UTAH DEAF HISTORY
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"Yesterday is history.
Tomorrow is a mystery.
Today is a gift, that's why they call it the present." ~Eleanor Roosevelt~
Tomorrow is a mystery.
Today is a gift, that's why they call it the present." ~Eleanor Roosevelt~
Welcome to our Utah Deaf History and Culture website! I'm excited to have you join us as we explore the rich history that may have gone unnoticed statewide and nationwide. On October 21, 2012, I launched the 'Utah Deaf History and Culture' website, a crucial platform for preserving this exceptional legacy. Without your commitment to learning and our dedication to historic preservation, the Utah Deaf History Collection, which includes photographs, films, and historical documents, could have lost significant events and cultural heritage spanning decades. I have been researching, collecting, and writing about Utah Deaf History since 2006, and I am honored to share this journey with you.
Utah has several historical highlights,
including the following:
including the following:
Gallaudet University
On June 8, 1897, Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark, cousins who became deaf from medical conditions that were common back then, graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf. That year, they were the only two graduates, and they were the first students from Utah to attend Gallaudet College. They thrived at Gallaudet, where they served as editors for The Buff and Blue, the college's student newspaper. Elizabeth's determination paid off during her senior year in 1901 when she won the presidency of the O.W.L.S., a secret society for women at Gallaudet College, now known as Phi Kappa Zeta. This society provided a safe space to debate, study poetry and literature, and form sisterhood bonds in a largely male environment on the Gallaudet campus. They both graduated in 1902 and went on to have a successful profession, demonstrating their resilience and determination.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Ogden Branch for the Deaf, a church for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who were deaf, had connections with the Utah School for the Deaf, or lived in Ogden, Utah, was a beacon of community. In 1917, Max W. Woodbury, the branch president for 51 years, and Elsie M. Christiansen, the branch clerk for 28 years, played a significant role in building the first chapel for the Deaf members. Their unwavering commitment and collaboration with church authorities were instrumental in overseeing the construction process. This branch has been led by Ecclesiastical Leader Max W. Woodbury since its establishment in 1917, paving the way for future branches and valleys for the deaf. The branch's closure in 1999 due to accessibility concerns was a significant loss to the community.
In 1977, Lloyd H. Perkins, the unwavering branch president and bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, envisioned "deaf space" elements to meet the specific needs of Deaf Latter-day Saint members. His determination ultimately led to the approval of his proposal, despite its initial rejection. He guided the construction of a deaf-friendly Salt Lake Valley Ward building in Salt Lake City, Utah, which is still in operation today. Deaf members were also involved in the design process, guiding the creation of both churches while keeping their visual accessibility needs in mind, which was a significant accomplishment for the Utah Deaf community.
In 1977, Lloyd H. Perkins, the unwavering branch president and bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, envisioned "deaf space" elements to meet the specific needs of Deaf Latter-day Saint members. His determination ultimately led to the approval of his proposal, despite its initial rejection. He guided the construction of a deaf-friendly Salt Lake Valley Ward building in Salt Lake City, Utah, which is still in operation today. Deaf members were also involved in the design process, guiding the creation of both churches while keeping their visual accessibility needs in mind, which was a significant accomplishment for the Utah Deaf community.
Utah Association of the Deaf
The Utah Association of the Deaf was founded in 1909 at the Utah School for the Deaf in Ogden, Utah, with Elizabeth DeLong, a Deaf woman who proposed the association's formation, serving as its first female president. This is significant because the 19th Amendment, which only applied to white women, did not grant women the right to vote for another decade until 1920. During that period, women belonging to the Deaf community could not cast their vote in the National Association of the Deaf elections until 1965. Later in the twentieth century, women of color gained the right to vote. Elizabeth DeLong was also the first Deaf woman in the United States to lead a NAD state chapter association. Notably, in 1870, Utah women made history by being the first women in modern America to exercise their voting rights. Seraph Young Ford, a schoolteacher, became the first woman to cast her vote in the United States on February 14, 1870, which marked a significant milestone in the journey toward women's suffrage. Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon, a doctor, further advanced women's suffrage when she became the first female state senator in the United States 26 years later, in 1896. During her time as a legislator and serving on the board of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind, she sponsored two bills: one to make it mandatory for Deaf and Blind students to attend the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah, and the other to establish an infirmary on campus.
In 1965, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 marked a significant milestone in the fight for equality, as it allowed Deaf women to vote and gave Black Deaf individuals the opportunity to join and vote in the National Association of the Deaf. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, the association's president and a prominent figure locally and nationally, led this historic move. These changes were a significant step towards building a more inclusive community for all Deaf people, regardless of race, gender, and sexuality, as well as a milestone in the NAD's history, marking a step towards inclusivity and equality.
Since establishing the Utah Association of the Deaf in 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has been a leading voice, advocating for civil rights across various areas such as auto insurance, traffic safety, telecommunications, interpreters, education, early intervention, employment, rehabilitation, and more. The Utah Association for the Deaf (it was named between 1963 and 2012) was also the driving force behind establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, which is now a thriving hub for community activities. The Utah Association for the Deaf also helped establish the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf, a beacon of education for Deaf children. Additionally, they championed expanding interpreting services and establishing Deaf Education at Utah State University, emphasizing ASL/English Bilingual (then Total Communication), thereby promoting bilingual education for the deaf. W. David "Dave" Mortensen, who served on the association, is the longest-serving president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, and no one has beaten his 22-year record. He played a crucial role in advancing civil and accessible rights in the Utah Deaf community. Dave took over where Dr. Sanderson left off and successfully completed the projects until the end. They supported and relied on each other to succeed. Dave could not have advocated for the community without Robert's initial work, and Robert could not have accomplished his work without Dave's support.
In 1963, the Utah Association of the Deaf took a significant step by changing its name from 'of' to 'for,' becoming the Utah Association for the Deaf. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, the association's president, demonstrated the association's commitment to inclusivity by appointing Beth Ann Stewart Campbell and Gene Stewart, who were Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs), to the board in light of the growing oral and mainstreaming movements. Under the leadership of Philippe Montalette, the association's president, they reversed the change in 2012, marking a significant milestone in the history of deaf advocacy. After realizing that their previous name was patronizing towards the Deaf community, implying that they were second-class citizens who needed help from society, they decided to revert to the Utah Association of the Deaf. They made this change to ensure recognition of the Deaf community, equal treatment, and full participation in society.
Under the leadership of Stephen Persinger, the association's president, the Utah Association of the Deaf lobbied state legislators to pass Utah Code House Bill (HB) 60, which changed the term "hearing impaired" in state law to "deaf and hard of hearing." Utah Governor Gary Hebert signed HB 60 into law on March 17, 2017, making Utah the first state in the United States to achieve this goal. Governor Herbert signed House Bill 60 into law on April 11, 2017.
In 2019, Kim Lucas became the second woman to be president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, breaking a 110-year-long streak of men serving in the role. This is a significant milestone for the organization. Additionally, Kim is the first queer president to lead the Utah Association of the Deaf, making history in more ways than one.
In 1965, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 marked a significant milestone in the fight for equality, as it allowed Deaf women to vote and gave Black Deaf individuals the opportunity to join and vote in the National Association of the Deaf. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, the association's president and a prominent figure locally and nationally, led this historic move. These changes were a significant step towards building a more inclusive community for all Deaf people, regardless of race, gender, and sexuality, as well as a milestone in the NAD's history, marking a step towards inclusivity and equality.
Since establishing the Utah Association of the Deaf in 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has been a leading voice, advocating for civil rights across various areas such as auto insurance, traffic safety, telecommunications, interpreters, education, early intervention, employment, rehabilitation, and more. The Utah Association for the Deaf (it was named between 1963 and 2012) was also the driving force behind establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, which is now a thriving hub for community activities. The Utah Association for the Deaf also helped establish the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf, a beacon of education for Deaf children. Additionally, they championed expanding interpreting services and establishing Deaf Education at Utah State University, emphasizing ASL/English Bilingual (then Total Communication), thereby promoting bilingual education for the deaf. W. David "Dave" Mortensen, who served on the association, is the longest-serving president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, and no one has beaten his 22-year record. He played a crucial role in advancing civil and accessible rights in the Utah Deaf community. Dave took over where Dr. Sanderson left off and successfully completed the projects until the end. They supported and relied on each other to succeed. Dave could not have advocated for the community without Robert's initial work, and Robert could not have accomplished his work without Dave's support.
In 1963, the Utah Association of the Deaf took a significant step by changing its name from 'of' to 'for,' becoming the Utah Association for the Deaf. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, the association's president, demonstrated the association's commitment to inclusivity by appointing Beth Ann Stewart Campbell and Gene Stewart, who were Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs), to the board in light of the growing oral and mainstreaming movements. Under the leadership of Philippe Montalette, the association's president, they reversed the change in 2012, marking a significant milestone in the history of deaf advocacy. After realizing that their previous name was patronizing towards the Deaf community, implying that they were second-class citizens who needed help from society, they decided to revert to the Utah Association of the Deaf. They made this change to ensure recognition of the Deaf community, equal treatment, and full participation in society.
Under the leadership of Stephen Persinger, the association's president, the Utah Association of the Deaf lobbied state legislators to pass Utah Code House Bill (HB) 60, which changed the term "hearing impaired" in state law to "deaf and hard of hearing." Utah Governor Gary Hebert signed HB 60 into law on March 17, 2017, making Utah the first state in the United States to achieve this goal. Governor Herbert signed House Bill 60 into law on April 11, 2017.
In 2019, Kim Lucas became the second woman to be president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, breaking a 110-year-long streak of men serving in the role. This is a significant milestone for the organization. Additionally, Kim is the first queer president to lead the Utah Association of the Deaf, making history in more ways than one.
Utah School for the Deaf
The Utah School for the Deaf was founded in Salt Lake City, Utah. However, unlike other state schools for the deaf, the school moved several times in the Salt Lake area before settling in Ogden in 1896, when Utah became a state. Since then, the Utah School for the Deaf has faced a long-standing debate on whether to teach using the oral or sign language method until the 1960s, when oral became more emphasized under the leadership of Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a renowned oral and mainstream education advocate. Utah's movement to mainstream all Deaf children had a significant impact, earning him the title of 'Father of Mainstreaming.' Dr. Bitter, a parent of a Deaf daughter and professor at the University of Utah teaching the Oral Teacher Training Program, championed mainstreaming for all Deaf children, leading to its widespread acceptance in 1975 with the passage of Public Law 94-142, now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Dr. Bitter's advocacy for the oral and mainstreaming movements sparked a long-standing feud with the Utah Association for the Deaf, a group comprised mainly of graduates from the Utah School for the Deaf, particularly Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent Deaf community leader in Utah who became deaf at the age of 11 and was a staunch supporter of sign language and state schools for the deaf. The intense animosity between these two giants was due to the ongoing dispute over oral and sign language in Utah's deaf educational system. Their struggle was akin to a chess game, with each maneuvering politically to gain the upper hand in the deaf educational system. The Utah Association for the Deaf demonstrated remarkable resilience when faced with Dr. Bitter's challenges, marking a significant turning point in our history.
In 1962, the Utah School for the Deaf introduced the Dual-Track Program, also known as the "Y" system. Under this program, all students in the Primary Department began in the Oral Program and could only switch to the Simultaneous Communication Program if they had "failed" the Oral Program by the age of 10-12 or 6th grade. The school also started mainstreaming students in its program in 1959, and this movement continued to grow steadily throughout the 1960s. For nearly a decade, the Utah Association for the Deaf, alongside the Parent-Teacher-Student Association, consisted of supportive parents advocating for sign language and battling against the "Y" system. However, the authorities ignored their voices, particularly following the 1962 student protests. It wasn't until another round of student protests in 1969 that Ned C. Wheeler, the Deaf chair of the Governor's Advisory Council of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, proposed the Two-Track Program as a replacement for the "Y" system. This groundbreaking program, a beacon of hope, allowed parents to choose between oral and total communication methods of instruction for their Deaf child aged between 2 and 21. In 1970, the Utah State Board of Education approved this policy under the guidance of Dr. Jay J. Campbell, the Deputy Superintendent of the Utah State Office of Education, who was a crucial ally of the Utah Deaf community.
However, the prevalent oral bias prevented parents from receiving clear information about their children's educational and communication options. Prior to 2010, the Parent Infant Program of the Utah School for the Deaf had a strong bias toward oral. It did not provide balanced information to parents of Deaf children about their educational and communication options. The Utah Deaf Education Core Group, founded in 2010, which included Deaf parents and Deaf Education Advocates, challenged this biased approach and advocated for unbiased and equal information. Although Dr. J. Jay Campbell attempted to make changes to the Parent Infant Program orientation by providing fair information in the 1970s, Dr. Bitter opposed his efforts. It wasn't until 2010 that Superintendent Steven W. Noyce of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, an oral advocate and former university student of Dr. Bitter, as well as a long-time teacher and director of the school, created the Parent Infant Program Orientation to provide parents with fair and balanced information. Despite this, parents had to choose an "either/or" selection between ASL/English Bilingual or Listening and Spoken Language options for their children's education and communication, which resulted in the expansion of the Listening and Spoken Program because the majority of Deaf children are born to hearing parents.
In 1998, the Utah State Board of Education approved the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf as one of the state's first two charter schools. Co-founded by Minnie Mae Wilding-Diaz, a highly respected figure in the Deaf community and Deaf parent of three Deaf children, and Jeff Allen, a hearing parent of a Deaf daughter, the Jean Massieu School for the Deaf began operating as a public charter school in 1999.
Prior to the merger, the Utah School for the Deaf had refused to incorporate the ASL/English Bilingual Program into the school. Nonetheless, in 2005, after Joe Zeidner's legislative efforts, an attorney, and a parent of a Deaf daughter received approval from the Utah Legislature and the Utah State Board of Education, the Utah School for the Deaf merged with the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf to provide parents and students with an ASL/English bilingual option.
After over fifty years of oral advocacy group dominance, starting in 1962, at the Utah School for the Deaf, Michelle Tanner, Associate Superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf, with the support of Joel Coleman, Superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, achieved a significant milestone in 2016 by introducing the Hybrid Program, demonstrating significant progress. The Hybrid Program allows the ASL/English Bilingual Program and the Listening and Spoken language Program to work together without bias, providing Deaf students with a more personalized educational placement. This program also eliminates the need for parents to make an 'either/or' choice between the two programs, a significant step towards providing unbiased and equal information and marking a significant milestone in pursuing an equal educational system for Deaf students.
Today, the bilingual deaf schools, under the Utah School for the Deaf umbrella, are named after three prominent Deaf individuals: Kenneth C. Burdett of the Deaf (Ogden), Jean Massiue School for the Deaf (Salt Lake City), and Elizabeth DeLong (Springville).
In 1962, the Utah School for the Deaf introduced the Dual-Track Program, also known as the "Y" system. Under this program, all students in the Primary Department began in the Oral Program and could only switch to the Simultaneous Communication Program if they had "failed" the Oral Program by the age of 10-12 or 6th grade. The school also started mainstreaming students in its program in 1959, and this movement continued to grow steadily throughout the 1960s. For nearly a decade, the Utah Association for the Deaf, alongside the Parent-Teacher-Student Association, consisted of supportive parents advocating for sign language and battling against the "Y" system. However, the authorities ignored their voices, particularly following the 1962 student protests. It wasn't until another round of student protests in 1969 that Ned C. Wheeler, the Deaf chair of the Governor's Advisory Council of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, proposed the Two-Track Program as a replacement for the "Y" system. This groundbreaking program, a beacon of hope, allowed parents to choose between oral and total communication methods of instruction for their Deaf child aged between 2 and 21. In 1970, the Utah State Board of Education approved this policy under the guidance of Dr. Jay J. Campbell, the Deputy Superintendent of the Utah State Office of Education, who was a crucial ally of the Utah Deaf community.
However, the prevalent oral bias prevented parents from receiving clear information about their children's educational and communication options. Prior to 2010, the Parent Infant Program of the Utah School for the Deaf had a strong bias toward oral. It did not provide balanced information to parents of Deaf children about their educational and communication options. The Utah Deaf Education Core Group, founded in 2010, which included Deaf parents and Deaf Education Advocates, challenged this biased approach and advocated for unbiased and equal information. Although Dr. J. Jay Campbell attempted to make changes to the Parent Infant Program orientation by providing fair information in the 1970s, Dr. Bitter opposed his efforts. It wasn't until 2010 that Superintendent Steven W. Noyce of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, an oral advocate and former university student of Dr. Bitter, as well as a long-time teacher and director of the school, created the Parent Infant Program Orientation to provide parents with fair and balanced information. Despite this, parents had to choose an "either/or" selection between ASL/English Bilingual or Listening and Spoken Language options for their children's education and communication, which resulted in the expansion of the Listening and Spoken Program because the majority of Deaf children are born to hearing parents.
In 1998, the Utah State Board of Education approved the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf as one of the state's first two charter schools. Co-founded by Minnie Mae Wilding-Diaz, a highly respected figure in the Deaf community and Deaf parent of three Deaf children, and Jeff Allen, a hearing parent of a Deaf daughter, the Jean Massieu School for the Deaf began operating as a public charter school in 1999.
Prior to the merger, the Utah School for the Deaf had refused to incorporate the ASL/English Bilingual Program into the school. Nonetheless, in 2005, after Joe Zeidner's legislative efforts, an attorney, and a parent of a Deaf daughter received approval from the Utah Legislature and the Utah State Board of Education, the Utah School for the Deaf merged with the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf to provide parents and students with an ASL/English bilingual option.
After over fifty years of oral advocacy group dominance, starting in 1962, at the Utah School for the Deaf, Michelle Tanner, Associate Superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf, with the support of Joel Coleman, Superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, achieved a significant milestone in 2016 by introducing the Hybrid Program, demonstrating significant progress. The Hybrid Program allows the ASL/English Bilingual Program and the Listening and Spoken language Program to work together without bias, providing Deaf students with a more personalized educational placement. This program also eliminates the need for parents to make an 'either/or' choice between the two programs, a significant step towards providing unbiased and equal information and marking a significant milestone in pursuing an equal educational system for Deaf students.
Today, the bilingual deaf schools, under the Utah School for the Deaf umbrella, are named after three prominent Deaf individuals: Kenneth C. Burdett of the Deaf (Ogden), Jean Massiue School for the Deaf (Salt Lake City), and Elizabeth DeLong (Springville).
Robert G. Sanderson Community Center
of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
The Utah Association for the Deaf exhibited remarkable commitment for 40 years, starting in 1962 and ending in 1992, to establish a community center through legislation. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, Eugene W. Petersen, and G. Leon Curtis, all association members, spearheaded the planning process, and W. David Mortensen completed the project. In 1992, their efforts culminated in the opening of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, a new permanent facility in Taylorsville, Utah. The state dedicated this facility, the first of its kind, to serving the Deaf, Hard of Hearing, DeafBlind, and DeafDisabled communities.
On October 4, 2003, the Utah Deaf community paid tribute to Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a former Deaf Services counselor and director of the community center, with a significant renaming ceremony. The Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing is the sole state-funded Deaf agency in the United States, providing crucial accessibility and communication services. The Deaf themselves played a pivotal role in constructing the Sanderson Community Center, ensuring its design met their accessibility needs.
On October 4, 2003, the Utah Deaf community paid tribute to Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a former Deaf Services counselor and director of the community center, with a significant renaming ceremony. The Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing is the sole state-funded Deaf agency in the United States, providing crucial accessibility and communication services. The Deaf themselves played a pivotal role in constructing the Sanderson Community Center, ensuring its design met their accessibility needs.
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, as the unwavering president of the National Association of the Deaf, spearheaded the expansion of interpreting services in Utah. In 1968, the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf emerged as the state's first interpreting service for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing communities. They also joined forces with the Utah Association for the Deaf to establish Utah's first interpreter training program and certification procedures. Additionally, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, then-NAD president and one of the first participants of the newly formed Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1964, inspired Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Utah native, Child of Deaf Adults (CODA), and former director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, to undertake the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf certification exam. This led to becoming the first nationally RID certified interpreter in Utah and the United States in 1965, a truly remarkable milestone. Moreover, W. David Mortensen, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, steadfastly led Utah to pass Senate Bills (SB) 41 and 42, focusing on interpreting certification and training and recognizing American Sign Language as a foreign language in secondary and post-secondary schools, respectively. All these efforts significantly improved the lives of the Deaf community in Utah.
Sorenson Communications, Inc.
Sorenson Communications, Inc., a company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, created the first videophone designed for Deaf and hard of hearing individuals in 2003, as envisioned by Jonathan Hudson, a Utah Deaf native. Nowadays, they provide a video relay system that is "functionally equivalent," allowing users to benefit from and enjoy its ease of use.
Utah's Many Firsts
Furthermore, Utah boasts a rich history of notable firsts, and it is essential to acknowledge and remember the significant contributions made by many prominent leaders in the Deaf community. As the sole owner and operator of this website, I am committed to preserving the rich history of the Utah Deaf community.
A BIG LOSS IN DEAF HISTORY
Barry Strassler, the owner of DeafDigest, wrote about a self-taught Deaf historian he met in his article "A Big Loss in Deaf History." Despite not attending college, the historian was always fascinated by the history of the Deaf community. He conducted his studies at Gallaudet University's library and the Library of Congress and recorded his findings in notebooks. He kept several books on Deaf history, as well as his journals, at home. However, he never shared his discoveries with anyone and kept them to himself. He had no close friends or family members, so no one knew about this enormous treasure when he passed away. "A horrible waste in Deaf history," remarked Barry Strassler, DeafDigest Editor, on November 18, 2012.
Given Utah's changing demographics, it would be unfortunate if the state's Deaf heritage were lost. Thanks to digitization, anyone can now access the rich history of the Utah Deaf community for historical preservation, genealogy, and research. Virginia C. Borggaard, the author of Celebrating A Rich Heritage 1901–2001, states, "Utah has always been a forerunner in promoting the history of the state's Deaf community." For this reason, we are committed to keeping up with and preserving Utah's Deaf history.
Thank you for visiting our website; we hope you find it entertaining and informative!
Cheers!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Given Utah's changing demographics, it would be unfortunate if the state's Deaf heritage were lost. Thanks to digitization, anyone can now access the rich history of the Utah Deaf community for historical preservation, genealogy, and research. Virginia C. Borggaard, the author of Celebrating A Rich Heritage 1901–2001, states, "Utah has always been a forerunner in promoting the history of the state's Deaf community." For this reason, we are committed to keeping up with and preserving Utah's Deaf history.
Thank you for visiting our website; we hope you find it entertaining and informative!
Cheers!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Copyright © Jodi Becker Kinner, 2012 - 2024. All rights reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or published without the express consent of the author. If you have additional information about Utah Deaf history, or photos/materials that you would like share, please contact Jodi Becker Kinner via email at jodibeckerkinner@gmail.com