Utah's Connection to
Gallaudet University History
Compiled & Written by Jodi Becker Kinner
Published in 2012
Updated in 2024
Published in 2012
Updated in 2024
Author's Note
I am a proud Gallaudet University graduate, having graduated in both 1998 and 2000. I wanted to express my admiration for Utah's relationship with the university. Gallaudet University has been a symbol of inspiration and leadership for the Deaf community in the United States and beyond, serving as a beacon of hope.
Gallaudet University, the world's only liberal arts bilingual college for Deaf and hard of hearing students, holds a unique place in history. Originally founded as the National Deaf-Mute College in Washington, D.C., in 1864, the college later changed its name to Gallaudet College, honoring Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a pioneer in Deaf education. The pivotal moment came in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed the Education of the Deaf Act, changing from Gallaudet College to Gallaudet University under Public Law 99-371. The early faculty and students of the Utah School for the Deaf intertwined with Gallaudet's rich history, as evidenced by its features in Utah Eagle magazine, Eaglet publications, and the UAD Bulletin.
Gallaudet University, the world's only liberal arts bilingual college for Deaf and hard of hearing students, holds a unique place in history. Originally founded as the National Deaf-Mute College in Washington, D.C., in 1864, the college later changed its name to Gallaudet College, honoring Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a pioneer in Deaf education. The pivotal moment came in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed the Education of the Deaf Act, changing from Gallaudet College to Gallaudet University under Public Law 99-371. The early faculty and students of the Utah School for the Deaf intertwined with Gallaudet's rich history, as evidenced by its features in Utah Eagle magazine, Eaglet publications, and the UAD Bulletin.
The 10th Anniversary of Gallaudet's Deaf President Now on March 4, 1998
I remember being a 14-year-old oral and mainstream Deaf individual living in Montgomery, Alabama when the Deaf President Now (DPN) movement began in 1988. At that time, I was unaware of the movement until I saw Greg Hilbok, the president of the Gallaudet Student Body Government and one of the DPN leaders, on ABC's Nightline Special News on March 9, 1988. Dr. Elizabeth Zinser, the incoming president of Gallaudet, and Deaf actress Marlee Matlin accompanied him. I found it challenging to understand their conversation in American Sign Language (ASL), so I relied on closed captions to grasp the message of the Deaf President Now movement. This changed my life and introduced me to the movement that would shape the Deaf community and my future.
In my sociology class at Gallaudet University, I began a journey of understanding and personal growth. In 1995, I wrote a paper on the Deaf President Now movement. This research deepened my comprehension of the reasons behind the protest and how Dr. I. King Jordan became the first Deaf president of the university. As a student at Gallaudet during Dr. Jordan's presidency, I celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Deaf President Now movement on March 4, 1998, during my senior year. This event was a significant milestone in my learning journey, as shown in the photos below.
In my sociology class at Gallaudet University, I began a journey of understanding and personal growth. In 1995, I wrote a paper on the Deaf President Now movement. This research deepened my comprehension of the reasons behind the protest and how Dr. I. King Jordan became the first Deaf president of the university. As a student at Gallaudet during Dr. Jordan's presidency, I celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Deaf President Now movement on March 4, 1998, during my senior year. This event was a significant milestone in my learning journey, as shown in the photos below.
Gallaudet University's 10th Deaf President Now Anniversary, March 4, 1998. L-R: Kimberly Solomon Crites, _____, Jodi Becker Kinner, Pamela Mower, and Chris Palaia
Gallaudet University's 10th Deaf President Now Anniversary, March 4, 1998. Back Row L-R: David Lance Pickett, ______, Aaron Bullock, Daniel "Lee" Frame. Front Row L-R: Steven Snow, Davina Snow, Pamela Mower, Jodi Becker Kinner, Duane Kinner, Susan Frame
|
Gallaudet University's 10th Deaf President Now Anniversary, March 4, 1998. Top Row: Chris Palaia. 2nd Row L-R: Davina Snow, Jodi Becker Kinner, Duane Kinner. Bottom Row: Pamela Mower
|
You can watch an interview with Gregory Hlibok, Elizabeth Zinser, and Deaf actress Marlee Matlin, who won an Academy Award for her role in "Children of a Lesser God" in 1986. This interview aired on ABC's "Nightline," hosted by Ted Koppel, on March 9, 1988. Special thanks to Joey Bear, Deaf advocate and popular ASL v-logger, for recording and preserving this video!
Gallaudet's 1988 Deaf President Now on ABC's Nightline Special Interview on March 9, 1988. Source: YouTube.com
In 2006, I did not participate in the Unity of Gallaudet Movement because I had already graduated and worked as an accessibility advisor in a local college with two small children. Nonetheless, I was captivated and glued by the updates on the blogs and vlogs, a new form of communication for me. We, the Deaf Utahns, set up our "Tent City," as shown in the photos at the bottom of this webpage, to show our support for the cause. It was a powerful symbol of their unity and determination. Their collective strength and resolve inspired me despite my physical absence.
Ben Jarashow, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, delivered a presentation in 2017 titled "Unity for Gallaudet: The Second Social Movement" at Gallaudet University. As a student during the Unity for Gallaudet protest, he shared his experiences and insights about the movement.
We extend our gratitude to the UVU Deaf Studies & ASL Interpreting Department for preserving and sharing this video!
Ben Jarashow, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, delivered a presentation in 2017 titled "Unity for Gallaudet: The Second Social Movement" at Gallaudet University. As a student during the Unity for Gallaudet protest, he shared his experiences and insights about the movement.
We extend our gratitude to the UVU Deaf Studies & ASL Interpreting Department for preserving and sharing this video!
Ben Jarashow, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, delivered a presentation in 2017 titled "Unity for Gallaudet: The Second Social Movement" at Gallaudet University. Source: YouTube.com
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
The Establishment of Gallaudet University
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a pioneer in advocating for Deaf students' education in the United States, and Laurent Clerc, a bright Deaf man from Paris, France, demonstrated remarkable perseverance in establishing the first school for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. Their collaboration efforts and shared vision, along with their role as a beacon of hope for the Deaf community, served as an inspiring example of dedication. Thomas, in particular, became a friend, teacher, and supporter of the Deaf community, further solidifying his legacy (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
|
Laurent Clerc. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
|
Edward Miner Gallaudet, the son of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, continued his father's legacy and shared his passion for Deaf education. He became the first superintendent of the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf, which was founded in 1857 with the support of Amos Kendall, a prominent advocate for the education of the Deaf. Together, Edward and Amos envisioned establishing a college for the Deaf. A detailed proposal was presented to Congress, leading to the approval of the Act, as several members recognized the value of Edward's vision. President Abraham Lincoln signed the Act into law on April 8, 1864 (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954). The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was then renamed the National Deaf-Mute College, which included a collegiate division (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
Edward Miner Gallaudet. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
|
Amos Kendall. Source: Wikipedia
|
As the world's only liberal arts university for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students, the National Deaf-Mute College aimed to provide a comprehensive liberal arts education to those who had struggled in other colleges or universities. The mission of the National Deaf-Mute College was to prepare students to become self-sufficient, productive citizens capable of pursuing professional or vocational careers after graduation (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
Gallaudet University. Source: Gallaudet.edu
Students at the National Deaf-Mute College had the opportunity to specialize in various fields during their junior and senior years, allowing them to earn either a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree. The available departments included mathematics, chemistry, biology, history, political science, economics, sociology, English, art, education, home economics, and library science, providing a diverse range of disciplines. This structure enabled students to explore their academic interests and obtain a well-rounded education. In the first three years of the program, all students were required to take English composition and communication courses. These courses emphasized speech, speechreading, and other forms of communication that are particularly beneficial for Deaf individuals (Elstad, The Utah Eagle, December 1954).
In 1891, the National Deaf-Mute College launched a teacher training program, but only hearing students could enroll. Despite being a significant development, the program's focus on Deaf education excluded Deaf individuals who aspired to teach. Despite this, many Deaf graduates displayed remarkable perseverance and dedication by continuing to teach and operate state schools for the deaf across the nation. By the twenty-first century, the Deaf Education Department at Gallaudet University, which was formerly known as the National Deaf-Mute College, began accepting both Deaf and hearing students (US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University). This inclusive approach, along with the positive impact of the university's programs on Deaf education, brings pride and hope for the future of the field. It stands as a testament to the resilience and determination of the Deaf community and signifies meaningful progress for the future.
In 1891, the National Deaf-Mute College launched a teacher training program, but only hearing students could enroll. Despite being a significant development, the program's focus on Deaf education excluded Deaf individuals who aspired to teach. Despite this, many Deaf graduates displayed remarkable perseverance and dedication by continuing to teach and operate state schools for the deaf across the nation. By the twenty-first century, the Deaf Education Department at Gallaudet University, which was formerly known as the National Deaf-Mute College, began accepting both Deaf and hearing students (US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University). This inclusive approach, along with the positive impact of the university's programs on Deaf education, brings pride and hope for the future of the field. It stands as a testament to the resilience and determination of the Deaf community and signifies meaningful progress for the future.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Source: The Utah Eagle, December 1954
The First Students from the
Utah School for the Deaf to Attend
the National Deaf-Mute College
Utah School for the Deaf to Attend
the National Deaf-Mute College
Two remarkably courageous Deaf individuals from Utah, Elizabeth DeLong—commonly known as "Libbie"—and John H. Clark- became deaf due to common medical conditions. They seized the opportunity to enroll at Gallaudet College, as it was known then. John H. and Libbie were the only two students to graduate from the Utah School for the Deaf on June 8, 1897 (The Ogden Standard, May 8, 1897).
Their success was not only a personal achievement but also a significant milestone in the history of the Utah School for the Deaf. Their accomplishment enabled them to enroll at Gallaudet College, the national college for the deaf located in Washington, D.C. On September 15, 1897, a new chapter began when Libbie and John H. became the first students from the Utah School for the Deaf to attend Gallaudet College (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897; Biennial Report of the Trustee & Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind: 1901–1902; Banks & Banks). This event marked a turning point in the history of the Utah School for the Deaf.
Frank M. Driggs, the superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, played a crucial role in facilitating their journey to Gallaudet College. His dedication and support were vital in helping Libbie and John transition to college, where they would pursue a four-year course of study. In addition, Frank enrolled in a one-year teacher training program at Gallaudet College, further supporting their educational journey (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897). His presence was instrumental in their journey; without him, John H. and Libbie would not have had the opportunity to travel so far.
Their success was not only a personal achievement but also a significant milestone in the history of the Utah School for the Deaf. Their accomplishment enabled them to enroll at Gallaudet College, the national college for the deaf located in Washington, D.C. On September 15, 1897, a new chapter began when Libbie and John H. became the first students from the Utah School for the Deaf to attend Gallaudet College (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897; Biennial Report of the Trustee & Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind: 1901–1902; Banks & Banks). This event marked a turning point in the history of the Utah School for the Deaf.
Frank M. Driggs, the superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, played a crucial role in facilitating their journey to Gallaudet College. His dedication and support were vital in helping Libbie and John transition to college, where they would pursue a four-year course of study. In addition, Frank enrolled in a one-year teacher training program at Gallaudet College, further supporting their educational journey (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, September 15, 1897). His presence was instrumental in their journey; without him, John H. and Libbie would not have had the opportunity to travel so far.
Elizabeth DeLong. Source: FamilySearch.org
Elizabeth DeLong's
Leadership at Gallaudet College
Leadership at Gallaudet College
During Libbie's senior year at Gallaudet, she was elected President of the O.W.L.S., a secret society for women today known as Phi Kappa Zeta (The Buff & Blue, October 1901). The O.W.L.S. was founded in 1892 by Agatha Tiegal Hanson, an early champion of both Deaf and women's rights, to address women's barriers in a largely male environment on the Gallaudet campus. When women were first allowed to enroll at Gallaudet College in 1887, they faced gender discrimination. They could only join clubs or organizations if a man invited them. Female students were not allowed to engage in debates with male students. So, the O.W.L.S. club was formed to provide a safe space to debate, study poetry and literature, and form sisterhood bonds (This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959).
Libbie was an accomplished woman who served as the first female President of the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1915 and the first female Deaf president of any state chapter association of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. During her second term as president, she delivered a speech at the UAD Convention advocating for women's suffrage. Her presidency of Gallaude's O.W.L.S. and her involvement in Utah's early suffrage movement likely inspired her to pursue leadership roles as well as her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations.
Today, Libbie's accomplishments continue to inspire people. She was the first woman to achieve many of her goals, leaving a lasting impact on the Utah Deaf community. Her legacy of inspiration lives on, inspiring future generations to pursue their aspirations.
Libbie was an accomplished woman who served as the first female President of the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1915 and the first female Deaf president of any state chapter association of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. During her second term as president, she delivered a speech at the UAD Convention advocating for women's suffrage. Her presidency of Gallaude's O.W.L.S. and her involvement in Utah's early suffrage movement likely inspired her to pursue leadership roles as well as her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations.
Today, Libbie's accomplishments continue to inspire people. She was the first woman to achieve many of her goals, leaving a lasting impact on the Utah Deaf community. Her legacy of inspiration lives on, inspiring future generations to pursue their aspirations.
John H. Clark at Gallaudet Ole Gym
Elizabeth DeLong and
her Classmates at Gallaudet College
her Classmates at Gallaudet College
Elizabeth Delong is shown in the center of the photograph while attending Gallaudet College. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
Dr. Karen Christie, a professor emeritus at NTID/RIT, discovered a photograph of Elizabeth DeLong in the Gallaudet University Archives. Elizabeth DeLong is featured on Dr. Christie's "Herstories of Deaf Women" website, which provides more information about her.
Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark work for
Gallaudet University's Buff and Blue Newspaper
Gallaudet University's Buff and Blue Newspaper
While studying at Gallaudet College, John H. Clark's excellent English skills allowed him to write several articles and stories for The Buff and Blue, the college's student newspaper. His significant contributions to the publication led to his election as the editor-in-chief during his senior year, a prestigious honor and testament to his leadership and influence in the college community (Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956). His cousin, Libbie, also a senior, held the position of associate editor and worked closely with him (The Ogden Examiner-Standard, June 19, 1901; Dr. Thomas C. Clark, personal communication, November 13, 2008). An article in the Ogden Standard from 1901 stated that becoming the editor-in-chief of the college paper was considered one of the highest honors.
John H. Clark (right) at Gallaudet campus
John H. was a good student at Gallaudet College and dressed well. He was small in stature and did not participate in sports other than tennis and his regular gymnasium routine (Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956). John H. was the Gallaudet football team's assistant coach (The Silent Worker, December 1900).
John H. Clark, an assistant coach of the Gallaudet College 1900 Football team. Source: FamilySearch.org
Libbie, a trailblazer, made history in 1902 by becoming the first Deaf woman to graduate with a bachelor's degree in Utah. This achievement was a tremendous inspiration to many. Additionally, she was the first in her family to earn a college education. After returning to Ogden, Utah from Washington, DC, on September 3, 1902, she became the first Deaf woman to have a college education, and she began teaching at her alma mater, Utah School for the Deaf, where she taught for fifteen years (Banks & Banks). Her fifteen-year tenure as a school teacher was a testament to her dedication to the Utah Deaf community, a significant achievement in her career.
Elizabeth DeLong. The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963
During his time at Gallaudet College, John H. Clark's exceptional skills in mathematics caught the attention of Professor Percival Hall, the second president of the college and a Harvard University graduate. Under Professor Hall's mentorship, John's interest in field surveying was nurtured, leading to his remarkable academic success. The influence of Professor Hall, the son of the famous astronomer Asaph Hall, was not just significant but instrumental in shaping John's academic journey (Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956; Dr. Thomas C. Clark, personal communication, November 13, 2008). John H. was also the first from Utah to graduate from Gallaudet College in 1902. He went on to have a successful career, which serves as a testament to his resilience and determination.
Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark are shown with their Gallaudet students between 1897 and 1902. Elizabeth is on the right in the second row, while John H. is in the front row on the right, marked by the blue arrow
Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark, Class of 1902, Gallaudet College Graduation. Source: FamilySearch.org
Shortly after Libbie and John H. entered Gallaudet College, Lillian Swift of Salt Lake City and Elmo V. Kemp of Safford, Arizona, enrolled at that college. Later, more Utah School for the Deaf alums followed suit, attending Gallaudet College to advance their education and become productive citizens in Utah (The Utah Eagle, June 1906). This trend of students from the Utah School for the Deaf attending Gallaudet College is a testament to the college's significant influence on the Deaf community.
John H. Clark Receives an
Honorary Degree from Gallaudet College
Honorary Degree from Gallaudet College
In June 1924, Gallaudet College awarded the honorary degree of Master of Science to John H. for his civil engineering and surveying expertise Runde, The Silent Worker, May 1956).
John H. Clark surveying. Source: FamilySearch.org
Utahns at Gallaudet College in 1937
Utahns at Gallaudet College, 1937. Front Row (L-R): Verl Thorup, Joseph Burnett, Dolores Atkinson, Rodney Walker and Earl Jones. Back Row (L-R): John Glassett, Ned Wheeler, Earl Rogerson, Bob Sanderson, Robert Lewis and Kyle Workman
Rodney W. Walker, a 1939 Gallaudet graduate, shared his personal experiences and those of other Utahns at Gallaudet College in his book "My Life Story." He pointed out that the number of Utahns peaked at eleven in the fall of 1936 and has never surpassed that since (Walker, 2006). Other prominent Gallaudet alums from Utah include Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, Kenneth C. Burdett, Ray and Arthur Wenger, Ned C. Wheeler, Joseph B. Burnett, and Rodney W. Walker.
Did You Know?
Gallaudet College, between 1864 and 1887, denied Deaf women admission (US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University).
The Gallaudet College Admission
Many parents of Deaf students at the Utah School for the Deaf were worried about their children's future and wanted them to attend Gallaudet College to obtain a college degree. The Utah School for the Deaf encouraged all eligible students to pursue higher education. In 1946, over one hundred fifty students from across the country took the entrance exams, but only forty qualified for the program. Students needed to have a strong grasp of mathematical concepts and a good understanding of English to gain admission to the college. Teachers in USD's eleventh and twelfth-grade classrooms assessed whether the students were suitable for the Gallaudet College entrance exams. The college administration reviewed the exam papers and made the final admission decision. Only a few high school graduates met the requirements to attend college, while most students received vocational education training to earn a decent living (Louriteen, The Utah Eagle, February 1947).
Kate Orr Keeley,
a Standout Athlete at Gallaudet College
a Standout Athlete at Gallaudet College
Kate Orr Keeley. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
Dr. Karen Christie, an amateur historian, compiled and authored a brief history of Utah's Kate Orr Keeley. Kate, who never married, graduated from Gallaudet College in 1916 after attending the Utah School for the Deaf from 1898 to 1908. She was a standout athlete at Gallaudet, excelling in gymnastics, tennis, basketball, and swimming. Dr. Christie's "Herstories of Deaf Women" website provides a detailed account of Kate's story.
Three Deaf individuals from the
Utah School for the Deaf, Alfred Charles Keeley,
Arthur Winter Wenger, and Ray Grayson Wenger, attended Gallaudet College and participated
in sports in the 1910s
Utah School for the Deaf, Alfred Charles Keeley,
Arthur Winter Wenger, and Ray Grayson Wenger, attended Gallaudet College and participated
in sports in the 1910s
Alfred Charles Keeley, Arthur Winter Wenger, and Ray Grayson Wenger at Gallaudet College. Source: FamilySearch.org
The Gallaudet basketball team. Front L-R: Arthur Wenger, Ray Wenger, Benjamin Schowe. Rear L-R: Charles Marshall, Kenneth William, John K. Cloud, and Coach Haas. Source: FamilySearch.org
Gallaudet Basketball Team. Arthur Winter Wenger, Alfred Charles Keeley, and Ray Grayson Wenger. Source: FamilySearch.org
The 1914 Gallaudet Basketball Team. Arthur Winter Wenger, Ray Grayson Wenger, and Alfred Charles Keeley. Source: FamilySearch.org
The 1914 Gallaudet Football Team. Alfred Charles Keeley can be seen standing on the third left. He and his team are at the White House to meet President Thomas Woodrow Wilson. Source: FamilySearch.org
Class of 1916, Gallaudet College Graduation. Front Row L-R: Ray G. Wenger (visitor), Alfred Charles Keeley, Kate Orr Keeley, and Arthur W. Wenger (visitor). Source: FamilySearch.org
Ray and Arthur Wenger, 80, Receive an Honorary Doctorate of Science Degrees from Gallaudet College
At Gallaudet College's 109th graduation ceremonies on May 21, 1973, Ray and Arthur Wenger, 80, received an honorary doctorate of science degrees for their significant contributions to bacteriology and biochemistry (Deseret News, May 8, 1973). They were known as Utah's twin gifts to science, education, and community service, a source of inspiration and pride for the Utah Deaf community (Petersen, The Deaf American, January 1974; Kinney, UAD Bulletin, January 2002).
DOING THE HONORS. During the Gallaudet College commencement on May 21, 1973, Frank B. Sullivan (left), Grand President of the National Fraternal Society and a member of the college's Board of Directors, handed an honorary doctorate to Ray Wenger. Arthur received an honorary doctorate from Professor Francis Higgins on the right. Dr. Gilbert Deigado, the Graduate School's dean, is in the middle. Source: Petersen, The Deaf American, January 1974
The remarkable achievements of the Wenger brothers earned them recognition as research scientists in the fields of bacteriology and biochemistry, which are often challenging for Deaf individuals to enter. They overcame significant societal barriers and discrimination to excel in their chosen professions. When Gallaudet University President Edward C. Merrill, Jr. presented the twin brothers with a citation of honor, he remarked that their accomplishments as Deaf individuals served as a "model and inspiration to other Deaf people" (UAD Bulletin, June 1973). While the Wenger brothers are primarily known as chemists, their uniqueness as twin brothers working in the same field was highlighted by Dr. Robert Sanderson and Valerie G. Kinney in a personal communication on July 8, 2011.
Still Going Strong...Utah's Twins-The Doctors Wenger. Ray (left) and Arthur, are shown in their Salt Lake City laboratory with Barbara Wagner, their assistant. Source: The Deaf American, January 1974
An Unexpected Cancellation
of the Gallaudet Banquet
of the Gallaudet Banquet
In 1944, Utah Gallaudet graduates came together for the first time to form the Gallaudet Banquet. On December 5, 1946, approximately twenty Gallaudetians and their wives gathered at the Hotel Newhouse in Salt Lake City for the Third Annual Gallaudet Banquet. Boyd E. Nelson, superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, spoke at the banquet on "Bushnell and Its Relation to Our School." Superintendent Nelson's proposal to cancel the Gallaudet banquet at the end of a brief business meeting surprised the Gallaudetians. They believed the debate had come to an end. Before they could gather their thoughts, they voted and passed the plan. Kenneth C. Burdett, a 1934 graduate of Gallaudet College, voiced his disappointment at the cancellation of the Gallaudet banquet. "It was a sad thought, and Gallaudetians wondered why some people couldn't be content with a simple gathering without making it the subject of speculation, without twisting and turning the poor simple idea of the first feast until it had lost its original shape and function," he said (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, January 1947). Like many others associated with Gallaudet College, Kenneth Burdett had a deep attachment to the institution and eagerly anticipated the annual banquet to revisit cherished memories. He recognized that not everyone held the same sentiments, and those who did weren't always as close to one another.
Kenneth C. Burdett, a 1934 Gallaudet College Senior
The Utah Deaf community had a club called the "University Club." However, this club was quite different from the Gallaudet banquet. Kenneth C. Burdett noted that the members of Gallaudet were able to understand and respect the viewpoints of their opponents in order to maintain unity within the community. Nevertheless, they held on to cherished memories and longed for the happiest years of their lives (Burdett, The Utah Eagle, January 1947).
Kenneth C. Burdett. 1931 Gallaudet College Football Squad
Joseph B. Burnett and Kenneth C. Burdett, the 1934 Gallaudet Kappa Kama
Kenneth C. Burdett, 1934 Gallaudet Graduation
In 1972, Gallaudet alums of Utah formed the Utah Beehive Chapter of the Gallaudet College Alumni Association (BCGUAA). They established the chapter to honor Gallaudet College as their alma mater, maintain connections with one another, and foster more fellowship opportunities. Rodney W. Walker, a member of the Gallaudet class of 1939, made this statement in his book My Life Story (Walker, 2006).
Rodney W. Walker, a 1939 graduate of Gallaudet College. Source: The UAD Bulletin, April 1955
Old Dormitory at Gallaudet
Uncovers Surprises
Uncovers Surprises
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson was a 1941 Gallaudet graduate and a member of the university's Board of Trustees. In the February 1992 issue of the UAD Bulletin, he published an article about discovering his engraved "Sandie, '41" in his old dormitory room at Gallaudet University's College Hall. Dr. Sanderson and a Gallaudet University Board of Trustees delegation visited the College Hall for the 50th Reunion of the Class of 1941 on October 21–26, 1991. While touring the dormitory, Dr. Sanderson quickly left the group and rushed to a second-floor dormitory room where he had been studying. There, he discovered a message he had engraved into a windowpane still visible on the wall. The message read, "Sandie, '41" (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, February 1992).
Robert G. Sanderson, a 1941 Gallaudet College Senior
In 1992, Dr. Sanderson revealed that the renovation of College Hall at Gallaudet University uncovered several secrets from the 114-year-old structure's past. These included pedestals, domed ceilings, stained glass windows, and mementos from schoolboys who lived in the building decades ago. During his time at Gallaudet, Dr. Sanderson engraved "Sandie '41" on a window panel of the prep dorm, symbolizing his presence and leaving a lasting legacy. The renovation project supervisor, John Dunn, removed the panel from the stained glass windows, framed it in the original wood from College Hall, and presented it to Dr. Sanderson. He then donated it to the Office of Alumni Relations for display in "Ole Jim," a dedicated space that honors the university's history and distinguished alumni (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, February 1992).
Robert G. Sanderson at the Gallaudet campus
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook
Robert G. Sanderson served as president of the Class of 1941 at Gallaudet College. During his presidency, he and his class published the first edition of the Tower Clock yearbook, which marked a significant milestone in Gallaudet's history. The publication of the first Tower Clock yearbook, which continues to this day, is a testament to his enduring influence. His vision and guidance not only established a cherished tradition for Gallaudet students but also shaped the university's future (Gallaudet's Daily Digest, Board of Trustees Emeritus Robert "Sandie" Sanderson passed away, 2012).
The Tower Clock image has been featured in yearbooks, art, photographs, posters, and more, symbolizing this enduring legacy. Bob Sanderson's leadership during his presidency left a profound impact, and he took great pride in his class's achievement of publishing the first edition of the Tower Clock yearbook, representing a turning point in Gallaudet's history.
The Tower Clock image has been featured in yearbooks, art, photographs, posters, and more, symbolizing this enduring legacy. Bob Sanderson's leadership during his presidency left a profound impact, and he took great pride in his class's achievement of publishing the first edition of the Tower Clock yearbook, representing a turning point in Gallaudet's history.
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
|
The Tower Clock 1941 Yearbook. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
|
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, 90, Receives an Honorary Doctorate from Gallaudet College
In 2010, Dr. Sanderson, aged 90, was awarded an honorary degree from Gallaudet University, his alma mater. This was in recognition of his more than sixty years of service and dedication to the Deaf community in Utah and nationwide. Dr. Sanderson, president of the Gallaudet Class of 1941, has been a loyal supporter of the university throughout his life. He has been a steadfast advocate for the Deaf community at both local and national levels (Coogan, Office of the President, May 3, 2010; UAD Bulletin, June 2010). His life exemplifies his belief that "Deafness does not prevent a person from accomplishing what he sets out to do if he really wants to do it" (UAD Bulletin, March 2000, 1). His belief in the potential of the Deaf community is empowering and instills hope.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson Gallaudet Honored. Source: UAD Bulletin, June 2010, p. 1
Barbara Schell Bass,
Gallaudet President of
the Student Body Government
Gallaudet President of
the Student Body Government
Barbara Schell Bass. Source: Gallaudet University Museum
Barbara Schell Bass, a long-serving teacher at the Utah School for the Deaf, graduated from the Idaho School for the Deaf in 1956 and Gallaudet University in 1960. She was the first woman elected to Student Body Government (SBG) during her senior year in 1959. It was also the first SBG election in which everyone voted (Courtesy of the Gallaudet University Museum). As a result, Utah is proud to have Barbara serve as Gallaudet University's first female SBG president.
Gallaudet Deaf President Now
Movement of 1988
Movement of 1988
In March 1988, a student protest known as Deaf President Now (DPN) took place at Gallaudet University. On March 6, 1988, the Board of Trustees announced their appointment of Dr. Elizabeth Zinser, a hearing candidate, as the university's seventh president over two other Deaf candidates, Dr. I. King Jordan and Dr. Harvey Corson. People perceived this decision as a significant injustice, which sparked the protest. The Gallaudet students, along with many alums, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus to protest the board's decision. The protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press, demanding four specific concessions from the board. On March 13, 1988, the protest came to an end, with the board meeting all four demands. These demands included the appointment of I. King Jordan, a Deaf person, as the university's president. The appointment of a Deaf person as the university's president marked a significant turning point in the history of Gallaudet University and the Deaf community. The following section provides additional information about Deaf President Now.
"The Duck" Organizes a Rally
for a Gallaudet Deaf President
for a Gallaudet Deaf President
Gallaudet University, which changed its name to Gallaudet University in 1986, has never had a Deaf president since its founding in 1864. This changed on August 24, 1987, when Jerry Lee, the university's sixth president, announced his resignation. The search for a new president began, attracting a total of sixty-seven applicants, nine of whom were Deaf. By February 1988, the Gallaudet Board of Trustees had narrowed the selection down to three candidates. The final three included Dr. Elisabeth A. Zinser, a hearing woman, and two Deaf candidates, Dr. Harvey J. Corson and Dr. I. K. Jordan (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Young Gallaudet alums formed a committee named "The Duck" and staged a rally on the university's football field on March 1, 1988. The rally aimed to encourage alums, students, faculty, and staff to push the board of trustees to appoint a Deaf person as the next president of the university. More than 1,500 people attended the event and received flyers. These flyers highlighted the fact that other institutions had elected leaders from diverse backgrounds, such as a Roman Catholic was elected president at Notre Dame in 1942, a Woman was elected president at Wellesley College in 1875, a Jewish person was elected president at Yeshiva University in 1886, and a Black person was elected president at Howard University in 1926. The flyers stated that Gallaudet University should also have a Deaf person as its president (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). According to Gannon (1987), students realized the significance of having a Deaf president during the event.
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' protest. When you look at the pictures below, you will notice a blue circle around her face.
Young Gallaudet alums formed a committee named "The Duck" and staged a rally on the university's football field on March 1, 1988. The rally aimed to encourage alums, students, faculty, and staff to push the board of trustees to appoint a Deaf person as the next president of the university. More than 1,500 people attended the event and received flyers. These flyers highlighted the fact that other institutions had elected leaders from diverse backgrounds, such as a Roman Catholic was elected president at Notre Dame in 1942, a Woman was elected president at Wellesley College in 1875, a Jewish person was elected president at Yeshiva University in 1886, and a Black person was elected president at Howard University in 1926. The flyers stated that Gallaudet University should also have a Deaf person as its president (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). According to Gannon (1987), students realized the significance of having a Deaf president during the event.
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' protest. When you look at the pictures below, you will notice a blue circle around her face.
Nan Hix, a 1988 graduate of Gallaudet University
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, attended the rally on Gallaudet's football field on March 1, 1988
The event that took place in 1988 at Gallaudet University gained national attention. The Washington Times and the Washington Post Metropolitan published an article to raise public awareness of the presidential search. Between March 2 and 5, 1988, Gallaudet University received hundreds of letters from politicians, alums, individuals, and other organizations. They were all pushing for a Deaf president to be chosen by the board of trustees. One of the four Gallaudet student leaders of the Deaf President Now, Greg Hlibok, who was also the president of the Student Body Government, wrote to Dr. Zinser requesting that she resign as a presidential candidate. She had been warned that if she were elected president, the students would not support her (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Four student leaders of the Deaf President Now protest L-R: Tim Raurus, Bridgetta Bourne-Firl, Greg Hlibok, and Jerry Covell—leading protestors at Gallaudet University in March of 1988. Photo: Photo: Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives
Announcement of Appointment as New Hearing
President of Gallaudet University
President of Gallaudet University
At the Mayflower Hotel on March 5th, the board of trustees conducted interviews for the presidency role. The last three candidates for the position were Dr. Zinser, Dr. Carson, and Dr. Jordan. Students, faculty, staff, and alums eagerly anticipated the election of a Deaf president following a recent rally. During the meeting, the board of trustees cast their votes, and Dr. Zinser won with ten votes in her favor, while Dr. Jordan only received four votes. This outcome surprised those who were hoping for a Deaf president. All Deaf members of the board of trustees voted for Dr. Jordan (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). One of them was Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent Deaf leader in Utah.
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, participated in the event on March 3, 1988
The Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University selected Dr. Zinser because of her experience as the vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of North Carolina to lead the university. However, she had no experience with deaf issues, and she was unable to communicate using sign language. Gallaudet University's staff, faculty, students, and alums were shocked by this decision, as it overlooked two Deaf candidates for the position (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). Jane Bassett Spilman, chairperson of the board of trustees, made a famous statement at the hotel that infuriated the Deaf community. She said, "Deaf people are not ready to function in the hearing world" (Sacks, 1988). As a result, the Deaf community called for the immediate replacement of Dr. Zinser with a Deaf president.
Jane Bassett Spilman. Source: British Deaf News
Gallaudet's Deaf President Now Protest Has Begun
On March 7, a protest broke out, which led to a week-long Deaf Revolution and the famous Deaf President Now protest. The students took over the entire campus and barricaded all campus doors, preventing anyone from entering the school. The protest was a united effort by alums, students, faculty, and the national Deaf community to have a Deaf person lead the world's only Deaf university, Gallaudet University (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995). The outpouring of support for the protest was nationwide, including from the United States Congress, which contributed seventy-five percent of the university's budget. They also summoned the Board of Trustees to address the issue of selecting a new president. Dr. Robert Sanderson, Dr. Frank Sullivan, and Phil Bravin, all Deaf members of the Gallaudet University Board of Trustees, formally reaffirmed their support for a Deaf president and opposed the selection of a hearing president (UAD Bulletin, April 1988).
Gallaudet students rally at the U.S. Capitol Building on March 11, 1988. Photo: Courtesy of Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives
March to the U.S. Capitol
In these circumstances, the students refused to reopen the school unless the board of trustees met their four demands, which were as follows:
After rejecting all four demands, Jane Spilman stated that Dr. Zinser would be an excellent fit if the students allowed her to serve as president. Following this, more than 1,000 students marched to the U.S. Capitol, with four student leaders, Greg Hlibok, Jerry Covell, Tim Rarus, and Bridgetta Bourne, leading the way. Students, alums, and faculty persevered in their demands despite opposition from the national Deaf community, until they achieved their goals (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
- Zinser's resignation and selection of a Deaf president,
- The chairperson of the board of trustees, Jane Bassett Spilman, resign,
- Increase in Deaf representation on the board to 51%, and lastly,
- There be no reprisals against the protestors.
After rejecting all four demands, Jane Spilman stated that Dr. Zinser would be an excellent fit if the students allowed her to serve as president. Following this, more than 1,000 students marched to the U.S. Capitol, with four student leaders, Greg Hlibok, Jerry Covell, Tim Rarus, and Bridgetta Bourne, leading the way. Students, alums, and faculty persevered in their demands despite opposition from the national Deaf community, until they achieved their goals (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Nan Nix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' march to the Capitol on March 11, 1988
Nax Hix, a 1983 Utah School for the Deaf and 1988 Gallaudet College graduate, joined the 'Deaf President Now' protest, along with her friend, Holly Parker Jensen (right) of Idaho, on March 11, 1988
Dr. I. King Jordan Becomes the First
Deaf President of Gallaudet University
Deaf President of Gallaudet University
Finally, on March 13, the board met at the Embassy Row Hotel to discuss the matter. The audience waited nine hours outside the meeting, anxious for the board's announcement. At the end of the meeting, Phil Bravin, a Deaf member of the board of trustees, called Greg Hlibok through TTY to report that all four demands had been met and that Bravin had taken over as Chair of the Board following Jane Spilman's resignation. Gallaudet's first Deaf president was Dr. I. King Jordan, a Gallaudet faculty member. In addition, there was a 51% increase in Deaf representation on the board, with no repercussions for students and faculty activists (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
Irving King Jordan. Source: Wikipedia
The Deaf President Now movement was a testament to the power of collective action. It was not just the students but also the alums, faculty, and members of the national Deaf community who came together to defend their civil rights. The media, presidential candidates, labor unions, and national organizations all supported their cause. This broad-based support and their eventual success demonstrated that they did not have to surrender control of their lives to society, marking a significant triumph (Christiansen & Barnett, 1995).
During the 1988 Deaf President Now Protest at Gallaudet University, Dr. Sanderson advocated for a Deaf president instead of a hearing president. His efforts, along with others, led to the historic appointment of Dr. I. King Jordan as the first Deaf president (UAD Bulletin in April 1988). This milestone not only marked a significant achievement for Gallaudet but also impacted the Deaf community. Dr. Sanderson, a locally and nationally well-known figure, brought his expertise, abilities, and capabilities to the role, drawing on his comprehensive education and successful career before and after his retirement in 1985.
In his words, Dr. Sanderson expresses deep gratitude to Gallaudet. He credited the institution for profoundly shaping him both academically and personally. Reflecting on his time there, he said, "I not only value the academic learning that took place, but also the personal relationships I formed as a student. I encountered various cultures, interacted with diverse individuals, and welcomed fresh perspectives. I learned not to take myself too seriously and discovered my strengths, as well as, more importantly, my weaknesses. I don't believe this could have occurred anywhere else. Gallaudet served as a uniquely tailored environment that allowed me to develop into the person I am today. Now that I am in a position to give back, I am excited to contribute my time, energy, and resources to help enhance this exceptional institution for future generations who will enter it more educated than I was at their age" (Turk, From Oaks to Acorns, 2019, p. 63–64). Even after his retirement, his unwavering commitment to Gallaudet is a testament to the institution's profound impact on his life and work, as well as its vital role in Deaf education and rehabilitation.
If you are interested in learning about Deaf President Now, the Deaf Legacy offers a documentary about this important movement.
During the 1988 Deaf President Now Protest at Gallaudet University, Dr. Sanderson advocated for a Deaf president instead of a hearing president. His efforts, along with others, led to the historic appointment of Dr. I. King Jordan as the first Deaf president (UAD Bulletin in April 1988). This milestone not only marked a significant achievement for Gallaudet but also impacted the Deaf community. Dr. Sanderson, a locally and nationally well-known figure, brought his expertise, abilities, and capabilities to the role, drawing on his comprehensive education and successful career before and after his retirement in 1985.
In his words, Dr. Sanderson expresses deep gratitude to Gallaudet. He credited the institution for profoundly shaping him both academically and personally. Reflecting on his time there, he said, "I not only value the academic learning that took place, but also the personal relationships I formed as a student. I encountered various cultures, interacted with diverse individuals, and welcomed fresh perspectives. I learned not to take myself too seriously and discovered my strengths, as well as, more importantly, my weaknesses. I don't believe this could have occurred anywhere else. Gallaudet served as a uniquely tailored environment that allowed me to develop into the person I am today. Now that I am in a position to give back, I am excited to contribute my time, energy, and resources to help enhance this exceptional institution for future generations who will enter it more educated than I was at their age" (Turk, From Oaks to Acorns, 2019, p. 63–64). Even after his retirement, his unwavering commitment to Gallaudet is a testament to the institution's profound impact on his life and work, as well as its vital role in Deaf education and rehabilitation.
If you are interested in learning about Deaf President Now, the Deaf Legacy offers a documentary about this important movement.
In 1994, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson,
a member of the Gallaudet Board of Trustees,
meets with President William "Bill" Clinton
a member of the Gallaudet Board of Trustees,
meets with President William "Bill" Clinton
At the Gallaudet University commencement in 1994, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson shakes hands with United States President William "Bill" Clinton
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a member of the university's Board of Trustees, had a memorable experience at the 1994 Gallaudet University commencement ceremony. As shown in the picture above, he met and shook hands with then-President of the United States, William "Bill" Clinton. This historic meeting highlighted the significance of the Deaf community's representation in influential circles and the increasing acknowledgment of their contributions.
Dr. I. King Jordan, Gallaudet University
President Visits Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's
Naming Honorary Ceremony on October 4, 2003
President Visits Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's
Naming Honorary Ceremony on October 4, 2003
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson played a crucial role in the 1988 Deaf President Now Protest as a member of the Board of Trustees at Gallaudet University. His unwavering advocacy for a Deaf president resulted in a significant milestone when Dr. I. King Jordan became the first president of Gallaudet University (UAD Bulletin, April 1988). Dr. Jordan, who worked closely with Dr. Sanderson as a fellow Board of Trustees member, personally recognized and appreciated his leadership during the community center's naming ceremony in his honor on October 4, 2003, marking a historic occasion.
Dr. I. King Jordan and his wife, Linda Kephart visit Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003
Dr. I. King Jordan and his wife, Linda Kephart visit Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003
Dr. I. King Jordan and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Sanderson Honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003
|
L-R: Eleanor McCowan, Linda Kephart King, Dr. I. King Jordan, and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Sanderson Honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003
Dr. I. King Jordan and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Sanderson Honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003
Dr. I. King Jordan and his wife, Linda Kephart visit Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's honorary ceremony on October 4, 2003
|
A Principle of Fair Representation
In June 1989, Ronald "Ron" J. Nelson, a nephew of Boyd E. Nelson, superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind and member of the board of the Utah Association for the Deaf, penned a significant article under the name Mabel Bell. This article delved into the concept of fair representation, drawing a direct connection to the Gallaudet Protest that had transpired a year earlier. Ron's argument was straightforward: protests were a powerful tool for demanding fair representation. Despite its length, Ron's article in the June 1989 UAD Bulletin raised crucial points that the Utah Deaf community should consider in promoting education and advocating for fair representation.
At Gallaudet University, protestors for the Deaf President Now demanded "fair representation." The Rev. Jesse L. Jackson called it a victory for all those who have suffered due to a lack of representation. After watching media coverage of the Gallaudet University protest, Ron noticed that the same lack of fair representation existed in Utah. He observed that hearing individuals were responsible for administering and operating all programs created by legislators or state agencies that affected the Deaf community. They acted as if they were divine beings, making decisions and policies that impacted the Deaf community and future generations of Deaf community members without consulting them. They did not consider it necessary to inquire about the Deaf community's programs, problems, or potential solutions. Some even attended deaf events, expecting the Deaf people to show gratitude for their good "mother." In reality, they did more harm than good in developing competence, independence, and pride, which are essential qualities that true mothers should instill (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
At Gallaudet University, protestors for the Deaf President Now demanded "fair representation." The Rev. Jesse L. Jackson called it a victory for all those who have suffered due to a lack of representation. After watching media coverage of the Gallaudet University protest, Ron noticed that the same lack of fair representation existed in Utah. He observed that hearing individuals were responsible for administering and operating all programs created by legislators or state agencies that affected the Deaf community. They acted as if they were divine beings, making decisions and policies that impacted the Deaf community and future generations of Deaf community members without consulting them. They did not consider it necessary to inquire about the Deaf community's programs, problems, or potential solutions. Some even attended deaf events, expecting the Deaf people to show gratitude for their good "mother." In reality, they did more harm than good in developing competence, independence, and pride, which are essential qualities that true mothers should instill (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
Ronald J. Nelson
Ron commented on the Gallaudet Board of Trustees, which had appointed Dr. Zinser as the new president. He described them as a typical example of "hearing mothers." Dr. Harlan Lane, author of When The Mind Hears, also provided a fitting description of such people. He stated that the board of trustees wanted to be seen as benefactors and had a benevolent attitude, which conveyed a sense of superiority. They thought that they knew better and didn't need to learn from the views of others (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
In contrast, Ron emphasized that the Deaf community needs programs that would help them develop their skills, talents, and leadership. This would enable them to control their future and guide their community towards long-term success. Unfortunately, existing programs have not been able to meet their goals and have fallen short of expectations (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
.
During the week of the Deaf President Now protest, one of the moral questions that Ron learned was, "Deaf people need to take care of themselves." Some people wondered why they should receive more education if it would not benefit them. Truman Stelle, a member of the Gallaudet faculty, believed that it was long overdue for Gallaudet to have a Deaf president to prove that Deaf people are capable of leading themselves. Ron, on the other hand, had a moral question for other Utah agencies that influenced Deaf students' education, such as Vocational Rehabilitation and the State Board of Education. He asked, "Why aren't you training Deaf students and those who wish to continue their education so they can take your place and care for their own people? Why aren't you hiring qualified Deaf people to administer those programs that directly affect the Deaf community?" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Dennis Platt was a member of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind's Institutional Council, as well as an active member of the Utah Deaf community. He was the only Deaf person in a state-level position at the time. The Utah School for the Deaf, like Gallaudet University, had been around for about a century. Some people believed hearing people should not make decisions for the Deaf community. Dr. Allen Sussman, a Gallaudet faculty member, said it was time for the "plantation mindset" that had dominated institutions serving the Deaf to end. Leonard F. Navrat agreed with Dr. Sussman. They believed that the period of hearing people decide what's 'best' for deaf people was over (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2–3).
In contrast, Ron emphasized that the Deaf community needs programs that would help them develop their skills, talents, and leadership. This would enable them to control their future and guide their community towards long-term success. Unfortunately, existing programs have not been able to meet their goals and have fallen short of expectations (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
.
During the week of the Deaf President Now protest, one of the moral questions that Ron learned was, "Deaf people need to take care of themselves." Some people wondered why they should receive more education if it would not benefit them. Truman Stelle, a member of the Gallaudet faculty, believed that it was long overdue for Gallaudet to have a Deaf president to prove that Deaf people are capable of leading themselves. Ron, on the other hand, had a moral question for other Utah agencies that influenced Deaf students' education, such as Vocational Rehabilitation and the State Board of Education. He asked, "Why aren't you training Deaf students and those who wish to continue their education so they can take your place and care for their own people? Why aren't you hiring qualified Deaf people to administer those programs that directly affect the Deaf community?" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Dennis Platt was a member of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind's Institutional Council, as well as an active member of the Utah Deaf community. He was the only Deaf person in a state-level position at the time. The Utah School for the Deaf, like Gallaudet University, had been around for about a century. Some people believed hearing people should not make decisions for the Deaf community. Dr. Allen Sussman, a Gallaudet faculty member, said it was time for the "plantation mindset" that had dominated institutions serving the Deaf to end. Leonard F. Navrat agreed with Dr. Sussman. They believed that the period of hearing people decide what's 'best' for deaf people was over (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2–3).
Dennis R. Platt
Ron believed the 'Deaf President Now' week at Gallaudet University was the first step. He emphasized that the Deaf community must continue to raise awareness and use it to advance their cases. In an article by Lou Ann Walker titled "I Know How to Ask for What I Want" in Parade Magazine on April 23, 1989, a Deaf teacher explained why qualified Deaf individuals were not being put in advisory positions. Ron stated, "Hearing people don't want to give up the power," as quoted in the UAD Bulletin in June 1989, p. 3. He thought that most hearing administrators would refuse to relinquish their power to make decisions that affect the Utah Deaf community. Ron advised that the Deaf community should recognize this reality and take control of their futures with wisdom instead of waiting for hearing people to understand their needs.
"It was long overdue for the Deaf community to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives," Ron stated. Until recently, the Deaf community had no say in decisions shaping their future and leadership. "I believe it is time for a new perspective, one that only a Deaf person can offer," Dr. Harvey J. Corson, Superintendent of the Louisiana School for the Deaf, stated in an article (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). "How can hearing individuals continue to make decisions on behalf of the Deaf community without providing them with equitable representation and constructive feedback, and expect them to be satisfied?" Ron was perplexed. Unsurprisingly, the Deaf community demands "FAIR REPRESENTATION!" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
In light of the situation at Gallaudet University, Ron urged local and state agencies to learn from the mistake and avoid repeating it. Congressman Barney (D-Mass) stated that the board of trustees' refusal to appoint a Deaf individual as president of the college was an unfortunate display of insensitivity. Ruth Ann Leach, a columnist for the "Nashville Banner," remarked that the problem lay with the attitudes of hearing people. Reverend Jesse L. Jackson similarly commented, "The problem is not that the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
"It was long overdue for the Deaf community to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives," Ron stated. Until recently, the Deaf community had no say in decisions shaping their future and leadership. "I believe it is time for a new perspective, one that only a Deaf person can offer," Dr. Harvey J. Corson, Superintendent of the Louisiana School for the Deaf, stated in an article (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). "How can hearing individuals continue to make decisions on behalf of the Deaf community without providing them with equitable representation and constructive feedback, and expect them to be satisfied?" Ron was perplexed. Unsurprisingly, the Deaf community demands "FAIR REPRESENTATION!" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 2).
In light of the situation at Gallaudet University, Ron urged local and state agencies to learn from the mistake and avoid repeating it. Congressman Barney (D-Mass) stated that the board of trustees' refusal to appoint a Deaf individual as president of the college was an unfortunate display of insensitivity. Ruth Ann Leach, a columnist for the "Nashville Banner," remarked that the problem lay with the attitudes of hearing people. Reverend Jesse L. Jackson similarly commented, "The problem is not that the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen" (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Rev. Jesse Jackson. Source: Wikipedia
Ron observed that the national level recognized and applied the principle of fair representation for Deaf people. The Commission on Education for the Deaf was established by the United States Congress to investigate Deaf education nationwide. This committee included many Deaf individuals (UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3). Ron wondered if Utah agencies at the local and state levels could follow their example and provide fair representation to the Deaf community. Some minor steps have been taken, which are as follows:
- The Utah School for the Deaf set up the Sign Language Committee to explore communication methods used in the total communication program. Most of the committee members were Deaf.
- Similarly, the Institutional Council of the Utah School for the Deaf formed the Commission on Education for the Deaf Committee to review and discuss the implementation of the COED's recommendations. The committee had sixteen members, including four Deaf members (UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Source: The Commission on Education of the Deaf Book, February 1988
Ron would like to see qualified Deaf people fill the following positions in the near future, which will have a significant impact on the Utah Deaf community.
Ron stressed the importance of having qualified Deaf people fill job positions, which he believed was critical. He clarified that being Deaf should not be the only factor considered in employment decisions. However, if the Deaf applicant was an active member of the Deaf community, they possessed a deep understanding of Deaf culture, something that a hearing person could never develop. Ron encouraged members of the Deaf community to speak up for their beliefs and take the first step. He advised them to talk to other Deaf individuals about their feelings and join one of the Deaf political organizations to make a difference. Several organizations were in the area, including the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah Valley Chapter of the Deaf, and sports clubs like the Utah Athletic Club of the Deaf and the Golden Spike Athletic Club of the Deaf. Ron emphasized the importance of starting somewhere and speaking out, regardless of one's starting point (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4).
In those circumstances, Ron made an excellent final point. He stated that hearing people were enjoying the benefits of fair representation, and that allowing the Deaf community to have the same benefits should be a top priority for everyone. Ron emphasized that we should give the Deaf community the freedom and opportunity to take charge of their own lives and pursue education. He believed that the time to make this change was now, not soon or next year. Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, who once said, "If your mind can conceive it and your heart can believe it, then you can achieve it," inspired Ron's final words (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4).
- Director of the Utah Community Center of the Deaf
- Director of DSDHI
- Coordinator of the Deaf programs in education
- Vocational Rehabilitation counselors
- More Deaf people on state committees for people with disabilities
- Administrators in religion
- State Board of Education
- Superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf, additional staff members, and teachers
- Director of a possible State Commission on Deafness (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 3).
Ron stressed the importance of having qualified Deaf people fill job positions, which he believed was critical. He clarified that being Deaf should not be the only factor considered in employment decisions. However, if the Deaf applicant was an active member of the Deaf community, they possessed a deep understanding of Deaf culture, something that a hearing person could never develop. Ron encouraged members of the Deaf community to speak up for their beliefs and take the first step. He advised them to talk to other Deaf individuals about their feelings and join one of the Deaf political organizations to make a difference. Several organizations were in the area, including the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah Valley Chapter of the Deaf, and sports clubs like the Utah Athletic Club of the Deaf and the Golden Spike Athletic Club of the Deaf. Ron emphasized the importance of starting somewhere and speaking out, regardless of one's starting point (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4).
In those circumstances, Ron made an excellent final point. He stated that hearing people were enjoying the benefits of fair representation, and that allowing the Deaf community to have the same benefits should be a top priority for everyone. Ron emphasized that we should give the Deaf community the freedom and opportunity to take charge of their own lives and pursue education. He believed that the time to make this change was now, not soon or next year. Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, who once said, "If your mind can conceive it and your heart can believe it, then you can achieve it," inspired Ron's final words (Bell, UAD Bulletin, June 1989, p. 4).
Unity for Gallaudet Movement of 2006
In 2006, the Unity for Gallaudet Movement took place at Gallaudet University against the appointment of Dr. Jane Fernandes as the university's president, following the retirement of I. King Jordan. The Unity for Gallaudet Movement led the protest, which consisted of students, faculty, alums, and other university supporters. Critics of the movement, including Jane Fernandes and I. King Jordan, claimed that the protest was based on her being "not deaf enough." Despite being born deaf and having a Deaf mother and brother, she did not learn American Sign Language until adulthood. However, many protesters objected to Jane, claiming she lacked the charisma required to lead the global Deaf community. However, the protesters' main objection was that they believed Dr. Fernandes lacked the necessary charisma to lead the global Deaf community, which they considered a critical quality for the university's president. The protests by the Unity for Gallaudet Movement were successful, and the Board of Trustees rescinded Fernandes' appointment. The Board of Trustees then appointed Robert Davila as interim university president for the next two years. This event marked a significant moment in the history of Gallaudet University and showed the power of collective action. The following section provides more details about the Unity for Gallaudet Movement.
Celia May Laramie Baldwin, Interim Chairperson of
Gallaudet's Board of Trustees
Announces the New Gallaudet President
Gallaudet's Board of Trustees
Announces the New Gallaudet President
On May 1, 2006, Dr. Jane Fernandes, who is Deaf, became the ninth president of Gallaudet University. Her appointment followed an announcement by Celia May Laramie Baldwin, a graduate and former teacher at the Utah School for the Deaf and interim chairperson of Gallaudet's Board of Trustees. However, Unity for Gallaudet, representing the Deaf community, met Dr. Fernandes' selection with criticism in 2007. The university ultimately chose Dr. Fernandes as its ninth president, despite considering two other Deaf presidential candidates, Dr. Stephen Weiner and Dr. Ronald Stern.
Celia May Laramie Baldwin, a Board of Trustees Member at Gallaudet University
A Protest Against the Elected Gallaudet President Begins
In 1998, Gallaudet University appointed Celia May Laramie Baldwin, a 1965 graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf and a 1970 graduate of Gallaudet College, to its Board of Trustees. The university's president, I. King Jordan, praised Ms. Baldwin's expertise and experience in the field of deaf and hard of hearing education, saying that she would be an excellent asset to the board (Kaila, 1998). Celia May served on the board for seven years until her resignation in May 2006. Her resignation resulted from personal threats directed at her by community members regarding the selection of the new president. The situation was further complicated when Ryan Commerson, a Gallaudet graduate student and political activist, expressed his disapproval of Dr. Fernandes' new selection as the next president. Campus security officers immediately removed Ryan, the plenary speaker at the 2009 Utah Association for the Deaf conference, from the auditorium. The students, under the influence of Ryan, also stormed out of the auditorium, demanding to remove Dr. Fernandes from her position. The protest lasted approximately a week and a half (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007). After the graduation ceremony ended and the students had to return home for the summer, the protest subsided.
Ryan Commerson. Photo by D. Scott Clark
The Protest Becomes Intense
When the fall semester began, the students resumed their protest, which had been getting more intense. They took control of the campus buildings, effectively shutting them down for three days (Berke, 2014). Additionally, the protest led to the formation of the Faculty, Students, Staff, and Alumni Association (FSSA), which represented every group, including minority organizations that President King Jordan had ignored. Throughout their time at the university, King Jordan and Provost Jane K. Fernandes faced similar demands from the FSSA, which resembled those of the Deaf President Now protest (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007).
- Resignation of Dr. Jane Fernandes,
- Allow the presidential search process to re-open,
- There are no reprisals for protestors (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006).
Dr. Jane Fernandes. Photograph by Chris Hartlove for Boston.com
Gallaudet Faculty, Students, Staff, and Alumni Association
Passes a Resolution to not Acknowledging Dr. Jane Fernandes
as the University's Ninth President
Passes a Resolution to not Acknowledging Dr. Jane Fernandes
as the University's Ninth President
The FSSA determined that Dr. Fernandes was not the best candidate for the presidency of Gallaudet University due to concerns about the quality of education provided and low graduation rates during her tenure as provost (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2007; Berke, 2014). Faculty and staff deemed her "unacceptable" due to the FSSA's dissatisfaction with her administrative policies and management style. The faculty passed a "no confidence" vote regarding her appointment as provost due to the flawed and unfair hiring process that led to her appointment (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006; Berke, 2014). In September 2007, the Gallaudet Student Congress passed a resolution stating that they would not acknowledge Dr. Fernandes as the university's ninth president (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007). The protest that followed was more than just against Dr. Fernandes; it became a battle for Gallaudet University's future. The protest also discussed the possibility of the university adopting ASL/English bilingual education (Berke, 2014).
The Tent Rally in Salt Lake City, Utah, October 14, 2006
"Black Friday:" 130 Gallaudet Protestors Arrested
Despite the protests, the Board of Trustees continued to ignore the need to listen to what the protestors were saying. The police at the 6th Street gate arrested over 130 protestors for civil disobedience on October 13, also known as "Black Friday," marking a revolutionary change in Gallaudet's history. Dr. I. King Jordan, who was retiring at the time, ordered the arrests. Among those arrested was Tim Rarus, one of the four Gallaudet student leaders in the Deaf President Now movement. Tim Rarus shouted, "I helped put you in office; now you're arresting me!" just before his arrest (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007).
Protestors block the main entrance of Gallaudet to protest Dr. Fernandes’s appointment. 134 students are arrested. Photo: Andrew Cutraro for The New York Times
"It is strange that I, King Jordan, would begin and end his time as president at Gallaudet with two protests," said Trenton Marsh, a Utah resident and 1991 graduate of the California School for the Deaf in Fremont, California. The Deaf President Now protest was the first step toward social equality for the Deaf community. "The current protest is proof that social equality did not truly happen," Trenton wrote in the UAD Bulletin in November 2006.
Trenton Marsh
The Establishment of 'Tent City' Across the
Country in Support of the Cause
Country in Support of the Cause
On October 21, 2006, more than 4,000 people marched to Capitol Hill, similar to the Deaf President Now protest in 1988. Led by Chris Corrigan, the "Mayor of Tent City," students created a "Tent City" on the Gallaudet University campus during the protest to showcase their unity."This inspired other states to hold their own "Tent City" rallies in support of the FSSA. Salt Lake City and St. George, Utah, hosted Tent City rallies in October 2006 (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006; Unity for Gallaudet, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, February 21, 2024).
Duane Kinner's tent with Joshua Kinner, age 5 standing to support the FSSA
Tent City in Salt Lake City, Utah
The Henry C. White Educational Council, which later disbanded to join and support the Utah Association for the Deaf, sold hot dogs, chips, and drinks throughout the day to raise funds for the FSSA. Furthermore, the Salt Lake City community donated $326.00 to the FSSA (Marsh, UAD Bulletin, November 2006). Rodney W. Walker, 88, a 1939 Gallaudet graduate and the oldest attendee, was present.
Rodney W. Walker, 88, graduated from Gallaudet in 1939 and is the oldest 'Tent City' attendee in Utah
Ron Burdett and his wife, Joyanne K. Rasmus, established Tent City in St. George. They both graduated from Gallaudet College in 1970 and were active in the Deaf community. Fourteen people took part in Tent City. During the gathering, Joyanne shared that Gallaudet, as a result of the Deaf President Now in 1988, has helped make a world of difference for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing everywhere in the world (Burdett, UAD Bulletin, November 2009). Ron Burdett, who is the son of Kenneth C. Burdett, a 1934 Gallaudet graduate, and brother-in-law of Phil Bravin, a member of Gallaudet's board of trustees, gave a brief history of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet organizations. Joyanne noted that Ron's insight was "both meaningful and inspirational" (Burdett, UAD Bulletin, November 2009, p. 7). She described the moment as "both touching and inspiring" (Burdett, UAD Bulletin, November 2009, p. 7). Thanks to the advanced technology available, Deaf people across the country could read blogs, view video vlogs about protest events, and stay informed.
Joyanne K. Rasmus & Ronald Burdett. The UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970
Gallaudet University has Appointed
as its Interim President
as its Interim President
After months of protests, the board of trustees at Gallaudet University realized that Dr. Fernandes would not be able to effectively lead the university without the support of the community. As a result, Dr. Fernandes stepped down from her position as president on October 29, 2006. The FSSA, which had been protesting for an extended period, ultimately prevailed in their efforts.
Gallaudet University appointed Dr. Robert Davila, a Deaf individual with prior administrative experience, as its interim president in December 2006. He assumed his new role immediately after his selection and eventually became the ninth president of the university. The university appointed Dr. Weiner as the new provost. Dr. Davila and Dr. Weiner promptly addressed inadequacies and wholeheartedly embraced bilingualism while working together (Berke, 2014).
Gallaudet University appointed Dr. Robert Davila, a Deaf individual with prior administrative experience, as its interim president in December 2006. He assumed his new role immediately after his selection and eventually became the ninth president of the university. The university appointed Dr. Weiner as the new provost. Dr. Davila and Dr. Weiner promptly addressed inadequacies and wholeheartedly embraced bilingualism while working together (Berke, 2014).
Dr. Robert R. Davila. Source: Gallaudet.edu
Gallaudet University has
Chosen its 10th President
Chosen its 10th President
In June 2007, the Unity for Gallaudet movement organized protests that led to the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) placing Gallaudet University on probationary status. The university was under increased pressure to improve academically and meet MSCHE standards in admissions, leadership, integrity, and retention (Berke, 2014). During a meeting on June 27, 2008, the MSCHE reaffirmed Gallaudet University's accreditation (Unity for Gallaudet, 2007). On January 1, 2010, Dr. T. Alan Hurwitz became Gallaudet University's tenth president. It is worth noting that the protest helped improve the situation and placed Gallaudet University on a much more positive path. "People look up to Gallaudet University because it is a pillar of the Deaf community," said Dr. Hurwitz, dean of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He also stated that he believed the dispute arose more from the selection process than a disagreement over Deaf culture (Durr, 2011).
Dr. T. Alan Hurwtiz. Source: Gallaudet.edu
Gallaudet University has
Chosen its 11th President
Chosen its 11th President
Roberta J. "Bobbi" Cordano is the 11th president of Gallaudet University, which is a national symbol of hope and progress for the Deaf community. She is the university's fourth Deaf president, as well as the first Deaf female and queer president. Roberta is a passionate advocate for ASL/English bilingual education and has established two charter schools for Deaf students in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Furthermore, she dedicates herself to spearheading the university's comprehensive anti-racism initiative, especially in light of the global Black Lives Matter movement in 2020 (Georgiadis, 2021). Her commitment to this cause led to the establishment of the Black Deaf Center for Black Deaf Studies, an outreach center for teaching and learning about the Black Deaf experience and providing educational resources about its community.
Roberta J. “Bobbi” Cordano. Source: medium.com
Conclusion
Members of the Deaf community, particularly in Utah, including myself, have felt the significant impact of the Deaf President Now and Unity for Gallaudet University movements. These historic events have greatly advanced our social progress and civil rights. Please view the slideshow below and let the progress we've made inspire you!
A Slideshow of the 'Unity for
Gallaudet' Tent City in Salt Lake City, Utah,
October 14, 2006
Gallaudet' Tent City in Salt Lake City, Utah,
October 14, 2006
Note
Dr. Thomas C. Clark, personal communication, November 13, 2008.
Dr. Robert Sanderson and Valerie G. Kinney in a personal communication on July 8, 2011.
Dr. Robert Sanderson and Valerie G. Kinney in a personal communication on July 8, 2011.
References
Banks, Gladys W. & Banks, Douglas W. The DeLong Family Saga.
Bell, Mabel. “The Deaf Eye.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 14 (June 1989): 2-4.
Berke, Jamie. “Gallaudet University - Unity for Gallaudet.” (June 3, 2014): 1-5. http://Deafness.about.com/od/Deafhistory/a/unityforgally.htm
Burdett, Joyanne. “Southern News.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 30.6 (November 2006): 6-7.
Burdett, Kenneth, C. The Utah Eagle, vol. 58, no. 4 (January 1947): 9.
Christainsen, J.B., & Barnett, S.M. Deaf president now! The 1988 Revolution at Gallaudet University. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 1995.
Coogan, Megan. "Utah Native Dr. Robert G. Sanderson to Receive an Honorary Degree from Gallaudet University." Office of the President, May 3, 2010. https://gallaudet.edu/president/utah-native-dr-robert-g-sanderson-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-gallaudet-university/
“Deaf Twins Honored.” Deseret News, May 8, 1973.
"Deaf Utahn Named as President Emeritus of NAD." UAD Bulletin, vol. 23.10 (March 2000): 1.
“DeLong and Clark with Driggs to Gallaudet.” The Ogden Standard, September 15, 1897.
“DeLong and Clark on Gallaudet Buff and Blue.” Ogden Standard, p. 1-4, June 19, 1901.
"Dr. Robert G. Sanderson Honored." UAD Bulletin, vol. 34.01 (June 2010): 1.
Durr, Patti. “Chart Comparing DNP and UFG.” (November 3, 2011). https://handeyes.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/chart-comparing-dpn-and-ufg/
Elstad, Leonard, M. Streamlined Education for the Deaf. The Utah Eagle (December 1954): 12-3.
“Gallaudet College.” The Silent Worker, vol.13, no. 4 (December 1900): 51.
Gannon, Jack, R. The Week of the world heard Gallaudet. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 1987.
Georgiadis, Fotis. "Roberta J. Cordano of Gallaudet University: Why We Should Teach Everyone Sign Language From Birth." (January 26, 2021). https://medium.com/authority-magazine/roberta-j-cordano-of-gallaudet-university-why-we-should-teach-everyone-sign-language-from-birth-b13bd49338a6
"Graduates." Biennial Report of the Trustee & Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind (1901–1902): 9.
“History of the Deaf.” The Utah Eagle, vol. XVI, no. 9 (June 6, 1906): 139.
Kinney, Valerie. “Utah Deaf Trivia.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 25.8 (January 2002): 2.
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
Louriteen, Wesley. “Gallaudet College.” Utah Eagle. (February 1947): 6.
Marsh, Trenton. “Tent City Rally.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 30.6. (November 2006): 6.
“Old Dormitory at Gallaudet Uncovers Surprises.” UAD Bulletin, v. 15, no. 9 (February 1992): 1.
Petersen, Eugene W. "Wenger Twins Honored with Gallaudet Doctorates." The Deaf American, vol. 26, no. 5. (January 1974): 3-4.
“Recipients of Honorary Degrees from Gallaudet College.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 3 (June 1973): 1.
Runde, Winfield S. "A Deaf Civil Engineer." The Silent Worker, Vol. 8., No., 9. May 1956, p. 2-3.
Sacks, Oliver. “The Revolution of the Deaf. “ The New York Review of Books. June 2, 1988.
“Selection of New President Sets Off Nationwide Protest.” UAD Bulletin, vol, 11, no. 11 (April 1988): 2.
“This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson.” (October 17, 1959). https://library.arlingtonva.us/2019/10/14/this-week-in-19th-amendment-history-agatha-tiegel-hanson/
“Unity for Gallaudet,” 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_for_Gallaudet
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
“USDB.” Ogden Standard, (May 8, 1897: 5.
Walker, Rodney, W. My Life Story, 2006.
Bell, Mabel. “The Deaf Eye.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 14 (June 1989): 2-4.
Berke, Jamie. “Gallaudet University - Unity for Gallaudet.” (June 3, 2014): 1-5. http://Deafness.about.com/od/Deafhistory/a/unityforgally.htm
Burdett, Joyanne. “Southern News.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 30.6 (November 2006): 6-7.
Burdett, Kenneth, C. The Utah Eagle, vol. 58, no. 4 (January 1947): 9.
Christainsen, J.B., & Barnett, S.M. Deaf president now! The 1988 Revolution at Gallaudet University. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 1995.
Coogan, Megan. "Utah Native Dr. Robert G. Sanderson to Receive an Honorary Degree from Gallaudet University." Office of the President, May 3, 2010. https://gallaudet.edu/president/utah-native-dr-robert-g-sanderson-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-gallaudet-university/
“Deaf Twins Honored.” Deseret News, May 8, 1973.
"Deaf Utahn Named as President Emeritus of NAD." UAD Bulletin, vol. 23.10 (March 2000): 1.
“DeLong and Clark with Driggs to Gallaudet.” The Ogden Standard, September 15, 1897.
“DeLong and Clark on Gallaudet Buff and Blue.” Ogden Standard, p. 1-4, June 19, 1901.
"Dr. Robert G. Sanderson Honored." UAD Bulletin, vol. 34.01 (June 2010): 1.
Durr, Patti. “Chart Comparing DNP and UFG.” (November 3, 2011). https://handeyes.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/chart-comparing-dpn-and-ufg/
Elstad, Leonard, M. Streamlined Education for the Deaf. The Utah Eagle (December 1954): 12-3.
“Gallaudet College.” The Silent Worker, vol.13, no. 4 (December 1900): 51.
Gannon, Jack, R. The Week of the world heard Gallaudet. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 1987.
Georgiadis, Fotis. "Roberta J. Cordano of Gallaudet University: Why We Should Teach Everyone Sign Language From Birth." (January 26, 2021). https://medium.com/authority-magazine/roberta-j-cordano-of-gallaudet-university-why-we-should-teach-everyone-sign-language-from-birth-b13bd49338a6
"Graduates." Biennial Report of the Trustee & Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind (1901–1902): 9.
“History of the Deaf.” The Utah Eagle, vol. XVI, no. 9 (June 6, 1906): 139.
Kinney, Valerie. “Utah Deaf Trivia.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 25.8 (January 2002): 2.
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
Louriteen, Wesley. “Gallaudet College.” Utah Eagle. (February 1947): 6.
Marsh, Trenton. “Tent City Rally.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 30.6. (November 2006): 6.
“Old Dormitory at Gallaudet Uncovers Surprises.” UAD Bulletin, v. 15, no. 9 (February 1992): 1.
Petersen, Eugene W. "Wenger Twins Honored with Gallaudet Doctorates." The Deaf American, vol. 26, no. 5. (January 1974): 3-4.
“Recipients of Honorary Degrees from Gallaudet College.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 3 (June 1973): 1.
Runde, Winfield S. "A Deaf Civil Engineer." The Silent Worker, Vol. 8., No., 9. May 1956, p. 2-3.
Sacks, Oliver. “The Revolution of the Deaf. “ The New York Review of Books. June 2, 1988.
“Selection of New President Sets Off Nationwide Protest.” UAD Bulletin, vol, 11, no. 11 (April 1988): 2.
“This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson.” (October 17, 1959). https://library.arlingtonva.us/2019/10/14/this-week-in-19th-amendment-history-agatha-tiegel-hanson/
“Unity for Gallaudet,” 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_for_Gallaudet
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
“USDB.” Ogden Standard, (May 8, 1897: 5.
Walker, Rodney, W. My Life Story, 2006.
