of Mitchel Jensen (UAD Bulletin, June 1992). The agencies shifted their services to the UIP, which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community.
Following the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), several interpreting agencies, such as InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, Five Star Interpreting Agency, and others, were formed to provide interpreting services for the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had tremendous impact on interpreting services across the country since it placed the responsibility for ensuring "effective communication" on removing obstacles by providing auxiliary aids and services when necessary.
The Impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act
In 1992, Mitch Jensen, a former Vocational Rehabilitation counselor, was offered the position of director of Utah Interpreting Services (UIS) at the Division of Services of Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Taylorsville, two years after the ADA was enacted in 1990. His Deaf brother, Barry, was the one who taught him American Sign Language (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992).
At the time, Mitch Jensen predicted that the ADA would have a substantial impact on Utah Interpreting Services. As a result of this federal statute, more doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services were compelled to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992).
Jensen's prediction came true when 19 of 21 doctors told him that they would no longer service Deaf patients if an interpreter was required. According to the Salt Lake Tribune on December 25, 1992, the Utah Interpreter Services, which is part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors in November 1992 that it would no longer provide free interpreters. In this circumstance, doctors and other healthcare providers will be charged between $10 and $25 per hour for interpreters. 'Refusal is a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act,' Mitch said (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch Jensen further stressed that the Americans with Disabilities Act requires providers to be accountable for "effective communication." The doctors would be required to pay for an interpreter if the Deaf patient requested one (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Refusing to serve Deaf people would be discrimination," said Tamara Wharton, the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities' ADA ombudsman. "The worst aspect is that many believe they are under no obligation to cooperate," she concluded. If you refuse to accept patients for that reason, you are discriminating" (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Dr. Robert H. Horne, a Sandy orthopedic and hand surgeon, stated, "Saddling doctors with the financial burden of paying interpreters is not fair." He argued, "Why should I bear the cost of treating the disabled?" He argued they couldn't put the entire cost of treatments that would normally be covered by a public institution on the physician. "He already requires treating patients on public assistance while he is on duty in the emergency room," he noted. However, the government reimburses him less than his billed fees for such care." "Why should I be caring for them for free?" Dr. Home was perplexed (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Healthcare workers are not being targeted," Ms. Wharton explained, because "anyone who serves clients with disabilities must provide equal access." Auxiliary assistance, such as translators, is tax deductible.' "We're attempting to eliminate communication barriers in the same way that we're attempting to remove structural barriers," she explained (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
At the time, Mitch Jensen predicted that the ADA would have a substantial impact on Utah Interpreting Services. As a result of this federal statute, more doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services were compelled to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992).
Jensen's prediction came true when 19 of 21 doctors told him that they would no longer service Deaf patients if an interpreter was required. According to the Salt Lake Tribune on December 25, 1992, the Utah Interpreter Services, which is part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors in November 1992 that it would no longer provide free interpreters. In this circumstance, doctors and other healthcare providers will be charged between $10 and $25 per hour for interpreters. 'Refusal is a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act,' Mitch said (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch Jensen further stressed that the Americans with Disabilities Act requires providers to be accountable for "effective communication." The doctors would be required to pay for an interpreter if the Deaf patient requested one (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Refusing to serve Deaf people would be discrimination," said Tamara Wharton, the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities' ADA ombudsman. "The worst aspect is that many believe they are under no obligation to cooperate," she concluded. If you refuse to accept patients for that reason, you are discriminating" (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Dr. Robert H. Horne, a Sandy orthopedic and hand surgeon, stated, "Saddling doctors with the financial burden of paying interpreters is not fair." He argued, "Why should I bear the cost of treating the disabled?" He argued they couldn't put the entire cost of treatments that would normally be covered by a public institution on the physician. "He already requires treating patients on public assistance while he is on duty in the emergency room," he noted. However, the government reimburses him less than his billed fees for such care." "Why should I be caring for them for free?" Dr. Home was perplexed (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
"Healthcare workers are not being targeted," Ms. Wharton explained, because "anyone who serves clients with disabilities must provide equal access." Auxiliary assistance, such as translators, is tax deductible.' "We're attempting to eliminate communication barriers in the same way that we're attempting to remove structural barriers," she explained (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Questions from the Utah Deaf Community concerning the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The situation with doctors refusing to pay for interpreting services appeared to have caused many members of the Utah Deaf community to question the ADA. "What is the influence of ADA in my own personal life?" they wondered. Is it possible for me to benefit from ADA? "What can I do to make it work?" (UAD Bulletin, February 1993, p. 3; Jensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1993, p. 3).
In the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Mitch Jensen, director of the Utah Interpreter Service, clarified that the ADA 'had some far-reaching implications that made it possible for them to have the same opportunities that hearing individuals had,' and that they were as follows:
In light of doctors' reluctance to pay for interpreting services, Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that "the Utah Interpreter Program had contacted all the doctors and lawyers regarding the ADA's requirement for providing an interpreter." Doctors and lawyers were advised that they would be required to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Some were adamantly opposed to it" (UAD Bulletin, February 1993). Mitch also expressed his hope that "with time, many would understand this law and will provide them with the appropriate communication to which the members of the Utah Deaf community are entitled." Furthermore, Mitch underlined that the ADA process will only work if the Utah Deaf community engages and informs others about their needs and requirements. (UAD Bulletin, p. 3; February 1993).
Mitch Jensen began to see how the ADA was beginning to take effect in April 1993. More and more businesses and public places had taken on the task of providing interpreters for Deaf people who requested them. Notably, the number of calls from Deaf people decreased. Those who needed interpreters for Deaf people, on the other hand, were making an increasing number of calls. "This is how the ADA works best," Mitch explained, "by shifting the burden of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing" (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993, p. 2).
In the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Mitch Jensen, director of the Utah Interpreter Service, clarified that the ADA 'had some far-reaching implications that made it possible for them to have the same opportunities that hearing individuals had,' and that they were as follows:
- It allows you to attend classes that otherwise you would have been unable to attend because no interpreter was available.
- It allows you to see your doctor, dentist, and lawyer and communicate in the same way that hearing persons do, through use of an interpreter or other assistive aids.
- It allows you to become part of the legislative process that previously you may have been exempted from because you were unable to communicate with those involved.
- It allows you to serve on jury duty, and have the same opportunities and hearing individuals have.
In light of doctors' reluctance to pay for interpreting services, Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that "the Utah Interpreter Program had contacted all the doctors and lawyers regarding the ADA's requirement for providing an interpreter." Doctors and lawyers were advised that they would be required to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Some were adamantly opposed to it" (UAD Bulletin, February 1993). Mitch also expressed his hope that "with time, many would understand this law and will provide them with the appropriate communication to which the members of the Utah Deaf community are entitled." Furthermore, Mitch underlined that the ADA process will only work if the Utah Deaf community engages and informs others about their needs and requirements. (UAD Bulletin, p. 3; February 1993).
Mitch Jensen began to see how the ADA was beginning to take effect in April 1993. More and more businesses and public places had taken on the task of providing interpreters for Deaf people who requested them. Notably, the number of calls from Deaf people decreased. Those who needed interpreters for Deaf people, on the other hand, were making an increasing number of calls. "This is how the ADA works best," Mitch explained, "by shifting the burden of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing" (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993, p. 2).
Lucy McMills Greenwood, left interpret for Rosie Losee. Unknown newspaper
The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
On September 26, 1992, a special meeting was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to establish a new affiliate state chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, or UTRID. It's unclear when and why the previous Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) was closed.
This organization's mission was to bring together the Utah interpreter community and help professionalize the field of interpretation while also strengthening ties between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community. The UTRID's first board of directors included President Chris Wakeland, Vice-President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
This organization's mission was to bring together the Utah interpreter community and help professionalize the field of interpretation while also strengthening ties between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community. The UTRID's first board of directors included President Chris Wakeland, Vice-President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
Chris Wakeland. @ Kristin Murphy, Deseret News, Nov 8, 2009
The Enactment of Senate Bill 41 and 42
During the 1993 Utah State Legislative session, individuals spent countless hours advocating and lobbying legislators to get House Bill (HB) 161 enacted. It was sponsored by Mel Brown and passed during that session (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993).
The State Legislature Task Force was established in 1993 with the passage of House Bill 161 to evaluate the state's interpreting service needs (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, May 1993). Jean Greenwood Thomas, an ASL interpreter, ASL instructor, and the daughter of a well-known interpreter, Lucy McMills Greenwood, sat on the task group to establish a formal interpreter training program and to recognize American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in schools (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012). A deaf education advocate, Kristi Mortensen, the daughter of UAD President W. David Mortensen, was also a member of the task team (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
Jean Greenwood Thomas
The task force was to focus on the following areas:
Both Senate Bills (SB) 41 and Senate Bill (SB) 42 were passed after months of research on interpreter certification challenges and standards (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994). SB 41 focused on interpreting certification and training, but SB 42 acknowledged ASL as a foreign language in secondary and post-secondary schools (Kinney, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
- Certification, enforcement, and definition of a qualified interpreter.
- Minimum standards required to work as an interpreter in Utah in elementary school, high school, post-secondary school, community interpreting, legal and medical situations.
- Recruitment of qualified interpreters.
- Training of qualified interpreters.
- Teaching ASL as a foreign language in Utah (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, May 1993).
Both Senate Bills (SB) 41 and Senate Bill (SB) 42 were passed after months of research on interpreter certification challenges and standards (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994). SB 41 focused on interpreting certification and training, but SB 42 acknowledged ASL as a foreign language in secondary and post-secondary schools (Kinney, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
Annette Tull by Robert L. Bonnell.
During the 1994 Utah State Legislature, the Utah Association for the Deaf was successful in having SB 41, the Interpreter Training Bill, passed. It was established an official part of the curriculum at Salt Lake Community College, which is funded by the state of Utah. Dave Mortensen, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, and Annette Tull, an instructor in the Salt Lake Community College Interpreter Training Program, worked relentlessly to ensure that this measure passed through the legislative process. Since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, SB 41 has had a particularly strong impact on promoting interpreting services to address communication accessibility needs for Deaf people. It made it passed the Senate by a hair's breadth. Because legislators acknowledged the necessity for the ADA statute, SB 41 was approved during the 1994 legislative session (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1994). The Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College would not exist if it weren't for Dave. No agency that assisted Deaf and hard of hearing people would have the information they needed to continue supporting effective interpretation training. After all, Dave had left a "great legacy" that had "encouraged interpreters to pursue professional development" (UAD Bulletin, July 2003). With the 1993 State Legislature Study Group, Jean Greenwood Thomas and Kristi Mortensen, a legislative intern with network connections to important people, played a crucial role in behind-the-scenes advocacy for the approval of SB 41 and SB 42. Utah was the first state to establish legislation requiring licensed interpreters.
Utah was the first state to pass legislation requiring interpreters to be certified. Utah was the first of the three states to approve a law requiring state certification for all interpreters in 2015 (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014-Winter/Spring 2015). In comparison to other states, the Utah Deaf community is incredibly fortunate to have access to high-end services with highly trained interpreters.
Utah was the first state to pass legislation requiring interpreters to be certified. Utah was the first of the three states to approve a law requiring state certification for all interpreters in 2015 (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014-Winter/Spring 2015). In comparison to other states, the Utah Deaf community is incredibly fortunate to have access to high-end services with highly trained interpreters.
Kristi Mortensen
The Interpreting Expansion Service
of W. David Mortensen
of W. David Mortensen
Dave Mortensen, the president of UAD, also lobbied the Utah State Legislature in 1994 to recognize American Sign Language as a language (Senate Bill 42). This bill established the Deaf language's legitimacy in a variety of contexts. Dave assisted in the creation of the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College (UAD Bulletin, November 1999). He was able to accomplish this by speaking with committees at the Salt Lake City Community Councils and the United Way of Salt Lake City. The UAD's interpreter service was established as a result of this. Appointments for doctor's appointments, meetings with lawyers, and other scenarios might be scheduled through UAD. Mitchel Jensen took over as head of the Utah Interpreter Program, which is now housed at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (now known as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center). Several interpreting training programs were expanded at various schools and universities around Utah, as well as a number of freelance interpreting businesses (Valerie G. Kinney, Personal communication, November 4, 2013). Dave's reminders to the medical community to provide sign language interpreters for their Deaf patients/clients have resulted in medical professionals now knowing to do so (UAD Bulletin, October 2007, p. 1 & 5).
W. David Mortensen. Photo by Robert Bonnell
First Certified Deaf Interpreter in Utah
Deaf or hard of hearing interpreters who are nationally certified are referred to as Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDIs). When Trenton Marsh earned the designation of Certified Deaf Interpreter in 2006, he made history as the first Deaf person from Utah to do so. Sanderson Community Center is where he trains Deaf and hard of hearing individuals how to become CDIs.
Trenton Marsh
HB 371 Would Penalize ASL Interpreters
Working Without Certification
Working Without Certification
In 2013, the Utah interpreting community lobbied for amendments to the state's current interpreter law, known as Senate Bill (SB) 41, which had been established in 1994 and had been in effect since then. SB 41 contained a number of loopholes that allowed hospitals to bypass the law by instructing Deaf individuals to bring in a signer when a certified interpreter was requested (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013). Furthermore, SB 41 left many members of the Utah Deaf community without legal protection for many years (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). As a result, House Bill (HB) 371 changed 'previous laws to penalize individuals who do not obtain state certification as American Sign Language-trained interpreters,' and the purpose of this bill was to ensure that they obtained qualified interpreters (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). In those cases, Mitch Jensen, director of the Utah Interpreter Program, stated that "HB 371 will help in closing loopholes when a request for a certified interpreter is made and will give DSDHH some authority to enforce the law" (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013).
In a similar manner, Dale Boam, then professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University as well as an attorney and an experienced ASL interpreter, stated, "Many have done the task without the proper certification, essentially bilking Deaf individuals" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). He also stated that "making the law enforceable will help in ensuring quality for Utah Deaf community" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).
Dale Boam
Representative Ronda Menlove, R-Garland, the bill's sponsor, recognized how critical it is to have the bill signed by the appropriate official (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). On a related note, she is the wife of Dr. Martell Menlove, the state superintendent of public instruction, who was caught up in a controversy between Steven Noyce, the superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Utah Deaf Education Core Group. More information regarding this topic can be found on the "Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Dream" webpage. Ms. Menlove is the grandmother of a Deaf child whose mother, Sara Menlove Doutre, served as the president of the Utah Hands and Voices Chapter.
​Representative Ronda Menlove, R-Garland
HB 371 was passed during the 2013 legislative session on March 13, 2013. Mitch Jensen said that certain doctors came to Capitol Hill and opposed this bill, despite the fact that 'it had been clear sailing up until that point,' according to Mitch Jensen. He went on to say that the doctors met with Senator Aaron Osmond and informed him that they wished to modify the law so that doctors would not be required to hire certified sign language interpreters (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). When Representative Menlove learned of doctors' objections, she "took the bull by the horns and made it obvious that this measure was going to pass exactly as drafted" (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). Ironically, Representative Menlove stated on March 2 that "the bill just clarifies existing law and is not contentious" (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). Yet doctors were vocal in their opposition to the bill. In the words of Marilyn Call, head of the DSDHH, "she spent many hours on Capitol Hill chatting and using her charm" (Mitch Jensen, personal communciation, March 14, 2013. In reality, doctors' opposition resulted in the passage of HB 371, which eventually granted the DSDHH the authority to enforce the law in order to protect the members of the Utah Deaf community.
First Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter
After years of developing its own interpreter certification in the State of Utah, Trenton Marsh, Utah Interpreter Program Manager (replaced Mitch Jensen) offers three Interpreter Certifications: Novice, Professional and the Utah CDI certification. The Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter (UCDI) certification has been offered since the fall of 2019. The UCDI exam involves two parts: the Performance exam and the Knowledge exam.
Adam Janisieski, Deaf individual passed both exams and is the first certified as a Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter in Utah on July 20, 2021.
Adam Janisieski, Deaf individual passed both exams and is the first certified as a Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter in Utah on July 20, 2021.
Adam Janisieski and Trenton Marsh
The Expansion of the Interpreter Training Programs
Interpreter training programs have grown in popularity over the years, and demand for interpreters remains high. The Utah Interpreter Programs, which are housed at Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University, offer formal training to anyone interested in the interpreting profession.
As can be seen, Utah leads the way in terms of interpreting services when compared to other states. We are privileged to have a well-structured interpreting system as well as excellent interpreting services to satisfy communication accessibility needs for Deaf or hard of hearing individuals, thanks to Utah law. Salute to the numerous pioneers who helped to create and extend interpreting services in Utah!
A Videotape of Beth Ann Campbell -
Interpreter In-service Training
at Salt Lake Community College,
October 15, 2010
Interpreter In-service Training
at Salt Lake Community College,
October 15, 2010
Hosted by Julie Hesterman Smith, SLCC Interpreter Service Manager
During an in-service training at Salt Lake Community College, Beth Ann Campbell shared her story of growing up as a CODA, and the beginnings of the ASL interpreting profession (includes her experience as the first person to take the RID certification test) and her memories from her time as the director at the Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
This video is captioned. Be sure to turn caption on while watching the video. Enjoy!
This video is captioned. Be sure to turn caption on while watching the video. Enjoy!
Personal Communication
Beth Ann Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, September 18, 2012.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, October 2006.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, November 4, 2013.
References
“20 Years Ago…” UAD Bulletin, vol. 26.8 (January 2003): 3.
Campbell, Jay. “Beth Ann Reminisces.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11 (April 1992): 4.
“Communication – First Step to Cooperation.” The UAD Bulletin (Spring 1961): 2.
Humphrey, Janice. & Alcorn, Bob. So You Want to Be an Interpreter?: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting.Amarillo, TX:: H & H Publishing Company., 2001.
“Interpreters Workshop Planned.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 1964): 4.
“Interpreter’s Workshop Held on May 6th.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (June 1972): 1.
Jensen, Mitch. “Does ADA Work?” DSDHH Newsletter (February 1993): 3.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from the Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 1993): 2.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (May 1993): 3.
Kinney, Valarie. “Highlights of the February Board Meeting.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 2.
Mortensen, Dave. “Deaf Citizens Day a Big Success.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 9 (February 1994): 1.
Mortensen-Nelson, Kristi. “Legislative Issues.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 1.
“Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreter for the Deaf.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1968): 1.
“Provo URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1975): 7.
“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.
Beth Ann Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, September 18, 2012.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, October 2006.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi B. Kinner, November 4, 2013.
References
“20 Years Ago…” UAD Bulletin, vol. 26.8 (January 2003): 3.
Campbell, Jay. “Beth Ann Reminisces.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11 (April 1992): 4.
“Communication – First Step to Cooperation.” The UAD Bulletin (Spring 1961): 2.
Humphrey, Janice. & Alcorn, Bob. So You Want to Be an Interpreter?: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting.Amarillo, TX:: H & H Publishing Company., 2001.
“Interpreters Workshop Planned.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 1964): 4.
“Interpreter’s Workshop Held on May 6th.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (June 1972): 1.
Jensen, Mitch. “Does ADA Work?” DSDHH Newsletter (February 1993): 3.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from the Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 1993): 2.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (May 1993): 3.
Kinney, Valarie. “Highlights of the February Board Meeting.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 2.
Mortensen, Dave. “Deaf Citizens Day a Big Success.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 9 (February 1994): 1.
Mortensen-Nelson, Kristi. “Legislative Issues.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 1.
“Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreter for the Deaf.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1968): 1.
“Provo URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1975): 7.
“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.