Utah's Connection
to Black Deaf History
Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Author’s Note
I have always been fascinated by Black history, a passion that was shaped by my high school relationship with an extraordinary Black individual. This curiosity leads me to reflect on two remarkable figures in the Utah Deaf community: Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen. Like many communities, the Utah Deaf community faces its own unique challenges and achievements, and these leaders remind me of the iconic duo of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Both were phenomenal leaders with distinct styles that left a lasting impact. Their approaches to advocacy and social change, while different, were both driven by a deep commitment to justice and equality. Similarly, Dr. Sanderson and David Mortensen have used their unique voices and experiences to uplift the Deaf community in Utah, inspiring others to embrace their identity and fight for their rights. Their advocacy has shed light on the importance of accessibility and inclusion, challenging societal norms and pushing for systemic change. Just as MLK and Malcolm X inspired generations, Dr. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen are creating a legacy that empowers individuals within the Utah Deaf community to assert their voices and demand recognition.
Happy exploring!
Jodi Christel Becker
Happy exploring!
Jodi Christel Becker
On this day in 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, met for the first time, while attending a Senate debate on the Civil Rights Act. Source: African & Black History African Archives
Like Martin Luther King Jr., aka MLK, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson excelled as a diplomat. His remarkable ability to listen and support those around him, along with his kindness and understanding, made a profound difference. It is inspiring how both Dr. Sanderson and MLK recognized the importance of educating others about equality. They both used their Ph.D. degrees to amplify their voices, ensuring that people would listen and engage in meaningful conversations. Their dedication to fostering awareness and promoting social justice has left an indelible mark on their communities. Through their work, they not only challenged the status quo but also inspired future generations to continue the fight for equality.
Meanwhile, David was a bold activist who channeled his energy similarly to MLK by organizing rallies and advocating for meaningful legislative changes. David's lifelong dedication to social justice inspired those around him and encouraged a new generation of activists to rise and make their voices heard. Together, they forged a powerful movement that sought to dismantle systemic inequalities and promote a brighter, more equitable future for all. Their collective efforts made a lasting impression! Their collective efforts made a lasting impression, igniting a flame of hope and resilience within communities that had long been marginalized. As they persistently advocated for change, their message spread widely, motivating a greater number of individuals to join the battle for justice and equality.
Similar to Malcolm X, David was a fearless advocate for the Utah Deaf community, collaborating with Dr. Sanderson to create meaningful change. Their efforts have had a lasting impact on the Utah Deaf community, significantly improving the lives of its members. The distinct leadership styles of David and Robert complemented one another, resulting in a dynamic partnership that effectively addressed the accessibility needs of the Utah Deaf community. David succeeded Dr. Sanderson by intensifying advocacy efforts, and together, they accomplished significant tasks, including establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, expanding interpreting services, and advocating for crucial legislation. These initiatives not only enhanced access to communication but also stimulated a greater sense of community and empowerment among Deaf individuals in Utah. Through their collaborative efforts, David and Robert laid the groundwork for a more inclusive environment that continues to benefit future generations.
Their partnership exemplified the strength of teamwork in the civil rights and accessibility movements, with their mutual support being vital to their success in advocacy within the Utah Association of the Deaf and the broader Utah Deaf community. David's dedication was also inspired by Dr. Sanderson's groundbreaking work, reflecting a shared commitment to civil rights similar to that of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Their contributions have profoundly influenced my understanding of civil rights and the importance of advocacy. I admire their leadership and the passion they brought to their cause! Their steadfast devotion serves as a powerful reminder of the impact that committed individuals can have on their communities. As I reflect on their efforts, I am inspired to take action and contribute to the ongoing fight for equality and understanding within the Deaf community and beyond.
The work of these individuals has significantly shaped my understanding of civil rights and the importance of advocacy. I admire their leadership and the passion they brought to their cause. Their steadfast devotion inspires me to engage in advocacy efforts and support underrepresented communities actively. I aspire to continue their legacy by raising awareness and fostering understanding of the challenges faced by the Deaf community in Utah and beyond. Beyond this, I aim to collaborate with local organizations to create inclusive programs that promote accessibility and empower individuals within the Utah Deaf community. By amplifying their voices and advocating for their rights, I hope to contribute to a more equitable society where everyone can thrive. This vision aligns with my personal values and reflects a commitment to social justice and equality. Together, we can build a future where every member of the Deaf community is heard, respected, and given the opportunity to succeed.
Meanwhile, David was a bold activist who channeled his energy similarly to MLK by organizing rallies and advocating for meaningful legislative changes. David's lifelong dedication to social justice inspired those around him and encouraged a new generation of activists to rise and make their voices heard. Together, they forged a powerful movement that sought to dismantle systemic inequalities and promote a brighter, more equitable future for all. Their collective efforts made a lasting impression! Their collective efforts made a lasting impression, igniting a flame of hope and resilience within communities that had long been marginalized. As they persistently advocated for change, their message spread widely, motivating a greater number of individuals to join the battle for justice and equality.
Similar to Malcolm X, David was a fearless advocate for the Utah Deaf community, collaborating with Dr. Sanderson to create meaningful change. Their efforts have had a lasting impact on the Utah Deaf community, significantly improving the lives of its members. The distinct leadership styles of David and Robert complemented one another, resulting in a dynamic partnership that effectively addressed the accessibility needs of the Utah Deaf community. David succeeded Dr. Sanderson by intensifying advocacy efforts, and together, they accomplished significant tasks, including establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, expanding interpreting services, and advocating for crucial legislation. These initiatives not only enhanced access to communication but also stimulated a greater sense of community and empowerment among Deaf individuals in Utah. Through their collaborative efforts, David and Robert laid the groundwork for a more inclusive environment that continues to benefit future generations.
Their partnership exemplified the strength of teamwork in the civil rights and accessibility movements, with their mutual support being vital to their success in advocacy within the Utah Association of the Deaf and the broader Utah Deaf community. David's dedication was also inspired by Dr. Sanderson's groundbreaking work, reflecting a shared commitment to civil rights similar to that of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Their contributions have profoundly influenced my understanding of civil rights and the importance of advocacy. I admire their leadership and the passion they brought to their cause! Their steadfast devotion serves as a powerful reminder of the impact that committed individuals can have on their communities. As I reflect on their efforts, I am inspired to take action and contribute to the ongoing fight for equality and understanding within the Deaf community and beyond.
The work of these individuals has significantly shaped my understanding of civil rights and the importance of advocacy. I admire their leadership and the passion they brought to their cause. Their steadfast devotion inspires me to engage in advocacy efforts and support underrepresented communities actively. I aspire to continue their legacy by raising awareness and fostering understanding of the challenges faced by the Deaf community in Utah and beyond. Beyond this, I aim to collaborate with local organizations to create inclusive programs that promote accessibility and empower individuals within the Utah Deaf community. By amplifying their voices and advocating for their rights, I hope to contribute to a more equitable society where everyone can thrive. This vision aligns with my personal values and reflects a commitment to social justice and equality. Together, we can build a future where every member of the Deaf community is heard, respected, and given the opportunity to succeed.
W. David Mortensen
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Promote Inclusivity in the National Association of the Deaf
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Promote Inclusivity in the National Association of the Deaf
When Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a distinguished leader from Utah, was set to become the president of the National Association of the Deaf in July 1964, he found himself at a pivotal moment in history. This period coincided with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a monumental achievement that granted women in the Deaf community the right to vote, which was an essential step toward equality and inclusion (2012 Conference Resolutions). This newfound empowerment was not only significant for women in the Deaf community but also inspired broader advocacy efforts for Deaf rights across the nation. Dr. Sanderson's leadership during this transformative time helped amplify the voices of those who had long been marginalized, opening the door to subsequent advancements in accessibility and representation.
In 1965, the NAD took further steps toward inclusivity by allowing Black Deaf individuals to join the organization and participate in voting following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This vital legislation paved the way for greater inclusivity within the organization. Before these changes, the NAD had denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). This commitment to inclusivity marked a significant transformation in the organization, reflecting a broader societal shift toward recognizing the rights of marginalized groups, including the Black Deaf community. As a result, the NAD became a more representative voice for all Deaf individuals, advocating for their needs and promoting equality within the community.
Reflecting on this history highlights the power of advocacy and underscores the importance of collaboration for achieving justice. The efforts taken toward inclusivity were more than just a series of improvements; they represented a collective awakening to the principles of equality that unite us all. Let us honor this history by continuing to advocate for everyone's rights, ensuring that the Deaf community remains an inspiration of hope, empowerment, and solidarity for future generations. Together, we can build an even brighter future!
In 1965, the NAD took further steps toward inclusivity by allowing Black Deaf individuals to join the organization and participate in voting following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This vital legislation paved the way for greater inclusivity within the organization. Before these changes, the NAD had denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). This commitment to inclusivity marked a significant transformation in the organization, reflecting a broader societal shift toward recognizing the rights of marginalized groups, including the Black Deaf community. As a result, the NAD became a more representative voice for all Deaf individuals, advocating for their needs and promoting equality within the community.
Reflecting on this history highlights the power of advocacy and underscores the importance of collaboration for achieving justice. The efforts taken toward inclusivity were more than just a series of improvements; they represented a collective awakening to the principles of equality that unite us all. Let us honor this history by continuing to advocate for everyone's rights, ensuring that the Deaf community remains an inspiration of hope, empowerment, and solidarity for future generations. Together, we can build an even brighter future!
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1965
The National Black Deaf Advocates
Organization is Established
Organization is Established
Although the National Association of the Deaf was established in 1880 to advocate for the rights of Deaf individuals, Black Deaf individuals were not allowed to join or vote in the organization because of racism. This exclusion highlighted the intersection of racism and ableism within the Deaf community, leading to the formation of separate organizations that aimed to amplify the voices of Black Deaf individuals. Over time, these efforts have contributed to greater awareness and advocacy for inclusivity and equity within the broader movement for Deaf rights.
Since then, the Black Deaf community has worked tirelessly to collaborate with the NAD despite facing numerous rejections. In response to the NAD's reluctance to address their concerns and the ongoing lack of representation, the community founded the National Black Deaf Advocates (NBDA) in 1982. The NBDA has since become a crucial organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of Black Deaf individuals and promoting equality and inclusivity. For more information, visit the NBDA website at www.nbda.org. The NBDA has played a vital role in raising awareness about the unique challenges faced by Black Deaf individuals and creating an atmosphere of solidarity among its members. Through various programs and initiatives, the organization continues to empower Black Deaf voices and advocate for meaningful change within both the Deaf and broader civil rights communities.
Over time, the NAD has made important advancements toward inclusivity and equality, now including Deaf people of color on its board of directors. This progress highlights the NAD's commitment to a more inclusive future and inspires ongoing advocacy for equality in society. This ongoing advocacy emphasizes the importance of intersectionality within social justice movements, ensuring that the voices of all marginalized groups are heard and represented. As the NAD moves forward, it remains dedicated to fostering unity and understanding among diverse communities, paving the way for a more equitable society for everyone.
Since then, the Black Deaf community has worked tirelessly to collaborate with the NAD despite facing numerous rejections. In response to the NAD's reluctance to address their concerns and the ongoing lack of representation, the community founded the National Black Deaf Advocates (NBDA) in 1982. The NBDA has since become a crucial organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of Black Deaf individuals and promoting equality and inclusivity. For more information, visit the NBDA website at www.nbda.org. The NBDA has played a vital role in raising awareness about the unique challenges faced by Black Deaf individuals and creating an atmosphere of solidarity among its members. Through various programs and initiatives, the organization continues to empower Black Deaf voices and advocate for meaningful change within both the Deaf and broader civil rights communities.
Over time, the NAD has made important advancements toward inclusivity and equality, now including Deaf people of color on its board of directors. This progress highlights the NAD's commitment to a more inclusive future and inspires ongoing advocacy for equality in society. This ongoing advocacy emphasizes the importance of intersectionality within social justice movements, ensuring that the voices of all marginalized groups are heard and represented. As the NAD moves forward, it remains dedicated to fostering unity and understanding among diverse communities, paving the way for a more equitable society for everyone.
Robert G. Sanderson (left) and W. David Mortensen (right) at the Utah Association for the Deaf Conference, June 18, 1995
Robert G. Sanderson talking to W. David Mortensen at the Utah Association for the Deaf Conference, June 18, 1995
Dr. Raymond Merritt Highlights the Intersection
Between the Deaf Race and Deaf History
Between the Deaf Race and Deaf History
I was delighted to see a photo regarding the intersection of the Deaf race and Deaf History created by Dr. Raymond Merritt, a Deaf individual, on his Facebook page on March 20, 2025. While working on Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's biography for a state publication, I stumbled upon the "Denial of Equal Rights to Deaf Women and Black Deaf Individuals" resolution from the 2012 Conference Resolutions on the NAD website. This resolution, a significant document, highlights the systemic discrimination faced by Deaf women and Black Deaf individuals. This revelation prompted me to learn more about the historical struggles and achievements of these marginalized groups within the Deaf community. Understanding their experiences enriches the narrative of Deaf history and emphasizes the importance of advocating for equality and justice for all. Advocating for equality and justice for all is crucial in fostering an inclusive environment where every voice is heard and valued. By acknowledging the unique challenges faced by Deaf women and Black Deaf individuals, we can work toward dismantling barriers and creating a more equitable future for the entire Deaf community.
A story tip that highlights the intersection of Deaf race and Deaf History, created by Dr. Raymond Merritt
Dr. Merritt's recent Facebook post, where he openly discussed the racial segregation policies and structural norms affecting the Black Deaf community within the broader Deaf community, addresses a crucial and significant topic. His insights are invaluable, and I am truly excited about the possibility of him writing a book on this subject. It would be a remarkable contribution to the field! Such a book could not only raise awareness but also foster meaningful conversations and drive necessary changes within both communities. I believe it would inspire others to reflect on their perspectives and actions regarding inclusivity and equity.
Dr. Raymond Merritt. Souce: Linkedin.com
The National Association of the Deaf
Formally Apologizes to the Black Deaf Delegates
at the Conference
Formally Apologizes to the Black Deaf Delegates
at the Conference
As a delegate for the Utah Association of the Deaf at the 2012 NAD Conference, I had the opportunity to witness a touching moment when Dr. Bobbie Beth Scoggins, then-president of the NAD, issued a formal apology to the Black Deaf delegates for the historical denial of equal rights based on race. This apology, a significant step towards acknowledging and rectifying past injustices, was included in the document titled 'Denial of Equal Rights to Deaf Women and Black Deaf Individuals,' which was part of the 2012 Conference Resolutions, an important document on the NAD website. This historic moment not only reaffirmed the importance of inclusivity within the Deaf community but also served as a catalyst for ongoing conversations about equity and representation. The NAD's commitment to addressing these issues reflects a broader movement toward healing and unity among all marginalized groups.
Dr. Bobbie Beth Scoggins. Source: Texas Lone Star
A Recognition of Dr. Laurene Simms:
A Black Advocate for the Deaf Community
A Black Advocate for the Deaf Community
In the wake of George Floyd's death in 2020 and the ensuing Black Lives Matter protests, the Black community continues to grapple with the enduring effects of racial injustice. This moment allows us to listen, learn, and grow. In the aftermath of the Black Lives Matter movement, I delved into the inspiring work of Dr. Laurene Simms, a highly esteemed Black Deaf professor at Gallaudet University and a champion for social justice. Dr. Simms, a nationally renowned expert in ASL/English bilingual education, offered bilingual training to the first group of teachers and aides just before the founding of the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf in 1999. Her dedication to empowering the Deaf community through education and advocacy has opened doors for future generations. Dr. Simms continues to motivate students and educators alike, reminding us of the importance of inclusivity and the power of language in bridging cultural divides.
Dr. Laurene Simms, Gallaudet Professor. Source: Gallaudet.edu
In 2018, the Indiana School for the Deaf celebrated one of its remarkable alumni, Dr. Simms, by naming its elementary building in her honor. This special tribute highlights the significant contributions Dr. Simms has made to the Black Deaf community. Thanks to her dedication, the first teachers and aides at the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf were able to receive valuable training from her. Dr. Simms' contributions are now an integral part of the school's history, and we are all grateful. Her legacy will inspire future generations of educators and students, ensuring that the values of inclusivity and excellence continue to thrive within the community. As the school moves forward, it will always carry Dr. Simms' spirit and commitment to empowering the Deaf and hard-of-hearing students.
Dr. Laurene Simms presented to JMS's first teachers and aides during in-service training before the school opened in 1999
A Rich Resource of the Black Deaf Community
There is a fantastic resource through Gallaudet University that centers on the Black Deaf community! This platform is filled with valuable insights into their rich history and culture. It includes various organizations, publications, books, films, and videos. I'm excited to use this resource to help raise awareness and share these enlightening materials with everyone. Let's spread knowledge together! Let's spread knowledge together! By promoting these resources, we can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation for the unique experiences of the Black Deaf community, ultimately creating a more inclusive environment for all.
Sugar Free Truth of Facebook, March 11, 2024
