Utah's Connection
to Black Deaf History
Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Author’s Note
My high school relationship with an exceptional Black individual profoundly shaped my interest in Black history. This passion resonates strongly as I explore the lives of two remarkable figures in the Utah Deaf community: Dr. Robert "Bob" G. Sanderson and W. David "Dave" Mortensen. Their stories draw parallels with the legacies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.
Bob and Dave represent two distinct approaches to advocacy that focus on justice and equality. They advocate for the Deaf community in Utah by promoting accessibility and inclusion while actively confronting societal norms rooted in audism—an issue that parallels the struggles against racism and sexism. Their work is crucial to Utah's civil rights history, demonstrating how individual leadership can inspire systemic change within the Deaf community and beyond. Much like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X inspired countless individuals, Bob and Dave's legacies empower community members to challenge societal norms, advocate for meaningful change, and assert their voices in the ongoing fight for recognition and equality.
In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to recognize their contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of connecting women's achievements with their spouses' surnames. This decision recognizes their achievements by utilizing their first names, which is crucial for identifying them. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also emphasizes the significance of women's advocacy in our community and promotes inclusivity. This approach highlights women's accomplishments and contributions while respecting each person's own identity.
Happy exploring!
Jodi Christel Becker
Bob and Dave represent two distinct approaches to advocacy that focus on justice and equality. They advocate for the Deaf community in Utah by promoting accessibility and inclusion while actively confronting societal norms rooted in audism—an issue that parallels the struggles against racism and sexism. Their work is crucial to Utah's civil rights history, demonstrating how individual leadership can inspire systemic change within the Deaf community and beyond. Much like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X inspired countless individuals, Bob and Dave's legacies empower community members to challenge societal norms, advocate for meaningful change, and assert their voices in the ongoing fight for recognition and equality.
In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to recognize their contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of connecting women's achievements with their spouses' surnames. This decision recognizes their achievements by utilizing their first names, which is crucial for identifying them. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also emphasizes the significance of women's advocacy in our community and promotes inclusivity. This approach highlights women's accomplishments and contributions while respecting each person's own identity.
Happy exploring!
Jodi Christel Becker
On this day in 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, met for the first time, while attending a Senate debate on the Civil Rights Act. Courtesy of African & Black History African Archives
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, known as Bob, and W. David Mortensen, or Dave, are prominent figures in the Utah Deaf community. Bob was recognized for his diplomatic skills, which reflected the leadership qualities of figures like Martin Luther King Jr. Both he and MLK emphasized the importance of educating others about equality, using their PhDs to enhance their messages and inspire meaningful discussions. Their dedication to promoting social justice has made a lasting impact on their communities, motivating future generations to strive for equality.
In contrast, Dave exemplified bold, fearless activism, organizing rallies and lobbying to push for significant legislative changes. His commitment to social justice energized a new generation of advocates, demonstrating that steadfast dedication can lead to real progress. Their contrasting leadership styles—Bob's diplomatic skills and Dave's bold activism—serve as powerful examples that can inspire others to take meaningful action for social justice.
While Bob approached advocacy with diplomacy, Dave took a more assertive stance, as Malcolm X did. Their differing styles worked well together, fostering an effective partnership that greatly benefited the Deaf community. Together, they played a key role in establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, expanding interpreting services, and advocating for essential laws that improved rights for Deaf individuals.
Their teamwork underscores the power of collaboration within civil rights movements. Bob's earlier work laid the groundwork for Dave's activism, both driven by a shared commitment to equality that echoes the legacies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Their impactful legacy inspires belief in the potential for individual efforts to contribute to lasting change and motivates the audience to engage actively.
Inspired by their dedication and by the Black Lives Matter movement, I aim to support underrepresented communities, particularly by empowering the Deaf community in Utah and beyond. By amplifying their voices, I hope to contribute to a society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive, aligning with my commitment to social justice and equality for all.
In contrast, Dave exemplified bold, fearless activism, organizing rallies and lobbying to push for significant legislative changes. His commitment to social justice energized a new generation of advocates, demonstrating that steadfast dedication can lead to real progress. Their contrasting leadership styles—Bob's diplomatic skills and Dave's bold activism—serve as powerful examples that can inspire others to take meaningful action for social justice.
While Bob approached advocacy with diplomacy, Dave took a more assertive stance, as Malcolm X did. Their differing styles worked well together, fostering an effective partnership that greatly benefited the Deaf community. Together, they played a key role in establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, expanding interpreting services, and advocating for essential laws that improved rights for Deaf individuals.
Their teamwork underscores the power of collaboration within civil rights movements. Bob's earlier work laid the groundwork for Dave's activism, both driven by a shared commitment to equality that echoes the legacies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Their impactful legacy inspires belief in the potential for individual efforts to contribute to lasting change and motivates the audience to engage actively.
Inspired by their dedication and by the Black Lives Matter movement, I aim to support underrepresented communities, particularly by empowering the Deaf community in Utah and beyond. By amplifying their voices, I hope to contribute to a society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive, aligning with my commitment to social justice and equality for all.
W. David Mortensen. Courtesy W. David and Shanna Mortensen
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Promote Inclusivity in the National Association of the Deaf
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Promote Inclusivity in the National Association of the Deaf
In July 1964, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a distinguished leader from Utah, became the president of the National Association of the Deaf, marking a pivotal moment in history. This event coincided with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which granted women in the Deaf community the right to vote—an essential step toward equality and inclusion. In 1965, the NAD further demonstrated its commitment to inclusivity by welcoming Black Deaf individuals to join and vote, following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These changes were crucial as the NAD had previously denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). Together, these developments reflected a major shift toward equality and a dedication to building a more inclusive Deaf community.
Reflecting on this history underscores the importance of advocacy and collaboration in pursuing justice. The journey toward inclusivity represents a collective awakening to the principles of equality. Let’s honor this history by consistently advocating for everyone's rights, ensuring the Deaf community remains a symbol of hope and empowerment for future generations. Together, we can build a brighter future!
Reflecting on this history underscores the importance of advocacy and collaboration in pursuing justice. The journey toward inclusivity represents a collective awakening to the principles of equality. Let’s honor this history by consistently advocating for everyone's rights, ensuring the Deaf community remains a symbol of hope and empowerment for future generations. Together, we can build a brighter future!
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1965
The National Black Deaf Advocates
Organization is Established
Organization is Established
Although the National Association of the Deaf was established in 1880 to advocate for the rights of Deaf individuals, Black Deaf individuals were not allowed to join or vote in the organization because of racism. This exclusion highlighted the intersection of racism and ableism within the Deaf community, leading to the formation of separate organizations that aimed to amplify the voices of Black Deaf individuals. Over time, these efforts have contributed to greater awareness and advocacy for inclusivity and equity within the broader movement for Deaf rights.
Since then, the Black Deaf community has worked tirelessly to collaborate with the NAD despite facing numerous rejections. In response to the NAD's reluctance to address their concerns and the ongoing lack of representation, the community founded the National Black Deaf Advocates (NBDA) in 1982. The NBDA has since become a crucial organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of Black Deaf individuals and promoting equality and inclusivity. For more information, visit the NBDA website at www.nbda.org. The NBDA has played a vital role in raising awareness about the unique challenges faced by Black Deaf individuals and creating an atmosphere of solidarity among its members. Through various programs and initiatives, the organization continues to empower Black Deaf voices and advocate for meaningful change within both the Deaf and broader civil rights communities.
Over time, the NAD has made important advancements toward inclusivity and equality, now including Deaf people of color on its board of directors. This progress highlights the NAD's commitment to a more inclusive future and inspires ongoing advocacy for equality in society. This ongoing advocacy emphasizes the importance of intersectionality within social justice movements, ensuring that the voices of all marginalized groups are heard and represented. As the NAD moves forward, it remains dedicated to fostering unity and understanding among diverse communities, paving the way for a more equitable society for everyone.
Since then, the Black Deaf community has worked tirelessly to collaborate with the NAD despite facing numerous rejections. In response to the NAD's reluctance to address their concerns and the ongoing lack of representation, the community founded the National Black Deaf Advocates (NBDA) in 1982. The NBDA has since become a crucial organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of Black Deaf individuals and promoting equality and inclusivity. For more information, visit the NBDA website at www.nbda.org. The NBDA has played a vital role in raising awareness about the unique challenges faced by Black Deaf individuals and creating an atmosphere of solidarity among its members. Through various programs and initiatives, the organization continues to empower Black Deaf voices and advocate for meaningful change within both the Deaf and broader civil rights communities.
Over time, the NAD has made important advancements toward inclusivity and equality, now including Deaf people of color on its board of directors. This progress highlights the NAD's commitment to a more inclusive future and inspires ongoing advocacy for equality in society. This ongoing advocacy emphasizes the importance of intersectionality within social justice movements, ensuring that the voices of all marginalized groups are heard and represented. As the NAD moves forward, it remains dedicated to fostering unity and understanding among diverse communities, paving the way for a more equitable society for everyone.
Robert G. Sanderson (left) and W. David Mortensen (right) at the Utah Association for the Deaf Conference, June 18, 1995. Courtesy of Robert L. Bonnell
Robert G. Sanderson talking to W. David Mortensen at the Utah Association for the Deaf Conference, June 18, 1995. Courtesy of Robert L. Bonnell
Dr. Raymond Merritt Highlights the Intersection
Between the Deaf Race and Deaf History
Between the Deaf Race and Deaf History
I was delighted to see a photo regarding the intersection of the Deaf race and Deaf History created by Dr. Raymond Merritt, a Deaf individual, on his Facebook page on March 20, 2025. While working on Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's biography for a state publication, I stumbled upon the "Denial of Equal Rights to Deaf Women and Black Deaf Individuals" resolution from the 2012 Conference Resolutions on the NAD website. This resolution, a significant document, highlights the systemic discrimination faced by Deaf women and Black Deaf individuals. This revelation prompted me to learn more about the historical struggles and achievements of these marginalized groups within the Deaf community. Understanding their experiences enriches the narrative of Deaf history and emphasizes the importance of advocating for equality and justice for all. Advocating for equality and justice for all is crucial in fostering an inclusive environment where every voice is heard and valued. By acknowledging the unique challenges faced by Deaf women and Black Deaf individuals, we can work toward dismantling barriers and creating a more equitable future for the entire Deaf community.
A story tip that highlights the intersection of Deaf race and Deaf History. Created by Dr. Raymond Merritt
Dr. Merritt's recent Facebook post, where he openly discussed the racial segregation policies and structural norms affecting the Black Deaf community within the broader Deaf community, addresses a crucial and significant topic. His insights are invaluable, and I am truly excited about the possibility of him writing a book on this subject. It would be a remarkable contribution to the field! Such a book could not only raise awareness but also foster meaningful conversations and drive necessary changes within both communities. I believe it would inspire others to reflect on their perspectives and actions regarding inclusivity and equity.
Dr. Raymond Merritt. Souce: Linkedin.com
The National Association of the Deaf
Formally Apologizes to the Black Deaf Delegates
at the Conference
Formally Apologizes to the Black Deaf Delegates
at the Conference
As a delegate for the Utah Association of the Deaf at the 2012 NAD Conference, I had the opportunity to witness a touching moment when Dr. Bobbie Beth Scoggins, then-president of the NAD, issued a formal apology to the Black Deaf delegates for the historical denial of equal rights based on race. This apology, a significant step towards acknowledging and rectifying past injustices, was included in the document titled 'Denial of Equal Rights to Deaf Women and Black Deaf Individuals,' which was part of the 2012 Conference Resolutions, an important document on the NAD website. This historic moment not only reaffirmed the importance of inclusivity within the Deaf community but also served as a catalyst for ongoing conversations about equity and representation. The NAD's commitment to addressing these issues reflects a broader movement toward healing and unity among all marginalized groups.
Dr. Bobbie Beth Scoggins. Source: Texas Lone Star
A Recognition of Dr. Laurene Simms:
A Black Advocate for the Deaf Community
A Black Advocate for the Deaf Community
In the wake of George Floyd's death in 2020 and the ensuing Black Lives Matter protests, the Black community continues to grapple with the enduring effects of racial injustice. This moment allows us to listen, learn, and grow. In the aftermath of the Black Lives Matter movement, I delved into the inspiring work of Dr. Laurene Simms, a highly esteemed Black Deaf professor at Gallaudet University and a champion for social justice. Dr. Simms, a nationally renowned expert in ASL/English bilingual education, offered bilingual training to the first group of teachers and aides just before the founding of the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf in 1999. Her dedication to empowering the Deaf community through education and advocacy has opened doors for future generations. Dr. Simms continues to motivate students and educators alike, reminding us of the importance of inclusivity and the power of language in bridging cultural divides.
Dr. Laurene Simms, Gallaudet Professor. Source: Gallaudet.edu
In 2018, the Indiana School for the Deaf celebrated one of its remarkable alumni, Dr. Simms, by naming its elementary building in her honor. This special tribute highlights the significant contributions Dr. Simms has made to the Black Deaf community. Thanks to her dedication, the first teachers and aides at the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf were able to receive valuable training from her. Dr. Simms' contributions are now an integral part of the school's history, and we are all grateful. Her legacy will inspire future generations of educators and students, ensuring that the values of inclusivity and excellence continue to thrive within the community. As the school moves forward, it will always carry Dr. Simms' spirit and commitment to empowering the Deaf and hard-of-hearing students.
Dr. Laurene Simms presented to JMS's first teachers and aides during in-service training before the school opened in 1999
A Rich Resource of the Black Deaf Community
There is a fantastic resource through Gallaudet University that centers on the Black Deaf community! This platform provides valuable insights into their rich history and culture, including various organizations, publications, books, films, and videos. I'm excited to use this resource to help raise awareness and share enlightening materials with everyone. By promoting these resources, we can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation for the unique experiences of the Black Deaf community, ultimately creating a more inclusive environment for all. Let's spread knowledge together!
Courtesy of Sugar Free Truth on Facebook, March 11, 2024
