Utah's Connection to
Gallaudet University History
Compiled & Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Published in 2012
Updated in 2026
Published in 2012
Updated in 2026
Author's Note
I graduated from Gallaudet University with a bachelor's degree in 1998 and a master's degree in 2000, both in social work. I am passionate about addressing systemic inequality through advocacy, empowerment, and policy reform within the Deaf community, with a particular focus on Deaf education.
My experiences at Gallaudet significantly shaped my academic journey and personal growth. I developed valuable skills in education and advocacy that have had a lasting impact on my career and my relationships within the Deaf community. Additionally, I have a deep admiration for Utah's connection to Gallaudet, which has inspired and empowered the Deaf community both in the United States and globally.
It's fascinating to see the connections between the early faculty and students of the Utah School for the Deaf and Gallaudet's rich history, as highlighted in publications such as the Utah Eagle, Eaglet, and the UAD Bulletin. We are truly grateful for the legacy of Deaf education that they contributed. What an incredible legacy to be a part of!
Gallaudet is the only liberal arts bilingual college for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students, holding a unique place in history. Established in 1864 as the National Deaf-Mute College in Washington, D.C., it was later renamed Gallaudet College in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a pioneer in Deaf education. A major event occurred in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed the Education of the Deaf Act, officially renaming Gallaudet College to Gallaudet University. This change reflects our pride in Gallaudet.
My experiences at Gallaudet significantly shaped my academic journey and personal growth. I developed valuable skills in education and advocacy that have had a lasting impact on my career and my relationships within the Deaf community. Additionally, I have a deep admiration for Utah's connection to Gallaudet, which has inspired and empowered the Deaf community both in the United States and globally.
It's fascinating to see the connections between the early faculty and students of the Utah School for the Deaf and Gallaudet's rich history, as highlighted in publications such as the Utah Eagle, Eaglet, and the UAD Bulletin. We are truly grateful for the legacy of Deaf education that they contributed. What an incredible legacy to be a part of!
Gallaudet is the only liberal arts bilingual college for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students, holding a unique place in history. Established in 1864 as the National Deaf-Mute College in Washington, D.C., it was later renamed Gallaudet College in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a pioneer in Deaf education. A major event occurred in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed the Education of the Deaf Act, officially renaming Gallaudet College to Gallaudet University. This change reflects our pride in Gallaudet.
The 10th Anniversary of Gallaudet's Deaf President Now on March 4, 1998. Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
I am interested in both the 1988 Deaf President Now movement and the 2006 Unity for Gallaudet protests, which are highlighted on this webpage. I vividly remember being a 14-year-old Deaf student—both oral and mainstream—living in Montgomery, Alabama, during the Deaf President Now (DPN) movement in 1988. At the time, I didn't fully understand its significance until a pivotal moment during an ABC Nightline special on March 9, 1988. I watched Greg Hilbok, the president of the Gallaudet Student Body Government and one of the student leaders of the DPN movement, speak alongside Dr. Elisabeth Ann Zinser and Deaf actress Marlee Matlin. Although following their conversation in American Sign Language (ASL) was challenging for me, the closed captions were helpful. It was then that I truly grasped the essence of the DPN movement, which sparked a deep connection to a cause that would profoundly impact the Deaf community.
Years later, in 1995, while studying sociology at Gallaudet University, I conducted research on the DPN movement for a paper. This experience enriched my understanding of the protests and highlighted how Dr. I. King Jordan became Gallaudet's first Deaf president. In my senior year, I participated in the 10th anniversary of the DPN movement on March 4, 1998. This event was not just a celebration; it symbolized resilience and determination, leaving a lasting impression on my educational journey and reflecting the potential for change and advocacy within the Deaf community.
Years later, in 1995, while studying sociology at Gallaudet University, I conducted research on the DPN movement for a paper. This experience enriched my understanding of the protests and highlighted how Dr. I. King Jordan became Gallaudet's first Deaf president. In my senior year, I participated in the 10th anniversary of the DPN movement on March 4, 1998. This event was not just a celebration; it symbolized resilience and determination, leaving a lasting impression on my educational journey and reflecting the potential for change and advocacy within the Deaf community.
Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of Gallaudet University's Deaf President Now at the U.S. Capitol Building on March 4, 1998. Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
Gallaudet University's 10th Deaf President Now Anniversary, March 4, 1998. L-R: Kimberly Solomon Crites, _____, Jodi Christel Becker, Pamela Mower, and Chris Palaia. Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
Gallaudet University's 10th Deaf President Now Anniversary, March 4, 1998. Back Row L-R: David Lance Pickett, ______, Aaron Bullock, Daniel "Lee" Frame. Front Row L-R: Steven Snow, Davina Snow, Pamela Mower, Jodi Christel Becker, Duane Kinner, Susan Frame. Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
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Gallaudet University's 10th Deaf President Now Anniversary, March 4, 1998. Top Row: Chris Palaia. 2nd Row L-R: Davina Snow, Jodi Christel Becker, Duane Kinner. Bottom Row: Pamela Mower. Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
Dr. I. King Jordan, the Gallaudet's forst Deaf president, is standing at the U.S. Capitol Building, celebrating the 10th Anniversary of Gallaudet University's Deaf President Now on March 4, 1998. Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
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During the Deaf President Now movement, Gregory Hlibok, Elisabeth Zinser, and Marlee Matlin—who won an Academy Award in 1986 for her outstanding performance in "Children of a Lesser God"—were featured on ABC's "Nightline with Ted Koppel on March 9, 1988. A special thanks to Joey Bear, a remarkable Deaf advocate and ASL vlogger, for capturing and preserving this significant moment. The interview highlights Marlee Matlin's groundbreaking achievements and emphasizes the importance of representation, including Gregory Hlibok's contributions and the experiences of the Deaf community in the entertainment industry.
Gallaudet's 1988 Deaf President Now on ABC's Nightline Special Interview on March 9, 1988. Source: YouTube.com
In 2006, I couldn't participate in the Unity of Gallaudet Movement because I had graduated and was focused on my role as an accessibility advisor at a local college while also caring for my two young children. Nevertheless, I was captivated by blog and vlog updates; it was a novel way to connect!
In Utah, we showed support by organizing our own "Tent City," a symbolic space where our community gathered to share stories, resources, and encouragement. This initiative reinforced our belief in the importance of accessibility for all. 'Tent City' was more than just a physical space; it embodied our unity and determination. Even from afar, the movement's collective strength inspired me.
Motivated by the resilience of those involved, I renewed my commitment to advocating for change in our neighborhoods. The energy of 'Tent City' serves as a reminder that together, we can foster a more inclusive world where everyone has the chance to thrive. It was uplifting to see how something as simple as a tent could symbolize our collective voice and commitment to inclusivity.
I also wanted to mention that in 2017, Ben Jarashow, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, gave an impactful presentation at Gallaudet University titled "Unity for Gallaudet: The Second Social Movement." His firsthand insights from the protest were enlightening and served as a poignant reminder of the ongoing struggles faced by the Deaf community. His reflections on unity and advocacy emphasized the importance of raising awareness about these issues.
A heartfelt thank you goes to the UVU Deaf Studies & ASL Interpreting Department for their invaluable contributions in making this video available. Their dedication enriches the educational landscape and empowers individuals to embrace diversity and understand the unique perspectives within the Deaf community. As we advance, let's continue to champion these efforts and ensure every voice is heard and valued.
Below is a brief history of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet protests, which highlights their significance in advocating for Deaf leadership and representation at the university. These movements inspired similar efforts for equality across the nation, reshaped perceptions in academic institutions, and fostered greater awareness of ASL/English bilingual education, Deaf culture, and the rights of Deaf individuals. Reflecting on their legacy emphasizes that the fight for accessibility and inclusion continues, motivating new generations to advocate for change.
In Utah, we showed support by organizing our own "Tent City," a symbolic space where our community gathered to share stories, resources, and encouragement. This initiative reinforced our belief in the importance of accessibility for all. 'Tent City' was more than just a physical space; it embodied our unity and determination. Even from afar, the movement's collective strength inspired me.
Motivated by the resilience of those involved, I renewed my commitment to advocating for change in our neighborhoods. The energy of 'Tent City' serves as a reminder that together, we can foster a more inclusive world where everyone has the chance to thrive. It was uplifting to see how something as simple as a tent could symbolize our collective voice and commitment to inclusivity.
I also wanted to mention that in 2017, Ben Jarashow, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, gave an impactful presentation at Gallaudet University titled "Unity for Gallaudet: The Second Social Movement." His firsthand insights from the protest were enlightening and served as a poignant reminder of the ongoing struggles faced by the Deaf community. His reflections on unity and advocacy emphasized the importance of raising awareness about these issues.
A heartfelt thank you goes to the UVU Deaf Studies & ASL Interpreting Department for their invaluable contributions in making this video available. Their dedication enriches the educational landscape and empowers individuals to embrace diversity and understand the unique perspectives within the Deaf community. As we advance, let's continue to champion these efforts and ensure every voice is heard and valued.
Below is a brief history of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet protests, which highlights their significance in advocating for Deaf leadership and representation at the university. These movements inspired similar efforts for equality across the nation, reshaped perceptions in academic institutions, and fostered greater awareness of ASL/English bilingual education, Deaf culture, and the rights of Deaf individuals. Reflecting on their legacy emphasizes that the fight for accessibility and inclusion continues, motivating new generations to advocate for change.
Ben Jarashow, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, delivered a presentation in 2017 titled "Unity for Gallaudet: The Second Social Movement" at Gallaudet University. Source: YouTube.com
In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to recognize their contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of connecting women's achievements with their spouses' surnames. This decision recognizes their achievements by utilizing their first names, which is crucial for identifying them. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also emphasizes the significance of women's advocacy in our community and promotes inclusivity. This approach highlights women's accomplishments and contributions while respecting each person's own identity.
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
Did You Know?
988, during the Deaf President Now movement, students from the Gallaudet community marched to the U.S. Capitol carrying a banner that read "We Still Have a Dream." This powerful symbol, lent by the Crispus Attucks Museum in Washington, D.C., represented the struggle for Deaf civil rights and echoed the broader civil rights movement. The banner had previously been used by Martin Luther King Jr. to symbolize the struggle for justice and equality in 1963. The banner reminded everyone of their dreams for peace and freedom, motivating the students to stand up for their rights. As the Gallaudet community marched, they honored Dr. King's legacy and demonstrated the power of unity in the fight for equality and inclusion.
On March 4, 1998, we celebrated our 10th anniversary by marching under the same banner, reinforcing our commitment to advocating for change and pursuing equity and inclusion. Dr. King would have been proud of our efforts to create a society where everyone can thrive, regardless of their background.
The history of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet protests highlights the crucial need for Deaf leadership and representation at the university and beyond. These movements inspired similar initiatives nationwide, reshaping perceptions in academia and raising awareness about ASL/English bilingual education, Deaf culture, and the civil rights of Deaf individuals. As we honor their legacy, the fight for accessibility and inclusion remains vital, encouraging new generations to continue advocating for change.
On March 4, 1998, we celebrated our 10th anniversary by marching under the same banner, reinforcing our commitment to advocating for change and pursuing equity and inclusion. Dr. King would have been proud of our efforts to create a society where everyone can thrive, regardless of their background.
The history of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet protests highlights the crucial need for Deaf leadership and representation at the university and beyond. These movements inspired similar initiatives nationwide, reshaping perceptions in academia and raising awareness about ASL/English bilingual education, Deaf culture, and the civil rights of Deaf individuals. As we honor their legacy, the fight for accessibility and inclusion remains vital, encouraging new generations to continue advocating for change.
The "We Still Have a Dream" banner was used during the 10th Anniversary of Gallaudet University's Deaf President Now celebration in March 1998
The Establishment of Gallaudet University
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a pioneer in advocating for the education of Deaf students in the United States, and Laurent Clerc, a bright Deaf man from Paris, France, demonstrated remarkable perseverance in establishing the first school for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. Their collaboration efforts and shared vision, along with their role as a beacon of hope for the Deaf community, served as an inspiring example of dedication. Thomas, in particular, became a friend, teacher, and supporter of the Deaf community, further solidifying his legacy (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
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Laurent Clerc. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
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Edward Miner Gallaudet, the son of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, continued his father's legacy and shared his passion for Deaf education. He became the first superintendent of the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf, which was founded in 1857 with the support of Amos Kendall, a prominent advocate for the education of the Deaf. Together, Edward and Amos envisioned establishing a college for the Deaf. A detailed proposal was presented to Congress, leading to the approval of the Act, as several members recognized the value of Edward's vision. President Abraham Lincoln signed the Act into law on April 8, 1864 (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954). The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was then renamed the National Deaf-Mute College, which included a collegiate division (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
Edward Miner Gallaudet. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
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Amos Kendall. Source: Wikipedia
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As the world's only liberal arts university for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students, the National Deaf-Mute College aimed to provide a comprehensive liberal arts education to those who had struggled in other colleges or universities. The mission of the National Deaf-Mute College was to prepare students to become self-sufficient, productive citizens capable of pursuing professional or vocational careers after graduation (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
Gallaudet University. Source: Gallaudet.edu
Students at the National Deaf-Mute College had the opportunity to specialize in a variety of fields during their junior and senior years, allowing them to earn either a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree. The available departments included traditional subjects such as mathematics, chemistry, and biology, as well as history, political science, economics, sociology, English, art, education, home economics, and library science. This diverse range of options enabled students to explore their academic interests and receive a well-rounded education.
In the first three years of the program, all students were required to take courses in English composition and communication. These courses emphasized speech, speechreading, and other effective forms of communication for Deaf individuals (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
In 1891, the National Deaf-Mute College introduced a teacher training program exclusively for hearing students, which initially excluded Deaf individuals who aspired to teach. Despite this setback, many Deaf graduates showed remarkable perseverance and dedication, successfully teaching and operating state schools for the Deaf across the country. By the 21st century, the Deaf Education Department at Gallaudet University, formerly known as the National Deaf-Mute College, began admitting both Deaf and hearing students. This shift towards inclusivity, along with the university's positive impact on Deaf education, fosters pride and hope for the future of the field. It reflects the resilience of the Deaf community and marks significant progress moving forward (US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University).
In the first three years of the program, all students were required to take courses in English composition and communication. These courses emphasized speech, speechreading, and other effective forms of communication for Deaf individuals (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
In 1891, the National Deaf-Mute College introduced a teacher training program exclusively for hearing students, which initially excluded Deaf individuals who aspired to teach. Despite this setback, many Deaf graduates showed remarkable perseverance and dedication, successfully teaching and operating state schools for the Deaf across the country. By the 21st century, the Deaf Education Department at Gallaudet University, formerly known as the National Deaf-Mute College, began admitting both Deaf and hearing students. This shift towards inclusivity, along with the university's positive impact on Deaf education, fosters pride and hope for the future of the field. It reflects the resilience of the Deaf community and marks significant progress moving forward (US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University).
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Source: The Utah Eagle, December 1954
The First Students from the
Utah School for the Deaf to Attend
the National Deaf-Mute College
Utah School for the Deaf to Attend
the National Deaf-Mute College
Two remarkably courageous Deaf individuals from Utah, Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark, became Deaf due to common medical conditions. They took a pivotal step by enrolling at Gallaudet College, which was a significant opportunity following their graduation from the Utah School for the Deaf on June 8, 1897 (The Ogden Standard, May 8, 1897). Notably, they were the only two students from their school to graduate that year, marking an important moment in its history.
Their enrollment at Gallaudet College on September 15, 1897, was a milestone for the Utah School for the Deaf, as Elizabeth and John H. became the first students from that institution to attend the national college for the Deaf in Washington, D.C. (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897; Biennial Report of the Trustee & Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind: 1901–1902; Banks & Banks). This achievement represented significant progress for future Deaf students in Utah.
The support and encouragement from Frank M. Driggs, the superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, were essential for their journey. He not only assisted their transition to college but also enrolled in a one-year teacher training program at Gallaudet himself, further strengthening the support system for Elizabeth and John H. during this crucial educational experience (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897). Without his commitment and guidance, their journey might not have been possible.
Their enrollment at Gallaudet College on September 15, 1897, was a milestone for the Utah School for the Deaf, as Elizabeth and John H. became the first students from that institution to attend the national college for the Deaf in Washington, D.C. (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897; Biennial Report of the Trustee & Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind: 1901–1902; Banks & Banks). This achievement represented significant progress for future Deaf students in Utah.
The support and encouragement from Frank M. Driggs, the superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, were essential for their journey. He not only assisted their transition to college but also enrolled in a one-year teacher training program at Gallaudet himself, further strengthening the support system for Elizabeth and John H. during this crucial educational experience (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897). Without his commitment and guidance, their journey might not have been possible.
Elizabeth DeLong. Source: FamilySearch.org
John H. Clark at Gallaudet Ole Gym. Courtesy of Thomas and Bonnie Clark
Elizabeth DeLong's
Leadership at Gallaudet College
Leadership at Gallaudet College
During Elizabeth's senior year at Gallaudet, she was elected President of the O.W.L.S., a secret society for women today known as Phi Kappa Zeta (The Buff & Blue, October 1901). The O.W.L.S. was founded in 1892 by Agatha Tiegal Hanson, an early champion of both Deaf and women's rights, to address women's barriers in a largely male environment on the Gallaudet campus. When women were first allowed to enroll at Gallaudet College in 1887, they faced gender discrimination. They could only join clubs or organizations if a man invited them. Female students were not allowed to engage in debates with male students. So, the O.W.L.S. club was formed to provide a safe space to debate, study poetry and literature, and form sisterhood bonds (This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959).
Elizabeth DeLong holds the distinction of being the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1915 and the first female Deaf president of any state chapter association of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. During her second term as president, she delivered a speech at the 1915 UAD Convention advocating for women's suffrage. Her presidency of Gallaudet College's O.W.L.S. and her involvement in Utah's early suffrage movement likely inspired her to pursue leadership roles as well as her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations.
Today, Elizabeth's accomplishments continue to inspire people. She was the first woman to achieve many of her goals, leaving a lasting impact on the Utah Deaf community. Her legacy of inspiration lives on, motivating future generations to pursue their aspirations.
Elizabeth DeLong holds the distinction of being the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1915 and the first female Deaf president of any state chapter association of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. During her second term as president, she delivered a speech at the 1915 UAD Convention advocating for women's suffrage. Her presidency of Gallaudet College's O.W.L.S. and her involvement in Utah's early suffrage movement likely inspired her to pursue leadership roles as well as her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations.
Today, Elizabeth's accomplishments continue to inspire people. She was the first woman to achieve many of her goals, leaving a lasting impact on the Utah Deaf community. Her legacy of inspiration lives on, motivating future generations to pursue their aspirations.
Elizabeth DeLong at Gallaudet College. Source: The DeLong Family Saga
Elizabeth DeLong, a student at Gallaudet College, about 1902. Source: The DeLong Family Saga
Elizabeth DeLong and
her Classmates at Gallaudet College
her Classmates at Gallaudet College
Elizabeth Delong is shown in the center of the photograph while attending Gallaudet College.
Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
Dr. Karen Christie, a professor emeritus at NTID/RIT, discovered a photograph of Elizabeth DeLong in the Gallaudet University Archives. Elizabeth DeLong is featured on Dr. Christie's "Herstories of Deaf Women" website, which provides more information about her.
Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark work for
Gallaudet University's Buff and Blue Newspaper
Gallaudet University's Buff and Blue Newspaper
While studying at Gallaudet College, John H. Clark's excellent English skills allowed him to write several articles and stories for The Buff and Blue, the college's student newspaper. His significant contributions to the publication led to his election as the editor-in-chief during his senior year, a prestigious honor and testament to his leadership and influence in the college community (Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956). His cousin, Elizabeth DeLong, also a senior, served as associate editor and worked closely with him (The Ogden Examiner-Standard, June 19, 1901; Dr. Thomas C. Clark, personal communication, November 13, 2008). An article in the Ogden Standard from 1901 stated that becoming the editor-in-chief of the college paper was considered one of the highest honors.
John H. Clark (right) at Gallaudet campus. Courtesy of Thomas and Bonnie Clark
John H. was a good student at Gallaudet College and dressed well. He was small in stature and did not participate in sports other than tennis and his regular gymnasium routine (Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956). John H. was the Gallaudet football team's assistant coach (The Silent Worker, December 1900).
John H. Clark, an assistant coach of the Gallaudet College 1900 Football team. Source: FamilySearch.org
Elizabeth DeLong, a trailblazer, made history in 1902 by becoming the first Deaf woman to graduate with a bachelor's degree in Utah. This achievement was a tremendous source of inspiration for many. Additionally, she was the first in her family to earn a college education. After returning to Ogden, Utah, from Washington, DC, on September 3, 1902, she became the first Deaf woman to earn a college education and began teaching at her alma mater, the Utah School for the Deaf, where she taught for 15 years (Banks & Banks). Her fifteen-year tenure as a school teacher was a testament to her dedication to the Utah Deaf community, a significant achievement in her career.
Elizabeth DeLong. The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963
During his time at Gallaudet College, John H. Clark's exceptional skills in mathematics caught the attention of Professor Percival Hall, the college's second president and a Harvard University graduate. Under Professor Hall's mentorship, John H.'s interest in field surveying was nurtured, leading to his remarkable academic success. The influence of Professor Hall, the son of the famous astronomer Asaph Hall, was not just significant but instrumental in shaping John H.'s academic journey (Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956; Dr. Thomas C. Clark, personal communication, November 13, 2008). John H. was also the first from Utah to graduate from Gallaudet College in 1902. He went on to have a successful career, a testament to his resilience and determination.
Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark are shown with their Gallaudet students between 1897 and 1902. Elizabeth is on the right in the second row, while John H. is in the front row on the right, marked by the blue arrow. Courtesy of Thomas and Bonnie Clark
Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark, Class of 1902, Gallaudet College Graduation. Source: FamilySearch.org
After Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark started their studies at Gallaudet College, Lillian Swift from Salt Lake City, Utah, and Elmo V. Kemp from Safford, Arizona, also enrolled at the college. Later, more Utah School for the Deaf alums followed suit, attending Gallaudet College to advance their education and become productive citizens in Utah (The Utah Eagle, June 1906). The trend of students from the Utah School for the Deaf choosing Gallaudet College highlights the college's significant role in the Deaf community.
John H. Clark Receives an
Honorary Degree from Gallaudet College
Honorary Degree from Gallaudet College
In June 1924, Gallaudet College awarded the honorary degree of Master of Science to John H. for his civil engineering and surveying expertise Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956).
John H. Clark surveying. Source: FamilySearch.org
Utahns at Gallaudet College in 1937
Utahns at Gallaudet College, 1937. Front Row (L-R): Verl Thorup, Joseph Burnett, Dolores Atkinson, Rodney Walker and Earl Jones. Back Row (L-R): John Glassett, Ned Wheeler, Earl Rogerson, Bob Sanderson, Robert Lewis and Kyle Workman. Courtesy of Rodney W. Walker
Rodney W. Walker, a 1939 Gallaudet graduate, shared his personal experiences and those of other Utahns at Gallaudet College in his book "My Life Story." He pointed out that the number of Utahns peaked at eleven in the fall of 1936 and has never surpassed that since (Walker, 2006). The contributions of other prominent Gallaudet alums from Utah, such as Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, Kenneth C. Burdett, Ray and Arthur Wenger, Ned C. Wheeler, Joseph B. Burnett, and Rodney W. Walker, continue to inspire us today.
Did You Know?
Gallaudet College denied admission to Deaf women from 1864 to 1887 (US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University). This exclusion was a reflection of the broader societal attitudes toward gender and disability at the time, which marginalized the contributions and aspirations of Deaf women. It wasn't until later that significant progress was made to promote inclusivity and acknowledge the unique challenges faced by this group.
The Gallaudet College Admission
Many parents of Deaf students at the Utah School for the Deaf were concerned about their children's future and hoped they would attend Gallaudet College to earn a college degree. The Utah School for the Deaf encouraged all eligible students to pursue higher education. In 1946, over 150 students from across the country took the entrance exams, but only forty qualified for the program. To gain admission to the college, students needed a strong grasp of mathematical concepts and a good understanding of English.
Teachers in the 11th and 12th-grade classrooms at USD assessed students' eligibility for the Gallaudet College entrance exams. The college administration reviewed the exam papers and made the final admission decisions. Only a few high school graduates met the requirements to attend college, while the majority of students received vocational education training to secure a decent living (Louriteen, The Utah Eagle, February 1947).
Teachers in the 11th and 12th-grade classrooms at USD assessed students' eligibility for the Gallaudet College entrance exams. The college administration reviewed the exam papers and made the final admission decisions. Only a few high school graduates met the requirements to attend college, while the majority of students received vocational education training to secure a decent living (Louriteen, The Utah Eagle, February 1947).
Kate Orr Keeley,
a Standout Athlete at Gallaudet College
a Standout Athlete at Gallaudet College
Kate Orr Keeley.
Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
Dr. Karen Christie, an amateur historian, compiled and authored a brief history of Utah's Kate Orr Keeley. Kate, who never married, graduated from Gallaudet College in 1916 after attending the Utah School for the Deaf from 1898 to 1908. She was a standout athlete at Gallaudet, excelling in gymnastics, tennis, basketball, and swimming. Dr. Christie's "Herstories of Deaf Women" website provides a detailed account of Kate's story, a significant contribution to the history of Deaf women and sports.
Three Deaf individuals from the Utah School for the Deaf, Alfred Charles Keeley, Arthur Winter Wenger, and Ray Grayson Wenger, attended Gallaudet College
and participated in sports in the 1910s,
as shown in the photos below
and participated in sports in the 1910s,
as shown in the photos below
Alfred Charles Keeley, Arthur Winter Wenger, and Ray Grayson Wenger at Gallaudet College. Source: FamilySearch.org
The Gallaudet basketball team. Front L-R: Arthur Wenger, Ray Wenger, Benjamin Schowe. Rear L-R: Charles Marshall, Kenneth William, John K. Cloud, and Coach Haas. Source: FamilySearch.org
Gallaudet Basketball Team. Arthur Winter Wenger, Alfred Charles Keeley, and Ray Grayson Wenger. Source: FamilySearch.org
The 1914 Gallaudet Basketball Team. Arthur Winter Wenger, Ray Grayson Wenger, and Alfred Charles Keeley. Source: FamilySearch.org
The 1914 Gallaudet Football Team. Alfred Charles Keeley can be seen standing on the third left. He and his team are at the White House to meet President Thomas Woodrow Wilson. Source: FamilySearch.org
Class of 1916, Gallaudet College Graduation. Front Row L-R: Ray G. Wenger (visitor), Alfred Charles Keeley, Kate Orr Keeley, and Arthur W. Wenger (visitor). Source: FamilySearch.org
Ray and Arthur Wenger, 80, Receive an Honorary Doctorate of Science Degrees from Gallaudet College
At Gallaudet College's 109th graduation ceremonies on May 21, 1973, Ray and Arthur Wenger, 80, received an honorary doctorate of science degrees for their significant contributions to bacteriology and biochemistry (Deseret News, May 8, 1973). They were known as Utah's twin gifts to science, education, and community service, a source of inspiration and pride for the Utah Deaf community (Petersen, The Deaf American, January 1974; Kinney, UAD Bulletin, January 2002).
DOING THE HONORS. During the Gallaudet College commencement on May 21, 1973, Frank B. Sullivan (left), Grand President of the National Fraternal Society and a member of the college's Board of Directors, handed an honorary doctorate to Ray Wenger. Arthur received an honorary doctorate from Professor Francis Higgins on the right. Dr. Gilbert Deigado, the Graduate School's dean, is in the middle. Source: Petersen, The Deaf American, January 1974
The remarkable achievements of the Wenger brothers earned them recognition as research scientists in the fields of bacteriology and biochemistry, which are often challenging for Deaf individuals to enter. They overcame significant societal barriers and discrimination to excel in their chosen professions. When Gallaudet University President Edward C. Merrill, Jr. presented the twin brothers with a citation of honor, he remarked that their accomplishments as Deaf individuals served as a "model and inspiration to other Deaf people" (UAD Bulletin, June 1973). While the Wenger brothers are primarily known as chemists, their uniqueness as twin brothers working in the same field was highlighted by Dr. Robert Sanderson and Valerie G. Kinney in a personal communication on July 8, 2011.
Still Going Strong...Utah's Twins-The Doctors Wenger. Ray (left) and Arthur, are shown in their Salt Lake City laboratory with Barbara Wagner, their assistant. Source: The Deaf American, January 1974
An Unexpected Cancellation
of the Gallaudet Banquet
of the Gallaudet Banquet
In 1944, graduates from Gallaudet University in Utah came together for the first time to form the Gallaudet Banquet. On December 5, 1946, approximately twenty Gallaudet alumni and their spouses gathered at the Hotel Newhouse in Salt Lake City for the Third Annual Gallaudet Banquet. Boyd E. Nelson, superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, spoke at the banquet on the topic "Bushnell and Its Relation to Our School."
During a brief business meeting, Superintendent Nelson surprised the attendees by proposing to cancel the upcoming Gallaudet banquet. The members of the Gallaudet community believed the matter had already been settled, and before they could gather their thoughts, they voted and approved the plan. Kenneth C. Burdett, a 1934 graduate of Gallaudet College, expressed his disappointment about the cancellation. He stated, "It is disheartening, and Gallaudetians wonder why some people cannot be satisfied with a simple gathering without turning it into a subject of speculation, distorting the original idea of the first feast until it loses its intended purpose" (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, January 1947).
Like many others associated with Gallaudet College, Kenneth Burdett had a deep attachment to the institution and looked forward to the annual banquet to revisit cherished memories. He recognized that not everyone shared his sentiments, and those who did were not always close to one another.
During a brief business meeting, Superintendent Nelson surprised the attendees by proposing to cancel the upcoming Gallaudet banquet. The members of the Gallaudet community believed the matter had already been settled, and before they could gather their thoughts, they voted and approved the plan. Kenneth C. Burdett, a 1934 graduate of Gallaudet College, expressed his disappointment about the cancellation. He stated, "It is disheartening, and Gallaudetians wonder why some people cannot be satisfied with a simple gathering without turning it into a subject of speculation, distorting the original idea of the first feast until it loses its intended purpose" (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, January 1947).
Like many others associated with Gallaudet College, Kenneth Burdett had a deep attachment to the institution and looked forward to the annual banquet to revisit cherished memories. He recognized that not everyone shared his sentiments, and those who did were not always close to one another.
Kenneth C. Burdett. Courtesy of Ronald C. Burdett
The Utah Deaf community had a club called the "University Club." However, this club was quite different from the Gallaudet banquet. Kenneth Burdett noted that the members of Gallaudet were able to understand and respect the viewpoints of their opponents in order to maintain unity within the community. Nevertheless, they held on to cherished memories and longed for the happiest years of their lives (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, January 1947).
Kenneth C. Burdett. 1931 Gallaudet College Football Squad. Courtesy of Ronald C. Burdett
Joseph B. Burnett and Kenneth C. Burdett, the 1934 Gallaudet Kappa Kama. Courtesy of Ronald C. Burdett
Kenneth C. Burdett, 1934 Gallaudet Graduation. Courtesy of Ronald C. Burdett
In 1972, Gallaudet alums of Utah formed the Utah Beehive Chapter of the Gallaudet College Alumni Association (BCGUAA). They established the chapter to honor Gallaudet College as their alma mater, maintain connections with one another, and foster more fellowship opportunities. Rodney W. Walker, a member of the Gallaudet class of 1939, made this statement in his book My Life Story (Walker, 2006).
Rodney W. Walker, a 1939 graduate of Gallaudet College. Source: The UAD Bulletin, April 1955
Old Dormitory at Gallaudet
Uncovers Surprises
Uncovers Surprises
Dr. Robert "Bob" G. Sanderson was a 1941 Gallaudet graduate and a member of the university's Board of Trustees. In the February 1992 issue of the UAD Bulletin, he published an article about discovering his engraved "Sandie, '41" in his old dormitory room at Gallaudet University's College Hall. Bob and a Gallaudet University Board of Trustees delegation visited the College Hall for the 50th Reunion of the Class of 1941 on October 21–26, 1991. While touring the dormitory, Bob quickly left the group and rushed to a second-floor dormitory room where he had been studying. There, he discovered a message he had engraved into a windowpane still visible on the wall. The message read, "Sandie, '41" (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, February 1992).
Robert G. Sanderson, a 1941 Gallaudet College Senior. Courtesy of Barry Sanderson
In 1992, Bob revealed that the renovation of College Hall at Gallaudet University uncovered several secrets from the 114-year-old structure's past. These included pedestals, domed ceilings, stained-glass windows, and mementos from schoolboys who lived in the building decades earlier. During his time at Gallaudet, Bob engraved "Sandie '41" on a window panel of the prep dorm, symbolizing his presence and leaving a lasting legacy. The renovation project supervisor, John Dunn, removed the panel from the stained glass windows, framed it in the original wood from College Hall, and presented it to Bob. He then donated it to the Office of Alumni Relations for display in "Ole Jim," a dedicated space that honors the university's history and distinguished alumni (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, February 1992).
Robert G. Sanderson at the Gallaudet campus. Courtesy of Barry Sanderson
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook
In his final year at Gallaudet College, Bob served as president of the class of 1941. During his presidency, he and his class published the first edition of the Tower Clock yearbook, marking a significant milestone in Gallaudet's history. This publication, which continues to this day, showcases his lasting influence. Bob's vision and guidance not only established a cherished tradition for Gallaudet students but also played a crucial role in shaping the university's future (Gallaudet's Daily Digest, Board of Trustees Emeritus Robert "Sandie" Sanderson passed away, 2012).
The Tower Clock image has appeared in yearbooks, art, photographs, posters, and more, symbolizing this enduring legacy. His leadership during his presidency made a lasting impression, and he took great pride in his class’s achievement of creating the first Tower Clock yearbook, a true turning point in Gallaudet’s history.
The Tower Clock image has appeared in yearbooks, art, photographs, posters, and more, symbolizing this enduring legacy. His leadership during his presidency made a lasting impression, and he took great pride in his class’s achievement of creating the first Tower Clock yearbook, a true turning point in Gallaudet’s history.
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook.
Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook.
Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
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The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook.
Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
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Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, 90, Receives an Honorary Doctorate from Gallaudet College
In 2010, Dr. Sanderson, aged 90, was awarded an honorary degree from Gallaudet University, his alma mater. This was in recognition of his more than sixty years of service and dedication to the Deaf community in Utah and nationwide. Dr. Sanderson, president of the Gallaudet Class of 1941, has been a loyal supporter of the university throughout his life. He has been a steadfast advocate for the Deaf community at both local and national levels (Coogan, Office of the President, May 3, 2010; UAD Bulletin, June 2010). His life exemplifies his belief that "Deafness does not prevent a person from accomplishing what he sets out to do if he really wants to do it" (UAD Bulletin, March 2000, 1). His belief in the potential of the Deaf community is empowering and instills hope.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson Gallaudet Honored. Source: UAD Bulletin, June 2010, p. 1
Barbara Schell Bass,
Gallaudet President of
the Student Body Government
Gallaudet President of
the Student Body Government
Barbara Schell Bass. Courtesy of Gallaudet University Museum
Barbara Schell Bass, a dedicated teacher at the Utah School for the Deaf, graduated from the Idaho School for the Deaf in 1956 and Gallaudet University in 1960. A notable event during her senior year in 1959 was the first Student Body Government (SBG) election at Gallaudet University, where every student was allowed to vote, highlighting the institution's commitment to inclusivity. Barbara made history by becoming the first woman elected as SBG president, marking a significant milestone for both Gallaudet University and the state of Utah and Idaho, which takes pride in having her as its first female SBG president (Source: The Gallaudet University Museum).
Gallaudet Deaf President Now
Movement of 1988
Movement of 1988
In March 1988, a student protest known as "Deaf President Now" (DPN) took place at Gallaudet University. On March 6, 1988, the Board of Trustees announced the appointment of Dr. Elisabeth Ann Zinser, a hearing candidate, as the university's seventh president, choosing her over two Deaf candidates, Dr. I. King Jordan and Dr. Harvey Corson. This decision was perceived as a significant injustice, sparking widespread protests.
Gallaudet students, along with many alums, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus to oppose the board's decision. The protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press while demanding four specific concessions from the board. The protest concluded on March 13, 1988, with the board agreeing to all four demands, including the appointment of I. King Jordan, a Deaf individual, as the university's president.
This appointment marked a significant turning point in the history of Gallaudet University and the Deaf community, paving the way for a more inclusive and progressive future. The Deaf President Now movement not only highlighted the need for representation within educational institutions but also galvanized support for Deaf rights across the nation. As a result, it inspired similar advocacy efforts in other organizations, reinforcing the importance of leadership that reflects the community it serves.
Gallaudet students, along with many alums, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus to oppose the board's decision. The protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press while demanding four specific concessions from the board. The protest concluded on March 13, 1988, with the board agreeing to all four demands, including the appointment of I. King Jordan, a Deaf individual, as the university's president.
This appointment marked a significant turning point in the history of Gallaudet University and the Deaf community, paving the way for a more inclusive and progressive future. The Deaf President Now movement not only highlighted the need for representation within educational institutions but also galvanized support for Deaf rights across the nation. As a result, it inspired similar advocacy efforts in other organizations, reinforcing the importance of leadership that reflects the community it serves.
"The Duck" Organizes a Rally
for a Gallaudet Deaf President
for a Gallaudet Deaf President
Gallaudet University, which changed its name to Gallaudet University in 1986, has never had a Deaf president since its founding in 1864. This changed on August 24, 1987, when Jerry Lee, the university's sixth president, announced his resignation. The search for a new president began, attracting a total of sixty-seven applicants, nine of whom were Deaf. By February 1988, the Gallaudet Board of Trustees had narrowed the selection down to three candidates. The final three included Dr. Elisabeth A. Zinser, a hearing woman, and two Deaf candidates, Dr. Harvey J. Corson and Dr. I. K. Jordan (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Young Gallaudet alums formed a committee named 'The Duck' and staged a rally on the university's football field on March 1, 1988. The rally aimed to unite alums, students, faculty, and staff in pushing the board of trustees to appoint a Deaf person as the next president of the university. More than 1,500 people attended the event and received flyers. These flyers highlighted the fact that other institutions had elected leaders from diverse backgrounds, such as a Roman Catholic was elected president at Notre Dame in 1942, a Woman was elected president at Wellesley College in 1875, a Jewish person was elected president at Yeshiva University in 1886, and a Black person was elected president at Howard University in 1926. The flyers stated that Gallaudet University should also have a Deaf person as its president (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). According to Gannon (1987), students realized the significance of having a Deaf president during the event, underscoring the strength of the community in achieving a common goal.
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' protest. She was a vocal advocate for the appointment of a Deaf president, and her participation symbolized the unity and determination of the Deaf community. When you look at the pictures below, you will notice a blue circle around her face, a symbol of her commitment to the cause.
Young Gallaudet alums formed a committee named 'The Duck' and staged a rally on the university's football field on March 1, 1988. The rally aimed to unite alums, students, faculty, and staff in pushing the board of trustees to appoint a Deaf person as the next president of the university. More than 1,500 people attended the event and received flyers. These flyers highlighted the fact that other institutions had elected leaders from diverse backgrounds, such as a Roman Catholic was elected president at Notre Dame in 1942, a Woman was elected president at Wellesley College in 1875, a Jewish person was elected president at Yeshiva University in 1886, and a Black person was elected president at Howard University in 1926. The flyers stated that Gallaudet University should also have a Deaf person as its president (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). According to Gannon (1987), students realized the significance of having a Deaf president during the event, underscoring the strength of the community in achieving a common goal.
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' protest. She was a vocal advocate for the appointment of a Deaf president, and her participation symbolized the unity and determination of the Deaf community. When you look at the pictures below, you will notice a blue circle around her face, a symbol of her commitment to the cause.
Nan Hix, a 1988 graduate of Gallaudet University. Courtesy of Nan Hix
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, attended the rally on Gallaudet's football field on March 1, 1988. Courtesy of Nan Hix
The event that occurred in 1988 at Gallaudet University captured national attention and showcased the unity and determination of the Deaf community. Both the Washington Times and the Washington Post published articles to raise public awareness about the search for a new president. From March 2 to March 5, 1988, Gallaudet University received hundreds of letters from politicians, alums, individuals, and various organizations, all advocating for the selection of a Deaf president by the board of trustees. One of the four student leaders of the Deaf President Now movement, Greg Hlibok, who also served as the president of the Student Body Government, wrote to Dr. Zinser, urging her to withdraw her candidacy for president. She had been informed that the student body would not support her election (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Four student leaders of the Deaf President Now protest L-R: Tim Raurus, Bridgetta Bourne-Firl, Greg Hlibok, and Jerry Covell—leading protestors at Gallaudet University in March of 1988. Photo: Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
Announcement of Appointment as New Hearing
President of Gallaudet University
President of Gallaudet University
At the Mayflower Hotel on March 5th, the board of trustees conducted interviews for the presidency role. The last three candidates for the position were Dr. Zinser, Dr. Carson, and Dr. Jordan. Students, faculty, staff, and alums eagerly anticipated the election of a Deaf president following a recent rally. During the meeting, the board of trustees cast their votes, and Dr. Zinser won with ten votes in her favor, while Dr. Jordan only received four votes. This outcome surprised those who were hoping for a Deaf president. All Deaf members of the board of trustees voted for Dr. Jordan (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). One of them was Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent Deaf leader in Utah.
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, participated in the event on March 3, 1988. Courtesy of Nan Hix
The Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University selected Dr. Zinser because of her experience as the vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of North Carolina to lead the university. However, she had no experience with Deaf issues, and she was unable to communicate using sign language. Gallaudet University's staff, faculty, students, and alums were shocked by this decision, as it overlooked two Deaf candidates for the position (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). Jane Bassett Spilman, chairperson of the board of trustees, made a famous statement at the hotel that infuriated the Deaf community. She said, "Deaf people are not ready to function in the hearing world" (Sacks, 1988). As a result, the Deaf community called for the immediate replacement of Dr. Zinser with a Deaf president.
Jane Bassett Spilman. Source: British Deaf News
Gallaudet's Deaf President Now Protest Has Begun
On March 7, a protest erupted, sparking a week-long Deaf Revolution and the courageous Deaf President Now protest. The students, with remarkable bravery, took over the entire campus, barricading all doors and effectively shutting down the school. This was not just a student movement, but a unified effort by alums, faculty, and the national Deaf community, all rallying for a Deaf leader at Gallaudet University, the world's only Deaf university (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). The protest received unprecedented nationwide support, even from the United States Congress, which contributed seventy-five percent of the university's budget. They also summoned the Board of Trustees to address the issue of selecting a new president. Dr. Robert Sanderson, Dr. Frank Sullivan, and Phil Bravin, all Deaf members of the Gallaudet University Board of Trustees, formally reaffirmed their support for a Deaf president and opposed the selection of a hearing president (UAD Bulletin, April 1988).
Gallaudet students rally at the U.S. Capitol Building on March 11, 1988. Courtesy of Gallaudet University Archives
March to the U.S. Capitol
In these circumstances, the students refused to reopen the school unless the board of trustees met their four demands, which were as follows:
After rejecting all four demands, Jane Bassett Spilman stated that Dr. Zinser would be an excellent fit if the students allowed her to serve as president. Following this, more than 1,000 students marched to the U.S. Capitol, with four student leaders, Greg Hlibok, Jerry Covell, Tim Rarus, and Bridgetta Bourne, leading the way. Students, alums, and faculty persevered in their demands despite opposition from the national Deaf community, until they achieved their goals (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
- Zinser's resignation and selection of a Deaf president,
- The chairperson of the board of trustees, Jane Bassett Spilman, resign,
- Increase in Deaf representation on the board to 51%, and lastly,
- There be no reprisals against the protestors.
After rejecting all four demands, Jane Bassett Spilman stated that Dr. Zinser would be an excellent fit if the students allowed her to serve as president. Following this, more than 1,000 students marched to the U.S. Capitol, with four student leaders, Greg Hlibok, Jerry Covell, Tim Rarus, and Bridgetta Bourne, leading the way. Students, alums, and faculty persevered in their demands despite opposition from the national Deaf community, until they achieved their goals (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' march to the Capitol on March 11, 1988. Courtesy of Nan Hix
Nax Hix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' protest, along with her friend, Holly Parker Jensen (right) of Idaho, on March 11, 1988. Courtesy of Nan Hix
Dr. I. King Jordan Becomes the First
Deaf President of Gallaudet University
Deaf President of Gallaudet University
Finally, on March 13, the board gathered at the Embassy Row Hotel to address the issue. The audience, filled with anticipation, waited outside the meeting for a staggering nine hours, eager for the board's decision. At the meeting's conclusion, Phil Bravin, a Deaf member of the board of trustees, used TTY to inform Greg Hlibok that all four demands had been met. He also revealed that he had assumed the role of Chair of the Board, succeeding Jane Bassett Spilman. The first Deaf president of Gallaudet was Dr. I. King Jordan, a respected faculty member. Notably, the board saw a 51% increase in Deaf representation, and there were no repercussions for the students and faculty activists. This successful outcome marked a significant milestone in Gallaudet's history (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Irving King Jordan. Source: Wikipedia
The Deaf President Now movement was a testament to the power of collective action. It was not just the students but also the alums, faculty, and members of the national Deaf community who came together to defend their civil rights. The media, presidential candidates, labor unions, and national organizations all supported their cause. This broad-based support and their eventual success demonstrated that they did not have to surrender control of their lives to society, marking a significant triumph (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
During the 1988 Deaf President Now Protest at Gallaudet University, Dr. Sanderson advocated for a Deaf president instead of a hearing president. His efforts, along with others, led to the historic appointment of Dr. I. King Jordan as the first Deaf president (UAD Bulletin in April 1988). This milestone not only marked a significant achievement for Gallaudet but also impacted the Deaf community. Dr. Sanderson, a locally and nationally well-known figure, brought his expertise, abilities, and capabilities to the role, drawing on his comprehensive education and successful career before and after his retirement in 1985.
In his words, Dr. Sanderson expresses deep gratitude to Gallaudet. He credited the institution for profoundly shaping him both academically and personally. Reflecting on his time there, he said, "I not only value the academic learning that took place, but also the personal relationships I formed as a student. I encountered various cultures, interacted with diverse individuals, and welcomed fresh perspectives. I learned not to take myself too seriously and discovered my strengths, as well as, more importantly, my weaknesses. I don't believe this could have occurred anywhere else. Gallaudet served as a uniquely tailored environment that allowed me to develop into the person I am today. Now that I am in a position to give back, I am excited to contribute my time, energy, and resources to help enhance this exceptional institution for future generations who will enter it more educated than I was at their age" (Turk, From Oaks to Acorns, 2019, p. 63–64). Even after his retirement, his unwavering commitment to Gallaudet is a testament to the institution's profound impact on his life and work, as well as its vital role in Deaf education and rehabilitation.
If you are interested in learning about Deaf President Now, the Deaf Legacy offers a documentary that explores this significant event. In the documentary, key figures from the Deaf President Now movement at Gallaudet University reflect on the progress the Deaf community has made and the challenges that lie ahead. As we look back thirty years to that impactful week, they hope you appreciate this retelling of how a group of brave and determined students changed the course of history.
You can also watch the documentary "Deaf President Now!" produced by Nyle DiMarco, an American model, actor, and Deaf activist, along with Davis Guggenheim, an American screenwriter, director, and producer, on Apple TV. The documentary recounts the historic eight days of protests at Gallaudet University in 1988, which erupted in response to the board of trustees' appointment of a hearing president over several highly qualified Deaf candidates.
After a week of rallies, boycotts, and protests, the students succeeded in their efforts as the hearing president resigned, leading to Dr. I. King Jordan becoming the university's first Deaf president. This event marked a pivotal moment in civil rights history, having a lasting impact that extended beyond the Gallaudet campus and helped pave the way for the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
"Deaf President Now!" features exclusive interviews with the key figures of the movement, including the Gallaudet Four—Jerry Covell, Bridgetta Bourne-Firl, Tim Rarus, and Greg Hlibok—alongside Dr. I. King Jordan. The film also includes archival footage and scripted elements. It utilizes an innovative narrative approach called Deaf Point of View, which employs impressionistic visual photography and intricate sound design to immerse the audience in the Deaf experience.
During the 1988 Deaf President Now Protest at Gallaudet University, Dr. Sanderson advocated for a Deaf president instead of a hearing president. His efforts, along with others, led to the historic appointment of Dr. I. King Jordan as the first Deaf president (UAD Bulletin in April 1988). This milestone not only marked a significant achievement for Gallaudet but also impacted the Deaf community. Dr. Sanderson, a locally and nationally well-known figure, brought his expertise, abilities, and capabilities to the role, drawing on his comprehensive education and successful career before and after his retirement in 1985.
In his words, Dr. Sanderson expresses deep gratitude to Gallaudet. He credited the institution for profoundly shaping him both academically and personally. Reflecting on his time there, he said, "I not only value the academic learning that took place, but also the personal relationships I formed as a student. I encountered various cultures, interacted with diverse individuals, and welcomed fresh perspectives. I learned not to take myself too seriously and discovered my strengths, as well as, more importantly, my weaknesses. I don't believe this could have occurred anywhere else. Gallaudet served as a uniquely tailored environment that allowed me to develop into the person I am today. Now that I am in a position to give back, I am excited to contribute my time, energy, and resources to help enhance this exceptional institution for future generations who will enter it more educated than I was at their age" (Turk, From Oaks to Acorns, 2019, p. 63–64). Even after his retirement, his unwavering commitment to Gallaudet is a testament to the institution's profound impact on his life and work, as well as its vital role in Deaf education and rehabilitation.
If you are interested in learning about Deaf President Now, the Deaf Legacy offers a documentary that explores this significant event. In the documentary, key figures from the Deaf President Now movement at Gallaudet University reflect on the progress the Deaf community has made and the challenges that lie ahead. As we look back thirty years to that impactful week, they hope you appreciate this retelling of how a group of brave and determined students changed the course of history.
You can also watch the documentary "Deaf President Now!" produced by Nyle DiMarco, an American model, actor, and Deaf activist, along with Davis Guggenheim, an American screenwriter, director, and producer, on Apple TV. The documentary recounts the historic eight days of protests at Gallaudet University in 1988, which erupted in response to the board of trustees' appointment of a hearing president over several highly qualified Deaf candidates.
After a week of rallies, boycotts, and protests, the students succeeded in their efforts as the hearing president resigned, leading to Dr. I. King Jordan becoming the university's first Deaf president. This event marked a pivotal moment in civil rights history, having a lasting impact that extended beyond the Gallaudet campus and helped pave the way for the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
"Deaf President Now!" features exclusive interviews with the key figures of the movement, including the Gallaudet Four—Jerry Covell, Bridgetta Bourne-Firl, Tim Rarus, and Greg Hlibok—alongside Dr. I. King Jordan. The film also includes archival footage and scripted elements. It utilizes an innovative narrative approach called Deaf Point of View, which employs impressionistic visual photography and intricate sound design to immerse the audience in the Deaf experience.
Apple TV's Deaf President Now! Documentary. Source: tv.apple.com
Gallaudet Board of Trustees member Dr. Robert G. Sanderson Meets President William "Bill" Clinton in 1994
At the Gallaudet University commencement in 1994, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson shakes hands with United States President William "Bill" Clinton. Courtesy of Barry Sanderson
During the 1994 commencement ceremony at Gallaudet University, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a member of the university's Board of Trustees, had a significant moment when he met and shook hands with then-President William "Bill" Clinton. This historic encounter was meaningful for both Bob and the graduates, symbolizing the importance of representation for the Deaf community in influential circles. Moreover, it emphasized the necessity of full accessibility in education at Gallaudet, highlighting the university's commitment to inclusivity and its contributions to society.
Dr. I. King Jordan, Gallaudet University
President Visits Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's
Naming Honorary Ceremony on October 4, 2003
President Visits Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's
Naming Honorary Ceremony on October 4, 2003
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson played a crucial role in the 1988 Deaf President Now Protest as a member of the Board of Trustees at Gallaudet University. His unwavering advocacy for a Deaf president resulted in a significant milestone when Dr. I. King Jordan became the first president of Gallaudet University (UAD Bulletin, April 1988). Dr. Jordan, who worked closely with Bob as a fellow Board of Trustees member, personally recognized and appreciated his leadership during the community center's naming ceremony in his honor on October 4, 2003, marking a historic occasion.
Dr. I. King Jordan and his wife, Linda Kephart King visit Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003. Courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center
Dr. I. King Jordan and his wife, Linda Kephart King visit Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003. Courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center
Dr. I. King Jordan and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Sanderson Honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003. Courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center
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L-R: Dr. I. King Jordan, and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Sanderson Honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003. Courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center
Dr. I. King Jordan and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Sanderson Honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003. Courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center
Dr. I. King Jordan and his wife, Linda Kephart King visit Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003. Courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center
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A Principle of Fair Representation
In June 1989, Ronald "Ron" J. Nelson, the great nephew of Boyd E. Nelson—who was the superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind and a member of the board of the Utah Association for the Deaf—wrote a significant article under the pseudonym Mabel Bell. This article explored the concept of fair representation, directly connecting it to the Gallaudet Protest that had occurred a year earlier. Ron's argument was straightforward: protests are a powerful tool for demanding fair representation and for how the portrayal of "mother" has harmed the Utah Deaf community. Although lengthy, his June 1989 UAD Bulletin article highlighted important points the Utah Deaf community should consider when promoting education and advocating for fair representation, significantly raising awareness about this crucial issue. Ron emphasized the need for unity among Deaf individuals to challenge stereotypes and advocate for their rights. By drawing parallels to the Gallaudet Protest, he illustrated how collective action can lead to meaningful change, urging the community to remain vigilant in their pursuit of equality and understanding.
At Gallaudet University, protesters rallied for the Deaf President Now movement, demanding fair representation. Their victory, which Reverend Jesse L. Jackson described as significant, marked a crucial milestone that echoed throughout the Deaf community. It inspired hope and change for all who have faced challenges due to a lack of representation. After watching media coverage of the Gallaudet University protest, Ron recognized a similar issue in Utah: the absence of fair representation for the Deaf community. He observed that hearing individuals in charge of administering and operating programs set by legislators or state agencies had a negative impact on the Utah Deaf community. They acted as if they were divine beings, making decisions and policies that affected the Deaf community and future generations of Deaf community members without consulting them. These individuals also failed to reach out to the Deaf community regarding their programs, challenges, or potential solutions. Some even attended Deaf events, expecting gratitude for being a good "mother." In reality, their actions did more harm than good in fostering competence, independence, and pride—qualities that true supporters should help instill. (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
At Gallaudet University, protesters rallied for the Deaf President Now movement, demanding fair representation. Their victory, which Reverend Jesse L. Jackson described as significant, marked a crucial milestone that echoed throughout the Deaf community. It inspired hope and change for all who have faced challenges due to a lack of representation. After watching media coverage of the Gallaudet University protest, Ron recognized a similar issue in Utah: the absence of fair representation for the Deaf community. He observed that hearing individuals in charge of administering and operating programs set by legislators or state agencies had a negative impact on the Utah Deaf community. They acted as if they were divine beings, making decisions and policies that affected the Deaf community and future generations of Deaf community members without consulting them. These individuals also failed to reach out to the Deaf community regarding their programs, challenges, or potential solutions. Some even attended Deaf events, expecting gratitude for being a good "mother." In reality, their actions did more harm than good in fostering competence, independence, and pride—qualities that true supporters should help instill. (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
Ronald J. Nelson. Photography by Robert L. Bonnell
Ron commented on the Gallaudet Board of Trustees, which had appointed Dr. Zinser as the new president. He referred to them as a typical example of "hearing mothers." Dr. Harlan Lane, the author of 'When the Mind Hears,' also described such individuals. He noted that the board of trustees appeared to want to be seen as benefactors and exhibited a seemingly benevolent attitude, which conveyed a sense of superiority. They believed they knew better and felt they did not need to consider the perspectives of others (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
Ron also highlighted the importance of creating programs that empower the Deaf community to develop their skills, talents, and leadership abilities. Such programs, he stressed, are crucial in shaping the future of the Deaf community and leading them toward lasting success. Unfortunately, current programs have not met expectations and failed to achieve their intended goals (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
.
During the week of the Deaf President Now protest, a significant event in the history of Deaf empowerment, Ron encountered a significant moral question: 'Do Deaf people need to take care of themselves?' Some individuals questioned the necessity of providing more education to Deaf people if it wouldn't be beneficial for them. Truman Stelle, a member of the Gallaudet faculty, argued that it was long overdue for Gallaudet to have a Deaf president to demonstrate that Deaf individuals are capable of leading themselves. In contrast, Ron posed an important question to various Utah agencies that impact the education of Deaf students, such as Vocational Rehabilitation and the State Board of Education. He asked, 'Why aren't you training Deaf students and those who wish to continue their education so they can take your place and advocate for their own community? Why aren't you hiring qualified Deaf individuals to manage programs that directly affect the Deaf community?' (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Dennis R. Platt was a member of the Institutional Council for the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind and was also an active participant in the Utah Deaf community. At that time, he was the only Deaf individual holding a state-level position. The Utah School for the Deaf, much like Gallaudet University, had been established for about a century. Some people believed hearing individuals should not make decisions for the Deaf community. Dr. Allen Sussman, a faculty member at Gallaudet, stated that it was time to move away from the "plantation mindset" that had historically dominated institutions serving the Deaf. Leonard F. Navrat supported Dr. Sussman's perspective, emphasizing the urgent need for Deaf representation in decision-making and inspiring the audience to take action. He declared that the era of hearing people deciding what is 'best' for Deaf individuals was over (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2–3).
Ron also highlighted the importance of creating programs that empower the Deaf community to develop their skills, talents, and leadership abilities. Such programs, he stressed, are crucial in shaping the future of the Deaf community and leading them toward lasting success. Unfortunately, current programs have not met expectations and failed to achieve their intended goals (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
.
During the week of the Deaf President Now protest, a significant event in the history of Deaf empowerment, Ron encountered a significant moral question: 'Do Deaf people need to take care of themselves?' Some individuals questioned the necessity of providing more education to Deaf people if it wouldn't be beneficial for them. Truman Stelle, a member of the Gallaudet faculty, argued that it was long overdue for Gallaudet to have a Deaf president to demonstrate that Deaf individuals are capable of leading themselves. In contrast, Ron posed an important question to various Utah agencies that impact the education of Deaf students, such as Vocational Rehabilitation and the State Board of Education. He asked, 'Why aren't you training Deaf students and those who wish to continue their education so they can take your place and advocate for their own community? Why aren't you hiring qualified Deaf individuals to manage programs that directly affect the Deaf community?' (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Dennis R. Platt was a member of the Institutional Council for the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind and was also an active participant in the Utah Deaf community. At that time, he was the only Deaf individual holding a state-level position. The Utah School for the Deaf, much like Gallaudet University, had been established for about a century. Some people believed hearing individuals should not make decisions for the Deaf community. Dr. Allen Sussman, a faculty member at Gallaudet, stated that it was time to move away from the "plantation mindset" that had historically dominated institutions serving the Deaf. Leonard F. Navrat supported Dr. Sussman's perspective, emphasizing the urgent need for Deaf representation in decision-making and inspiring the audience to take action. He declared that the era of hearing people deciding what is 'best' for Deaf individuals was over (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2–3).
Dennis R. Platt. Courtesy of Shirley Hortie Platt
Ron saw the 'Deaf President Now' week at Gallaudet University as just the beginning of a long journey. He stressed the need for the Deaf community to persistently raise awareness and use it as a tool to further their causes. In an article by Lou Ann Walker titled 'I Know How to Ask for What I Want,' published in Parade Magazine on April 23, 1989, a Deaf teacher explained why qualified Deaf individuals were not being appointed to advisory positions. Ron's words, 'Hearing people don't want to give up the power,' as quoted in the UAD Bulletin in June 1989, p. 3, echoed the sentiment of many. He believed that most hearing administrators would be unwilling to relinquish their authority over decisions that impact the Utah Deaf community. Ron's advice to the Deaf community was to acknowledge this reality and take control of their own futures with wisdom, rather than waiting for hearing people to understand their needs.
'It was long overdue for the Deaf community to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives,' Ron said. Until recently, the Deaf community had no input in the decisions shaping their future and leadership. 'I believe it is time for a new perspective—one that only a Deaf person can provide,' commented Dr. Harvey J. Corson, Superintendent of the Louisiana School for the Deaf, in an article (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). He wondered, 'How can hearing individuals continue to make decisions on behalf of the Deaf community without providing equitable representation and constructive feedback, and expect that the community will be satisfied?' The Deaf community's demand for 'FAIR REPRESENTATION!' (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2) is not just a request, but a call for everyone to play their part in the process.
In response to the situation at Gallaudet University, Ron urged local and state agencies to learn from the mistakes and avoid repeating them in the future. Congressman Barney Frank (D-Mass) remarked that the board of trustees' refusal to appoint a Deaf individual as president of the college was an unfortunate display of insensitivity. Ruth Ann Leach, a columnist for the 'Nashville Banner,' noted that the core issue lies in the attitudes of hearing individuals. Reverend Jesse L. Jackson echoed this sentiment, stating, 'The problem is not that the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen' (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). This call for hearing individuals to 'listen' to the Deaf community underscores the lack of understanding and empathy that was prevalent at the time.
'It was long overdue for the Deaf community to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives,' Ron said. Until recently, the Deaf community had no input in the decisions shaping their future and leadership. 'I believe it is time for a new perspective—one that only a Deaf person can provide,' commented Dr. Harvey J. Corson, Superintendent of the Louisiana School for the Deaf, in an article (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). He wondered, 'How can hearing individuals continue to make decisions on behalf of the Deaf community without providing equitable representation and constructive feedback, and expect that the community will be satisfied?' The Deaf community's demand for 'FAIR REPRESENTATION!' (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2) is not just a request, but a call for everyone to play their part in the process.
In response to the situation at Gallaudet University, Ron urged local and state agencies to learn from the mistakes and avoid repeating them in the future. Congressman Barney Frank (D-Mass) remarked that the board of trustees' refusal to appoint a Deaf individual as president of the college was an unfortunate display of insensitivity. Ruth Ann Leach, a columnist for the 'Nashville Banner,' noted that the core issue lies in the attitudes of hearing individuals. Reverend Jesse L. Jackson echoed this sentiment, stating, 'The problem is not that the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen' (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). This call for hearing individuals to 'listen' to the Deaf community underscores the lack of understanding and empathy that was prevalent at the time.
Reverend Jesse Jackson. Source: Wikipedia
Ron observed that the national level recognized and applied the principle of fair representation for Deaf individuals. The United States Congress established the Commission on Education for the Deaf to investigate Deaf education across the country, and this committee included many Deaf individuals (UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). Ron's optimism was palpable as he wondered if local and state agencies in Utah could follow this example and offer fair representation to the Deaf community. He expressed appreciation for the minor steps that have already been taken, which are as follows:
- The Utah School for the Deaf has made significant strides in this direction. They established the Sign Language Committee, a group primarily composed of Deaf members, to delve into the communication methods used in the total communication program.
- Similarly, the Institutional Council of the Utah School for the Deaf formed the Commission on Education for the Deaf Committee. This committee, which was tasked with reviewing and discussing the implementation of the COED's recommendations, had a total of sixteen members, four of whom were Deaf (UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
The Commission on Education of the Deaf Book, February 1988.
Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
Ron wanted to see qualified Deaf individuals fill key positions in the Utah Deaf community in the future.
Ron stressed the importance of having qualified Deaf people fill job positions, which he believed was critical. He clarified that being Deaf should not be the only factor considered in employment decisions. However, if the Deaf applicant was an active member of the Deaf community, they possessed a deep understanding of Deaf culture, something that a hearing person could never develop. Ron encouraged members of the Deaf community to speak up for their beliefs and take the first step. He advised them to talk to other Deaf individuals about their feelings and join one of the Deaf political organizations to make a difference. Several organizations were in the area, including the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah Valley Chapter of the Deaf, and sports clubs like the Utah Athletic Club of the Deaf and the Golden Spike Athletic Club of the Deaf. Ron emphasized the importance of starting somewhere and speaking out, regardless of one's starting point. He also highlighted the potential benefits for employers who hire Deaf individuals, such as a more diverse and inclusive workplace and the opportunity to tap into a unique talent pool (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4).
In this context, Ron made an excellent concluding point. He emphasized that hearing individuals are enjoying the benefits of fair representation. However, it should be a top priority for everyone to ensure that the Deaf community receives the same advantages. He also emphasized the importance of granting the Deaf community the freedom and opportunity to take charge of their own lives and pursue an education, stressing that these rights are not just privileges but fundamental to their well-being. He expressed that the time for this change is now, not later, or next year. Ron's final words were inspired by Reverend Jesse L. Jackson, who once said, "If your mind can conceive it and your heart can believe it, then you can achieve it" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4). Ron's urgency for change is a call to action, inspiring us all to work towards a more inclusive future.
- Director of the Utah Community Center of the Deaf
- Director of DSDHI
- Coordinator of the Deaf programs in education
- Vocational Rehabilitation counselors
- More Deaf people on state committees for people with disabilities
- Administrators in religion
- State Board of Education
- Superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf, additional staff members, and teachers
- Director of a possible State Commission on Deafness (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Ron stressed the importance of having qualified Deaf people fill job positions, which he believed was critical. He clarified that being Deaf should not be the only factor considered in employment decisions. However, if the Deaf applicant was an active member of the Deaf community, they possessed a deep understanding of Deaf culture, something that a hearing person could never develop. Ron encouraged members of the Deaf community to speak up for their beliefs and take the first step. He advised them to talk to other Deaf individuals about their feelings and join one of the Deaf political organizations to make a difference. Several organizations were in the area, including the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah Valley Chapter of the Deaf, and sports clubs like the Utah Athletic Club of the Deaf and the Golden Spike Athletic Club of the Deaf. Ron emphasized the importance of starting somewhere and speaking out, regardless of one's starting point. He also highlighted the potential benefits for employers who hire Deaf individuals, such as a more diverse and inclusive workplace and the opportunity to tap into a unique talent pool (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4).
In this context, Ron made an excellent concluding point. He emphasized that hearing individuals are enjoying the benefits of fair representation. However, it should be a top priority for everyone to ensure that the Deaf community receives the same advantages. He also emphasized the importance of granting the Deaf community the freedom and opportunity to take charge of their own lives and pursue an education, stressing that these rights are not just privileges but fundamental to their well-being. He expressed that the time for this change is now, not later, or next year. Ron's final words were inspired by Reverend Jesse L. Jackson, who once said, "If your mind can conceive it and your heart can believe it, then you can achieve it" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4). Ron's urgency for change is a call to action, inspiring us all to work towards a more inclusive future.
Unity for Gallaudet Movement of 2006
Fast-forward to 2006, when the Unity for Gallaudet Movement took place at Gallaudet University in opposition to the appointment of Dr. Jane Fernandes as the university's president after the retirement of I. King Jordan. The Unity for Gallaudet Movement led the protest, which consisted of students, faculty, alumni, and other university supporters. Critics of the movement, including Jane Fernandes and I. King Jordan, claimed that the protest was based on her being 'not deaf enough.' Despite being born deaf and having a Deaf mother and brother, she did not learn American Sign Language until adulthood. However, many protesters objected to Jane, claiming she lacked the charisma to lead the global Deaf community. Their main objection was that they believed Dr. Fernandes lacked the necessary charisma to lead the global Deaf community, which they considered a critical quality for the university's president. The Unity for Gallaudet Movement protests were successful, and the Board of Trustees rescinded Fernandes' appointment. The Board of Trustees appointed Robert Davila as interim university president for the next two years. This event, a turning point in the history of Gallaudet University, demonstrated the power of collective action and the importance of the Deaf community's voice. The following section provides more details about the Unity for Gallaudet Movement.
Celia May Laramie Baldwin, Interim Chairperson of
Gallaudet's Board of Trustees
Announces the New Gallaudet President
Gallaudet's Board of Trustees
Announces the New Gallaudet President
On May 1, 2006, Dr. Jane Fernandes, who is Deaf, became the ninth president of Gallaudet University. Her appointment followed an announcement by Celia May Laramie Baldwin, a graduate and former teacher at the Utah School for the Deaf and interim chairperson of Gallaudet's Board of Trustees. However, Unity for Gallaudet, representing the Deaf community, met Dr. Fernandes' selection with criticism in 2007. The university ultimately chose Dr. Fernandes as its ninth president, despite considering two other Deaf presidential candidates, Dr. Stephen Weiner and Dr. Ronald Stern.
Celia May Laramie Baldwin, a Board of Trustees Member at Gallaudet University. Courtesy of Celia May Laramie Baldwin
A Protest Against the Elected Gallaudet President Begins
In 1998, Gallaudet University appointed Celia May Laramie Baldwin, a 1965 graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf and a 1970 graduate of Gallaudet College, to its Board of Trustees. The university's president, I. King Jordan praised Ms. Baldwin's expertise and experience in the field of Deaf education, saying that she would be an excellent asset to the board (Kaila, 1998). Celia May served on the board for seven years until her resignation in May 2006. Her resignation resulted from personal threats directed at her by community members regarding the selection of the new president. The situation was further complicated when Ryan Commerson, a Gallaudet graduate student and political activist, expressed his disapproval of Dr. Fernandes' new selection as the next president. Campus security officers immediately removed Ryan, the plenary speaker at the 2009 Utah Association for the Deaf conference, from the auditorium. The students, under the influence of Ryan, also stormed out of the auditorium, demanding to remove Dr. Fernandes from her position. The protest, a powerful display of student unity and determination, lasted approximately a week and a half (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007). After the graduation ceremony ended and the students had to return home for the summer, the protest subsided.
Ryan Commerson. Photo by D. Scott Clark
The Protest Becomes Intense
When the fall semester began, the students resumed their protest, which had been getting more intense. They took control of the campus buildings, effectively shutting them down for three days (Berke, 2014). Additionally, the protest led to the formation of the Faculty, Students, Staff, and Alumni Association (FSSA), which represented every group, including minority organizations that President King Jordan had ignored. Throughout their time at the university, King Jordan and Provost Jane K. Fernandes faced similar demands from the FSSA, which resembled those of the Deaf President Now protest (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007).
- Resignation of Dr. Jane Fernandes,
- Allow the presidential search process to re-open,
- There are no reprisals for protestors (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006).
Dr. Jane Fernandes. Photograph by Chris Hartlove for Boston.com
Gallaudet Faculty, Students, Staff, and Alumni Association
Passes a Resolution to not Acknowledging Dr. Jane Fernandes
as the University's Ninth President
Passes a Resolution to not Acknowledging Dr. Jane Fernandes
as the University's Ninth President
The FSSA determined that Dr. Fernandes was not the best candidate for the presidency of Gallaudet University due to concerns about the quality of education provided and low graduation rates during her tenure as provost (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2007; Berke, 2014). Faculty and staff deemed her "unacceptable" due to the FSSA's dissatisfaction with her administrative policies and management style. The faculty passed a "no confidence" vote regarding her appointment as provost due to the flawed and unfair hiring process that led to her appointment (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006; Berke, 2014). In September 2007, the Gallaudet Student Congress passed a resolution stating they would not acknowledge Dr. Fernandes as the university's ninth president (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007). The following protest was more than just against Dr. Fernandes; it became a pivotal moment in the battle for Gallaudet University's future. The protest also discussed the possibility of the university adopting ASL/English bilingual education (Berke, 2014).
The Tent Rally in Salt Lake City, Utah, October 14, 2006.
Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
"Black Friday:" 130 Gallaudet Protestors Arrested
Despite the protests, the Board of Trustees continued to ignore the need to listen to what the protestors were saying. The police at the 6th Street gate arrested over 130 protestors for civil disobedience on October 13, also known as "Black Friday," marking a revolutionary change in Gallaudet's history. Dr. I. King Jordan, who was retiring at the time, ordered the arrests. Among those arrested was Tim Rarus, one of the four Gallaudet student leaders in the Deaf President Now movement. In a dramatic moment, Tim Rarus shouted, "I helped put you in office; now you're arresting me!" just before his arrest (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007).
Protestors block the main entrance of Gallaudet to protest Dr. Fernandes’s appointment. 134 students are arrested. Photo: Andrew Cutraro for The New York Times
"It is strange that I, King Jordan, would begin and end his time as president at Gallaudet with two protests," said Trenton Marsh, a Utah resident and 1991 graduate of the California School for the Deaf in Fremont, California. The Deaf President Now protest was the first step toward social equality for the Deaf community. "The current protest is proof that social equality did not truly happen," Trenton wrote in the UAD Bulletin in November 2006.
Trenton Marsh.
Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
The Establishment of 'Tent City' Across the
Country in Support of the Cause
Country in Support of the Cause
On October 21, 2006, more than 4,000 people marched to Capitol Hill, similar to the Deaf President Now protest in 1988. Led by Chris Corrigan, the 'Mayor of Tent City,' students created a 'Tent City' on the Gallaudet University campus during the protest. This act of unity and determination served as a powerful inspiration, leading other states to hold their own 'Tent City' rallies in support of the FSSA. Salt Lake City and St. George, Utah, hosted Tent City rallies in October 2006 (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006; Unity for Gallaudet, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, February 21, 2024).
Duane Kinner's tent with Joshua Kinner, age 5 standing to support the FSSA.
Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
Tent City in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
The Henry C. White Educational Council, which later disbanded to join and support the Utah Association for the Deaf, sold hot dogs, chips, and drinks throughout the day to raise funds for the FSSA. Furthermore, the Salt Lake City community donated $326.00 to the FSSA (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006). Rodney W. Walker, 88, a 1939 Gallaudet graduate and the oldest attendee, was present.
Rodney W. Walker, 88, graduated from Gallaudet in 1939 and is the oldest 'Tent City' attendee in Utah.
Photo from the private collection of Jodi Christel Becker
Ronald C. Burdett, known as "Ron," and his wife, Joyanne K. Rasmus, established Tent City in St. George. They both graduated from Gallaudet College in 1970 and were active in the Deaf community. Fourteen people took part in Tent City. During the gathering, Joyanne shared that Gallaudet, as a result of the Deaf President Now in 1988, has helped make a world of difference for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing everywhere in the world (Burdett, UAD Bulletin, November 2009). Ron Burdett, who is the son of Kenneth C. Burdett, a 1934 Gallaudet graduate, and brother-in-law of Phil Bravin, a member of Gallaudet's board of trustees, gave a brief history of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet organizations. She described the moment as "both touching and inspiring" (Burdett, UAD Bulletin, November 2009, p. 7). The advanced technology available has empowered the Deaf community by allowing individuals across the country to read blogs and watch video vlogs about protest events. This has enabled them to stay informed, marking a significant step forward in the progress and empowerment of the Deaf community.
Joyanne K. Rasmus & Ronald C. Burdett. The UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Gallaudet University has Appointed
as its Interim President
as its Interim President
After months of passionate protests, the board of trustees at Gallaudet University recognized the community's unwavering stance. It became evident that Dr. Fernandes would struggle to lead the university effectively without their support. As a result, Dr. Fernandes resigned from her position as president on October 29, 2006. The FSSA, whose persistent protests played a crucial role, ultimately achieved their goal.
Gallaudet University acted quickly to address the leadership change. In December 2006, they appointed Dr. Robert Davila, a Deaf individual with prior administrative experience, as the interim president. He stepped into his new role immediately after his appointment, demonstrating a commitment to the university's stability. Dr. Davila later became the ninth president of the university, with Dr. Weiner appointed as the new provost. Together, they quickly addressed existing inadequacies and fully embraced bilingualism while collaborating effectively (Berke, 2014).
Gallaudet University acted quickly to address the leadership change. In December 2006, they appointed Dr. Robert Davila, a Deaf individual with prior administrative experience, as the interim president. He stepped into his new role immediately after his appointment, demonstrating a commitment to the university's stability. Dr. Davila later became the ninth president of the university, with Dr. Weiner appointed as the new provost. Together, they quickly addressed existing inadequacies and fully embraced bilingualism while collaborating effectively (Berke, 2014).
Dr. Robert R. Davila. Source: Gallaudet.edu
Gallaudet University has
Chosen its 10th President
Chosen its 10th President
In June 2007, the Unity for Gallaudet movement organized protests, a pivotal moment that led to the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) placing Gallaudet University on probationary status. The university was under increased pressure to improve academically and meet MSCHE standards in admissions, leadership, integrity, and retention (Berke, 2014). However, these protests also served as a catalyst for positive change. During a meeting on June 27, 2008, the MSCHE reaffirmed Gallaudet University's accreditation (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007). On January 1, 2010, Dr. T. Alan Hurwitz became Gallaudet University's tenth president. It is worth noting that the protest helped improve the situation and placed Gallaudet University on a much more positive path. "People look up to Gallaudet University because it is a pillar of the Deaf community," said Dr. Hurwitz, dean of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He also stated that he believed the dispute arose more from the selection process than a disagreement over Deaf culture (Durr, 2011).
Dr. T. Alan Hurwtiz. Source: Gallaudet.edu
Gallaudet University has
Chosen its 11th President
Chosen its 11th President
Roberta J. "Bobbi" Cordano became the 11th president of Gallaudet University on January 1, 2016 and has served as a beacon of hope and progress for the Deaf community. As the university's fourth Deaf president and the first Deaf female and queer president, she has made significant advancements in advocating for ASL/English bilingual education and has established two charter schools for Deaf students in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Her leadership in the university's comprehensive anti-racism initiative, especially in response to the global Black Lives Matter movement in 2020 (Georgiadis, 2021), has fostered a sense of optimism and possibility. Her dedication to this cause has led to the creation of the Black Deaf Center for Black Deaf Studies, an outreach center that promotes understanding and provides educational resources about the Black Deaf experience.
Roberta J. “Bobbi” Cordano. Source: medium.com
Conclusion
Members of the Deaf community, particularly in Utah, including myself, have felt the significant impact of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet movements. These historic events have significantly advanced our social progress and civil rights. As we reflect on these milestones, it’s essential to recognize the ongoing efforts to promote awareness and inclusivity for the Deaf community. Together, we can continue to advocate for equal opportunities and celebrate our rich culture.
A Slideshow of the 'Unity for
Gallaudet' Tent City in Salt Lake City, Utah,
October 14, 2006
Gallaudet' Tent City in Salt Lake City, Utah,
October 14, 2006
Note
Dr. Thomas C. Clark, personal communication, November 13, 2008.
Dr. Robert Sanderson and Valerie G. Kinney in a personal communication on July 8, 2011.
Dr. Robert Sanderson and Valerie G. Kinney in a personal communication on July 8, 2011.
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