Utah's Connection
to Black Deaf History
Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Author’s Note
I have always been fascinated by Black history, a passion that was shaped by my high school relationship with an extraordinary Black individual. This curiosity leads me to reflect on two remarkable figures in the Utah Deaf community: Dr. Robert "Bob" G. Sanderson and W. David "Dave" Mortensen. Like many communities, the Deaf community in Utah faces its own unique challenges and achievements, and these leaders remind me of the iconic duo of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Both were phenomenal leaders with distinct styles that left a lasting impact. Their approaches to advocacy and social change, while different, were both driven by a deep commitment to justice and equality, echoing the broader fight for social justice. Similarly, Bob and Dave have used their unique voices and experiences to uplift the Deaf community in Utah, inspiring others to embrace their identity and fight for their rights. Their advocacy has shed light on the importance of accessibility and inclusion, challenging societal norms and pushing for systemic change. Just as MLK and Malcolm X inspired generations, Bob and Dave have created a legacy that empowers individuals within the Utah Deaf community to assert their voices and demand recognition.
Happy exploring!
Jodi Christel Becker
Happy exploring!
Jodi Christel Becker
On this day in 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, met for the first time, while attending a Senate debate on the Civil Rights Act. Source: African & Black History African Archives
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, known as Bob, was an exceptional diplomat, much like Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK). Bob's capacity to listen, support, and understand those around him made a significant impact. Both he and MLK emphasized the importance of educating others on equality, using their Ph.D. degrees to amplify their messages and inspire meaningful discussions. Their commitment to promoting social justice has made a lasting mark on their communities, inspiring future generations to pursue equality.
W. David Mortensen, or Dave, was a bold activist who mirrored MLK’s passion by organizing rallies and advocating for substantial legislative changes. His lifelong dedication to social justice inspired a new generation of activists. Together with Bob, they created a powerful movement to dismantle systemic inequalities, igniting hope and resilience in marginalized communities. Their collective advocacy motivated many individuals to pursue justice and equality.
Like Malcolm X, Dave was a fearless advocate for the Utah Deaf community, working alongside Bob to drive significant change. Their partnership had a lasting impact on that community, enhancing its members' lives. Dave's and Bob's different but complementary leadership styles made for a dynamic partnership that met important accessibility needs. Dave's increased efforts to advocate, built on Bob's groundbreaking work, led to important milestones, such as the opening of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, expanded interpreting services, and the passage of important laws.
Their teamwork exemplified the strength found in collaboration within the civil rights and accessibility movements. Their mutual support was crucial to their advocacy efforts within the Utah Association of the Deaf and the wider Deaf community. Bob's earlier contributions inspired Dave's dedication, reflecting a shared commitment to civil rights reminiscent of MLK and Malcolm X. Their influential work has shaped my understanding of civil rights and advocacy. I admire their passion and commitment, which serves as a reminder of the potential impact dedicated individuals can have on their communities.
Inspired by their unwavering devotion, I feel motivated to actively engage in advocacy efforts for underrepresented communities. I aim to build awareness and understanding of the challenges the Deaf community faces in Utah and beyond. Additionally, I aspire to partner with local organizations to develop programs that enhance accessibility and empower Deaf individuals. By amplifying their voices and advocating for their rights, I hope to contribute to a fairer society where everyone has the opportunity to succeed. This vision aligns with my commitment to social justice and equality, working toward a future where each member of the Deaf community is respected and heard.
W. David Mortensen, or Dave, was a bold activist who mirrored MLK’s passion by organizing rallies and advocating for substantial legislative changes. His lifelong dedication to social justice inspired a new generation of activists. Together with Bob, they created a powerful movement to dismantle systemic inequalities, igniting hope and resilience in marginalized communities. Their collective advocacy motivated many individuals to pursue justice and equality.
Like Malcolm X, Dave was a fearless advocate for the Utah Deaf community, working alongside Bob to drive significant change. Their partnership had a lasting impact on that community, enhancing its members' lives. Dave's and Bob's different but complementary leadership styles made for a dynamic partnership that met important accessibility needs. Dave's increased efforts to advocate, built on Bob's groundbreaking work, led to important milestones, such as the opening of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, expanded interpreting services, and the passage of important laws.
Their teamwork exemplified the strength found in collaboration within the civil rights and accessibility movements. Their mutual support was crucial to their advocacy efforts within the Utah Association of the Deaf and the wider Deaf community. Bob's earlier contributions inspired Dave's dedication, reflecting a shared commitment to civil rights reminiscent of MLK and Malcolm X. Their influential work has shaped my understanding of civil rights and advocacy. I admire their passion and commitment, which serves as a reminder of the potential impact dedicated individuals can have on their communities.
Inspired by their unwavering devotion, I feel motivated to actively engage in advocacy efforts for underrepresented communities. I aim to build awareness and understanding of the challenges the Deaf community faces in Utah and beyond. Additionally, I aspire to partner with local organizations to develop programs that enhance accessibility and empower Deaf individuals. By amplifying their voices and advocating for their rights, I hope to contribute to a fairer society where everyone has the opportunity to succeed. This vision aligns with my commitment to social justice and equality, working toward a future where each member of the Deaf community is respected and heard.
W. David Mortensen
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Promote Inclusivity in the National Association of the Deaf
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Promote Inclusivity in the National Association of the Deaf
When Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a distinguished leader from Utah, was set to become the president of the National Association of the Deaf in July 1964, he found himself at a pivotal moment in history. This period coincided with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a monumental achievement that granted women in the Deaf community the right to vote, which was an essential step toward equality and inclusion (2012 Conference Resolutions). This newfound empowerment was not only significant for women in the Deaf community but also inspired broader advocacy efforts for Deaf rights across the nation. Dr. Sanderson's leadership during this transformative time helped amplify the voices of those who had long been marginalized, opening the door to subsequent advancements in accessibility and representation.
In 1965, the NAD took further steps toward inclusivity by allowing Black Deaf individuals to join the organization and participate in voting following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This vital legislation paved the way for greater inclusivity within the organization. Before these changes, the NAD had denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). This commitment to inclusivity marked a significant transformation in the organization, reflecting a broader societal shift toward recognizing the rights of marginalized groups, including the Black Deaf community. As a result, the NAD became a more representative voice for all Deaf individuals, advocating for their needs and promoting equality within the community.
Reflecting on this history highlights the power of advocacy and underscores the importance of collaboration for achieving justice. The efforts taken toward inclusivity were more than just a series of improvements; they represented a collective awakening to the principles of equality that unite us all. Let us honor this history by continuing to advocate for everyone's rights, ensuring that the Deaf community remains an inspiration of hope, empowerment, and solidarity for future generations. Together, we can build an even brighter future!
In 1965, the NAD took further steps toward inclusivity by allowing Black Deaf individuals to join the organization and participate in voting following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This vital legislation paved the way for greater inclusivity within the organization. Before these changes, the NAD had denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). This commitment to inclusivity marked a significant transformation in the organization, reflecting a broader societal shift toward recognizing the rights of marginalized groups, including the Black Deaf community. As a result, the NAD became a more representative voice for all Deaf individuals, advocating for their needs and promoting equality within the community.
Reflecting on this history highlights the power of advocacy and underscores the importance of collaboration for achieving justice. The efforts taken toward inclusivity were more than just a series of improvements; they represented a collective awakening to the principles of equality that unite us all. Let us honor this history by continuing to advocate for everyone's rights, ensuring that the Deaf community remains an inspiration of hope, empowerment, and solidarity for future generations. Together, we can build an even brighter future!
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1965
The National Black Deaf Advocates
Organization is Established
Organization is Established
Although the National Association of the Deaf was established in 1880 to advocate for the rights of Deaf individuals, Black Deaf individuals were not allowed to join or vote in the organization because of racism. This exclusion highlighted the intersection of racism and ableism within the Deaf community, leading to the formation of separate organizations that aimed to amplify the voices of Black Deaf individuals. Over time, these efforts have contributed to greater awareness and advocacy for inclusivity and equity within the broader movement for Deaf rights.
Since then, the Black Deaf community has worked tirelessly to collaborate with the NAD despite facing numerous rejections. In response to the NAD's reluctance to address their concerns and the ongoing lack of representation, the community founded the National Black Deaf Advocates (NBDA) in 1982. The NBDA has since become a crucial organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of Black Deaf individuals and promoting equality and inclusivity. For more information, visit the NBDA website at www.nbda.org. The NBDA has played a vital role in raising awareness about the unique challenges faced by Black Deaf individuals and creating an atmosphere of solidarity among its members. Through various programs and initiatives, the organization continues to empower Black Deaf voices and advocate for meaningful change within both the Deaf and broader civil rights communities.
Over time, the NAD has made important advancements toward inclusivity and equality, now including Deaf people of color on its board of directors. This progress highlights the NAD's commitment to a more inclusive future and inspires ongoing advocacy for equality in society. This ongoing advocacy emphasizes the importance of intersectionality within social justice movements, ensuring that the voices of all marginalized groups are heard and represented. As the NAD moves forward, it remains dedicated to fostering unity and understanding among diverse communities, paving the way for a more equitable society for everyone.
Since then, the Black Deaf community has worked tirelessly to collaborate with the NAD despite facing numerous rejections. In response to the NAD's reluctance to address their concerns and the ongoing lack of representation, the community founded the National Black Deaf Advocates (NBDA) in 1982. The NBDA has since become a crucial organization dedicated to advocating for the rights of Black Deaf individuals and promoting equality and inclusivity. For more information, visit the NBDA website at www.nbda.org. The NBDA has played a vital role in raising awareness about the unique challenges faced by Black Deaf individuals and creating an atmosphere of solidarity among its members. Through various programs and initiatives, the organization continues to empower Black Deaf voices and advocate for meaningful change within both the Deaf and broader civil rights communities.
Over time, the NAD has made important advancements toward inclusivity and equality, now including Deaf people of color on its board of directors. This progress highlights the NAD's commitment to a more inclusive future and inspires ongoing advocacy for equality in society. This ongoing advocacy emphasizes the importance of intersectionality within social justice movements, ensuring that the voices of all marginalized groups are heard and represented. As the NAD moves forward, it remains dedicated to fostering unity and understanding among diverse communities, paving the way for a more equitable society for everyone.
Robert G. Sanderson (left) and W. David Mortensen (right) at the Utah Association for the Deaf Conference, June 18, 1995
Robert G. Sanderson talking to W. David Mortensen at the Utah Association for the Deaf Conference, June 18, 1995
Dr. Raymond Merritt Highlights the Intersection
Between the Deaf Race and Deaf History
Between the Deaf Race and Deaf History
I was delighted to see a photo regarding the intersection of the Deaf race and Deaf History created by Dr. Raymond Merritt, a Deaf individual, on his Facebook page on March 20, 2025. While working on Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's biography for a state publication, I stumbled upon the "Denial of Equal Rights to Deaf Women and Black Deaf Individuals" resolution from the 2012 Conference Resolutions on the NAD website. This resolution, a significant document, highlights the systemic discrimination faced by Deaf women and Black Deaf individuals. This revelation prompted me to learn more about the historical struggles and achievements of these marginalized groups within the Deaf community. Understanding their experiences enriches the narrative of Deaf history and emphasizes the importance of advocating for equality and justice for all. Advocating for equality and justice for all is crucial in fostering an inclusive environment where every voice is heard and valued. By acknowledging the unique challenges faced by Deaf women and Black Deaf individuals, we can work toward dismantling barriers and creating a more equitable future for the entire Deaf community.
A story tip that highlights the intersection of Deaf race and Deaf History, created by Dr. Raymond Merritt
Dr. Merritt's recent Facebook post, where he openly discussed the racial segregation policies and structural norms affecting the Black Deaf community within the broader Deaf community, addresses a crucial and significant topic. His insights are invaluable, and I am truly excited about the possibility of him writing a book on this subject. It would be a remarkable contribution to the field! Such a book could not only raise awareness but also foster meaningful conversations and drive necessary changes within both communities. I believe it would inspire others to reflect on their perspectives and actions regarding inclusivity and equity.
Dr. Raymond Merritt. Souce: Linkedin.com
The National Association of the Deaf
Formally Apologizes to the Black Deaf Delegates
at the Conference
Formally Apologizes to the Black Deaf Delegates
at the Conference
As a delegate for the Utah Association of the Deaf at the 2012 NAD Conference, I had the opportunity to witness a touching moment when Dr. Bobbie Beth Scoggins, then-president of the NAD, issued a formal apology to the Black Deaf delegates for the historical denial of equal rights based on race. This apology, a significant step towards acknowledging and rectifying past injustices, was included in the document titled 'Denial of Equal Rights to Deaf Women and Black Deaf Individuals,' which was part of the 2012 Conference Resolutions, an important document on the NAD website. This historic moment not only reaffirmed the importance of inclusivity within the Deaf community but also served as a catalyst for ongoing conversations about equity and representation. The NAD's commitment to addressing these issues reflects a broader movement toward healing and unity among all marginalized groups.
Dr. Bobbie Beth Scoggins. Source: Texas Lone Star
A Recognition of Dr. Laurene Simms:
A Black Advocate for the Deaf Community
A Black Advocate for the Deaf Community
In the wake of George Floyd's death in 2020 and the ensuing Black Lives Matter protests, the Black community continues to grapple with the enduring effects of racial injustice. This moment allows us to listen, learn, and grow. In the aftermath of the Black Lives Matter movement, I delved into the inspiring work of Dr. Laurene Simms, a highly esteemed Black Deaf professor at Gallaudet University and a champion for social justice. Dr. Simms, a nationally renowned expert in ASL/English bilingual education, offered bilingual training to the first group of teachers and aides just before the founding of the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf in 1999. Her dedication to empowering the Deaf community through education and advocacy has opened doors for future generations. Dr. Simms continues to motivate students and educators alike, reminding us of the importance of inclusivity and the power of language in bridging cultural divides.
Dr. Laurene Simms, Gallaudet Professor. Source: Gallaudet.edu
In 2018, the Indiana School for the Deaf celebrated one of its remarkable alumni, Dr. Simms, by naming its elementary building in her honor. This special tribute highlights the significant contributions Dr. Simms has made to the Black Deaf community. Thanks to her dedication, the first teachers and aides at the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf were able to receive valuable training from her. Dr. Simms' contributions are now an integral part of the school's history, and we are all grateful. Her legacy will inspire future generations of educators and students, ensuring that the values of inclusivity and excellence continue to thrive within the community. As the school moves forward, it will always carry Dr. Simms' spirit and commitment to empowering the Deaf and hard-of-hearing students.
Dr. Laurene Simms presented to JMS's first teachers and aides during in-service training before the school opened in 1999
A Rich Resource of the Black Deaf Community
There is a fantastic resource through Gallaudet University that centers on the Black Deaf community! This platform provides valuable insights into their rich history and culture, including various organizations, publications, books, films, and videos. I'm excited to use this resource to help raise awareness and share enlightening materials with everyone. By promoting these resources, we can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation for the unique experiences of the Black Deaf community, ultimately creating a more inclusive environment for all. Let's spread knowledge together!
Sugar Free Truth of Facebook, March 11, 2024
