The History of Interpreting
Services in Utah
Services in Utah
Compiled & Written by Jodi Becker Kinner
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2024
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2024
Author's Note
As a Deaf individual, I consider it a privilege to write about the history of interpreting services in Utah. I've learned a lot about the leaders that have expand state interpreting services and programs, as well as passed legislation to protect our communication accessibility needs. We are fortunate to have strong state laws that support our accessibility needs, and I hope you enjoy reading "The History of Interpreting Services in Utah" webpage as much as I do. Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Our organization, previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. The association was known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. The association changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963. Finally, in 2012, the association reverted to its previous name, the Utah Association of the Deaf. When writing the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of the association's history.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Our organization, previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. The association was known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. The association changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963. Finally, in 2012, the association reverted to its previous name, the Utah Association of the Deaf. When writing the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of the association's history.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Background History
of Interpreting
of Interpreting
Prior to the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were no available sign language classes or interpreter training programs. The Utah Deaf community often relied on Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) to serve as interpreters for various events and appointments, such as meetings and church activities. Interpreters, especially CODAs, volunteered for years until the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) was established in 1964. This information was shared by Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a former Director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf and a CODA who was born and raised in Utah (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
During the 1960s and 1970s, marginalized communities throughout the United States fought for social equality, which led to significant changes in the interpreting industry (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) evolved to reflect the growing importance of professional interpreters as opposed to just "helpers" in the Code of Ethics, now known as the Code of Professional Conduct (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). In Utah, the Deaf community relied on hard of hearing individuals who learned sign language before using hearing aids, as well as those who lost their hearing but developed strong oral communication skills. However, the number of Deaf people born deaf began to increase, while the percentage of individuals who later became deaf in Utah started to decline by 1961. Additionally, the number of Deaf people with multiple disabilities also grew during this time (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). As a result, the Utah Deaf community needed more interpreting services, which eventually led to the creation of the RID organization to address their interpreting needs.
During the 1960s and 1970s, marginalized communities throughout the United States fought for social equality, which led to significant changes in the interpreting industry (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) evolved to reflect the growing importance of professional interpreters as opposed to just "helpers" in the Code of Ethics, now known as the Code of Professional Conduct (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). In Utah, the Deaf community relied on hard of hearing individuals who learned sign language before using hearing aids, as well as those who lost their hearing but developed strong oral communication skills. However, the number of Deaf people born deaf began to increase, while the percentage of individuals who later became deaf in Utah started to decline by 1961. Additionally, the number of Deaf people with multiple disabilities also grew during this time (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). As a result, the Utah Deaf community needed more interpreting services, which eventually led to the creation of the RID organization to address their interpreting needs.
The National Registry of
Interpreters of the Deaf Is Born
Interpreters of the Deaf Is Born
The National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf was established to respond to several pushes. The "Interpreting for the Deaf" workshop was held on June 14–17, 1964, at Ball State Teachers College (now Ball State University) in Muncie, Indiana. The workshop aimed to recruit and train more interpreters, support the development of a Code of Ethics, and improve assistance and services for the Deaf community, which led to the formation of the interpreting organization on June 16, 1964 (The Silent Worker, July–August 1964). Later, they shortened the name to the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, or RID.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a distinguished figure as the President of the National Association of the Deaf and a representative from the Utah Association for the Deaf, was not just a participant but served as a key consultant for this workshop, which soon became an advocate for expanding the interpreting services in Utah (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008).
The National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf
Becomes Incorporated
Becomes Incorporated
In 1972, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf established itself as an officially recognized organization. The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 led to an expansion of interpreting services. Nowadays, interpreters are employed in various sectors, such as schools, colleges, universities, government organizations, hospitals, the court and legal systems, and private businesses.
The Deaf community needed a model state law to help them get access to court proceedings. Some states had laws that guaranteed Deaf people the right to an interpreter in court. This was important because Deaf people needed access to the courtroom to protect their lives, liberty, property, health, and ability to live their daily lives. As a result, guidelines were created to make it easier for Deaf people to receive court interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1965).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell,
Our First Nationally Registry of Interpreters
for the Deaf Certified Interpreter
in Utah and the United States
Our First Nationally Registry of Interpreters
for the Deaf Certified Interpreter
in Utah and the United States
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a long-time interpreter and former Director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, made history by becoming the first nationally certified interpreter in Utah and the United States. Her years of interpreting for her Deaf parents and the Utah Deaf community have been an inspiring testament to her unwavering determination. Her journey began in 1963 when her first husband, Wayne Stewart, a police officer, requested her assistance in locating an interpreter for a Colorado-based Deaf man who was experiencing mistreatment at the Salt Lake City Police Department. Her friend, who was an interpreter, couldn't leave work, so she encouraged Beth Ann to help. Feeling terrified and unsure of her skills, Beth Ann went to the police station and found the Deaf man chained up and terrified. The police station left her alone with him, and soon they were able to communicate effectively so that she could help him. Eventually, they placed him on a bus back to Colorado (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992). It was her first time interpreting outside her home with her parents. This incident led her to become an official interpreter, and she has since dedicated her life to advocating for the Utah Deaf community, dedicating her career to working with Deaf individuals and providing them with interpretation services in various situations. Her unwavering commitment to the Deaf community has inspired many.
In 1964, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a well-known leader in the Utah Deaf community and the president of the National Association of the Deaf, participated as a consultant in a workshop about "Interpreting for the Deaf" in Muncie, Indiana. The UAD Bulletin reported in the Spring of 1964 that he sent a letter to Deaf parents after the workshop, urging them to inform their children, known as "Child of Deaf Adults" (CODA), about an upcoming interpreting meeting. At the meeting, one of the CODAs, Beth Ann, witnessed an interpreter's job for the first time, which had a significant impact on her. Before this experience, she had never thought of herself as an interpreter (Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012). While Beth Ann worked with Dr. Robert G. Sanderson as the Coordinator of the Deaf Services under the Utah Division of Rehabilitation, he inspired her to become a certified interpreter. In 1965, with his encouragement, he sent her to the National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf Training Program in Indiana to take her certification exam and become the nation's first professional certified interpreter (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).
In 1964, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a well-known leader in the Utah Deaf community and the president of the National Association of the Deaf, participated as a consultant in a workshop about "Interpreting for the Deaf" in Muncie, Indiana. The UAD Bulletin reported in the Spring of 1964 that he sent a letter to Deaf parents after the workshop, urging them to inform their children, known as "Child of Deaf Adults" (CODA), about an upcoming interpreting meeting. At the meeting, one of the CODAs, Beth Ann, witnessed an interpreter's job for the first time, which had a significant impact on her. Before this experience, she had never thought of herself as an interpreter (Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012). While Beth Ann worked with Dr. Robert G. Sanderson as the Coordinator of the Deaf Services under the Utah Division of Rehabilitation, he inspired her to become a certified interpreter. In 1965, with his encouragement, he sent her to the National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf Training Program in Indiana to take her certification exam and become the nation's first professional certified interpreter (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).
Beth Ann's second husband, Dr. Jay J. Campbell, the key ally of the Utah Deaf community and former Deputy Superintendent of the Utah State Office of Education, mentioned that the selection and certification of interpreters were part of the nationwide training process. The program required every participant to take a test, with a drawing determining the testing order. During the drawing process, the woman sitting next to Beth Ann was picked first, and Beth Ann was tested last. The woman said she didn't want to be the first to take the test, and Beth Ann responded by saying she didn't want to be the last one. After exchanging numbers, Beth Ann took the test first and succeeded in becoming the first nationally certified interpreter in Utah and the United States (Emery, Ogden Standard-Examiner, July 25, 1990; Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992). From then on, Beth Ann became a trailblazer in the interpreting profession thanks to her determination and hard work. Utah is fortunate to have her as the first certified interpreter in the United States.
Workshop on Interpreting
in Salt Lake City, Utah
in Salt Lake City, Utah
On June 3, 1967, Robert G. Sanderson directed a one-day workshop at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, which focused on interpreting concerns. The Utah Division of Rehabilitation funded the program as part of its efforts to provide services to Deaf people. About forty-five people attended the program, including representatives from the local community, parents, teachers, and Deaf individuals. The morning session featured several prominent speakers, including Dr. Vaughn L. Hall, administrator of the Division of Rehabilitation; Maurice Warshaw, chairman of the Utah Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped; Dr. Max Cutler, a clinical psychologist; Judge Aldon J. Anderson; Robert K. Ward, statewide planning director of the Division of Rehabilitation; and Lloyd H. Perkins, President of the Salt Lake Valley Branch for the Deaf of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
After lunch, Robert Sanderson divided the participants into three groups, each tasked with exploring specific problems and making recommendations. Under Sanderson's guidance, the session was a resounding success, with valuable insights and suggestions pouring in from all attendees. The plans that emerged from these discussions were not just ideas, but a roadmap for change. They included the establishment of a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters, initiatives that would significantly impact the Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
After lunch, Robert Sanderson divided the participants into three groups, each tasked with exploring specific problems and making recommendations. Under Sanderson's guidance, the session was a resounding success, with valuable insights and suggestions pouring in from all attendees. The plans that emerged from these discussions were not just ideas, but a roadmap for change. They included the establishment of a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters, initiatives that would significantly impact the Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
The Establishment of the Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf
of Interpreters for the Deaf
On October 5, 1968, Utah established the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) as an affiliate chapter of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. The first chapter meeting of URID was held at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah, with the purpose of establishing a constitution, creating rules for the organization, and electing executives to serve on its board of directors. The meeting was attended by 41 Deaf and hearing individuals, including Albert Pimentel, Executive Director of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, who represented the organization after traveling from Washington, D.C.
The following officers were elected: Gene Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee.
The following officers were elected: Gene Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee.
The elected officers of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters were as follows:
Utah Registry of Interpreters were as follows:
The Purpose of Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf
of Interpreters for the Deaf
The Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established to create a reliable organization of interpreters to be used by both the Deaf community and the general public in any situation where an interpreter would be helpful. The URID aimed to establish and maintain a registry of interpreters for both sign language and oral Deaf people. Since its establishment in 1968, URID has grown to include sixteen members, most of whom are CODAs or offspring of Deaf adults. Many of them are deaf, and one is hard of hearing. Two members are married to Deaf partners. Only one hearing person learned sign language while working as a houseparent and counselor at the South Dakota School for the Deaf. While hearing individuals served as interpreters, Deaf people served as reverse interpreters, which are now known as Certified Deaf Interpreters. The following individuals served as interpreters or reverse interpreters:
- Lucy McMills Greenwood (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Dennis R. Platt (Deaf)
- Betty J. Jones (CODA)
- Madelaine P. Burton (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Keith W. Tolzin (former houseparent and counselor at South Dakota School for the Deaf)
- Beth Ann Stewart Campbell (CODA)
- Nancy F. Murray (Deaf spouse)
- Ned C. Wheeler (Deaf)
- Iola Elizabeth Jensen (Deaf)
- Evern Lee Smith (CODA)
- Edith D. Wheeler (Hard of Hearing)
- Robert G. Sanderson (Deaf)
- Gene Stewart (CODA)
- Doris L. Wastlund (CODA)
- Lloyd H. Perkins (Deaf)
- Jon C. Freston (CODA) (UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970).
Channel 4 News Controversy
A controversy arose in 1971 when Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a hard-core oralist, expressed his dissatisfaction with Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's voluntary interpreting for Channel 4 News in sign language on the right corner of the television screen, as shown in the photo below, because he felt it did not align with his oral education mission. Dr. Bitter and his followers, who advocated for oral communication, complained to Dr. Avard Rigby, Robert G. Sanderson's boss, and demanded that Beth Ann not interpret the news in sign language on television. During the meeting with the oral advocates, Dr. Rigby's response left Gene Stewart, Robert Sanderson, and Beth Ann anxious. Dr. Rigby reported that Beth Ann was only on one of the three major news networks and suggested that they could change the channel if the oral advocates didn't want to see her. Dr. Rigby's response angered the oral advocates, who demanded the dismissal of Dr. Bitter's adversary, Robert Sanderson. Dr. Rigby refused, stating that Robert was one of his best employees (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, October 2006; Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3).
In the past, Robert Sanderson faced a situation where he struggled to get people to listen to him. He shared with Gene Stewart that having a Ph.D. after his name would make a difference. Motivated by this, he decided to pursue a Ph.D. himself. According to Gene Stewart's April 2012 DSDHH Newsletter, Robert made this decision because everyone listened to Dr. Bitter, who had a Ph.D., whereas he, who did not have a Ph.D. at the time, faced animosity from Dr. Bitter. In 1974, Dr. Sanderson earned his Ph.D. and continued to advocate for the Deaf community, leading to the naming of the Deaf Center in his honor in 2003.
Dr. Sanderson, who was not a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, requested Lloyd Perkins, bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, and Kenneth Kinner, branch president of the Ogden Branch for the Deaf, to ask church members to write thank-you notes to Channel 4 News for providing an interpreter on their news program during a dispute with Dr. Bitter.
From 1971 to 1980, Beth Ann volunteered as an interpreter for Channel 4 News, and the Utah Deaf community remembered seeing her on the news (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992).
From 1971 to 1980, Beth Ann volunteered as an interpreter for Channel 4 News, and the Utah Deaf community remembered seeing her on the news (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992).
A Workshop to Train
Interpreters for the Deaf
Interpreters for the Deaf
In spite of the conflict with Dr. Grant B. Bitter, the Deaf community in Utah, led by Robert G. Sanderson, expanded their interpreting service. On May 6, 1972, the Divisions of Adult Education, Training, and Vocational Rehabilitation conducted a Workshop for Training Deaf Interpreters. Esteemed speakers, including Ralph Neesam, the president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters; Dr. Ray L. Jones, Director of the Leadership Training Program for the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California; and Robert E. Bevill, a consumer consultant at the University of Arizona, shared their invaluable insights. The workshop aimed to enhance professionalism among oral and sign language interpreters, highlighting certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and interpersonal relationships between deaf people and interpreters as well as interpreters themselves (UAD Bulletin, June 1972). This movement may have motivated Dr. Bitter to establish the Utah Registry of Oral Interpreters in 1981. His nationwide public appearances, including workshops for oral interpreters at the University of Cincinnati and the University of Utah, have demonstrated Dr. Bitter's commitment to oral interpreting and teaching (Bitter, Summary Report for Tenure, 1985; Bitter, Utah's Hearing-Impaired Children...At High Risk, 1986).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's Observations on the National and State Registry of Deaf Interpreters and Its Impact on the Utah Deaf Community
In the June 1973 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell discussed the role of interpreters and their profession. She hoped that the Deaf community in Utah would appreciate interpreters' responsibilities and show them respect by recognizing their duties and treating them with courtesy.
The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) required certified interpreters to work as professionals and follow the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell noticed changes in the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community since the formation of the RID in 1965 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Utah Deaf in 1968. She observed that the interpreter's new professional status had almost turned them into machines, and they had lost their identity, thoughts, feelings, and opinions. However, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if interpreters became unthinking and unfeeling machines, they would lose their ability to be warm, loving, and understanding people. She stressed that interpreters must remember that they are first and foremost friends of the Deaf community when not interpreting. When not working as an interpreter, interpreters should be able to accept Deaf people based on who they are and should be aware of and committed to meeting the needs of Deaf people. Before founding the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, interpreters used to volunteer their services, as Beth Ann recalled. She noted that discussing money compensation for services between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer could be sticky. She emphasized that interpreters should not accept money if it would be a hardship for the Deaf consumers who need moral assistance.
The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) required certified interpreters to work as professionals and follow the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct. Beth Ann Stewart Campbell noticed changes in the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community since the formation of the RID in 1965 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Utah Deaf in 1968. She observed that the interpreter's new professional status had almost turned them into machines, and they had lost their identity, thoughts, feelings, and opinions. However, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if interpreters became unthinking and unfeeling machines, they would lose their ability to be warm, loving, and understanding people. She stressed that interpreters must remember that they are first and foremost friends of the Deaf community when not interpreting. When not working as an interpreter, interpreters should be able to accept Deaf people based on who they are and should be aware of and committed to meeting the needs of Deaf people. Before founding the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, interpreters used to volunteer their services, as Beth Ann recalled. She noted that discussing money compensation for services between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer could be sticky. She emphasized that interpreters should not accept money if it would be a hardship for the Deaf consumers who need moral assistance.
Beth Ann recommended that interpreters negotiate and agree on the fee with the Deaf consumer before providing the interpreting service. If an interpreter feels that they cannot interpret without charging a fee, they should check whether the task should be done with or without monetary compensation from the Deaf consumer. Beth Ann was concerned that collecting payment after the task was completed and the Deaf consumer thinking of the fee as excessive could destroy trust between the interpreter and the consumer. It would also be difficult for the interpreter to expect to be paid when the Deaf consumer informs them that they cannot afford to pay. Beth Ann recognized that some Deaf people took interpreters for granted and placed them on pedestals. She reminded interpreters of their opportunity to serve and the privilege of using their interpreting skills, and they should not forget the importance of their role in bridging the gap in assisting the Deaf person to communicate with the world around them.
The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf recognized the importance of interpreters in the lives of Deaf individuals. To ensure the safety and well-being of both Deaf people and interpreters in a profession that arose to serve individuals with communication barriers, the RID created a code of ethics. RID acknowledged that, through interpreters, Deaf individuals could be granted the same right to communication as hearing individuals. Furthermore, RID recognized that the ethical standard for interpreter conduct was the same as any other profession, with a stronger emphasis on the high ethical characteristics of the interpreter's role in assisting a frequently misunderstood group of people (UAD Bulletin, November 1973). Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's discussion on the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and its impact on the Utah Deaf community was valid, thanks to the Code of Ethics.
The National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf recognized the importance of interpreters in the lives of Deaf individuals. To ensure the safety and well-being of both Deaf people and interpreters in a profession that arose to serve individuals with communication barriers, the RID created a code of ethics. RID acknowledged that, through interpreters, Deaf individuals could be granted the same right to communication as hearing individuals. Furthermore, RID recognized that the ethical standard for interpreter conduct was the same as any other profession, with a stronger emphasis on the high ethical characteristics of the interpreter's role in assisting a frequently misunderstood group of people (UAD Bulletin, November 1973). Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's discussion on the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and its impact on the Utah Deaf community was valid, thanks to the Code of Ethics.
Utah's First Deaf Interpreting Service
In the 1970s, the Utah Association for the Deaf received funding from United Way and used it to establish Utah's first Deaf interpreting service. This service was created to cater to the needs of the Deaf and hard of hearing communities. According to UAD Bulletin archives from June 1995, September 1996, and January 1999, this interpreting service was probably the first of its kind in the United States.
Expansion of Utah Certified Interpreters
On November 16, 1974, thirteen interpreters from Utah successfully passed the state certification exam for the Utah Registry of Interpreters. Among them were Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Betty Jones, Madeleine Burton, and Lucy McMills Greenwood, who were renowned interpreters with local and national certifications. Additionally, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen, who were both deaf, became the first Deaf individuals in Utah to achieve state certification as reverse interpreters (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).
The Establishment of Provo URID
The Provo Chapter of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established in 1975 with Emil Bussio as its first president. The roll comprised 23 members (UAD Bulletin, June 1975).
The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
The Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has been conducting annual training workshops since its inception in 1968. These workshops aim to provide knowledge and skills to trained interpreters, enabling them to pass state certification exams. Over the years, these workshops covered a variety of topics, including the Code of Ethics, preparation for the State Certification Examination, Reverse Interpreting, Interpreting Complexities: Role and Function of the Interpreter, The Oral Interpreter: A New Professional, and many other relevant topics (UAD Bulletin, July 1976).
The Role of Utah Association for the Deaf
In Interpreting Service
In Interpreting Service
For years, W. David Mortensen, also known as Dave, has been a friend and supporter of interpreters, continuing the work that Dr. Sanderson had started. He, as a President of the Utah Association for the Deaf, held several leadership positions that have had a significant impact on how interpreters think about and approach their work. Thanks to Dave's leadership and vision, interpreters recognized the need for high-quality interpretations and gained respect for the Utah Deaf community. The long-time interpreters were thrilled to have the opportunity to work with him. During important meetings, he patiently mentored interpreters and offered them feedback. Dave's continuous commitment to the interpretation profession and the Utah Deaf community provided interpretation training opportunities.
In 1982, as president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, Dave Mortensen was instrumental in securing funding from the Salt Lake Area Community Council for an interpreting project. With this funding, the UAD was able to hire two full-time interpreters from the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to serve the entire state. Dave's persistence and persuasive efforts laid the groundwork for professional interpreting in Utah. Despite pressure from the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, which believed the issue to be statewide, the UAD had to abandon the interpreting project. However, Dave continued to advocate for better interpreting services, lobbying the state legislature and serving on legislative committees focused on sign language and interpreting issues (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).
The First Training Program
for Interpreters
for Interpreters
In 1983, the Utah Association for the Deaf assisted the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in developing its competent interpreter certification procedure. In partnership with this organization, the UAD developed the first interpreter training program in Utah, as well as the first testing and certification processes—another "first" in the country (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 1–3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999).
During the 1083 legislative session, the Utah State Legislature passed the first interpreter bill, "Interpreters for the Deaf," after lobbying by the Utah Association for the Deaf. This law acknowledges the use of qualified interpreters in legal settings, including courtrooms, doctor's offices, and hospitals. It also ensures the confidentiality of any interpreted communications (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
During the 1083 legislative session, the Utah State Legislature passed the first interpreter bill, "Interpreters for the Deaf," after lobbying by the Utah Association for the Deaf. This law acknowledges the use of qualified interpreters in legal settings, including courtrooms, doctor's offices, and hospitals. It also ensures the confidentiality of any interpreted communications (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The Utah Interpreting Program is Formed
For years, the Utah Division of Rehabilitation supported and operated the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. In the 1980s, the Utah Division of Rehabilitation elected individuals from outside to govern the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). Additionally, in 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community requested interpreting services from two different agencies. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful hosted the first, while Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City hosted the second. Deaf individuals needed interpreting services for various activities such as court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events. At that time, they were responsible for arranging an interpreter for their appointments by calling ahead (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
The Utah Division of Rehabilitation used to oversee the interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities. The Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH) took over these responsibilities in 1990, operating out of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, later renamed the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP) in May 1992 under the supervision of Mitchel Jensen. The UIP schedules and dispatches interpreters for the Utah Deaf community (UAD Bulletin, June 1992). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) led to the formation of several interpreting agencies, such as InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, and Five Star Interpreting Agency, to provide interpreting services for the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had a significant impact on interpreting services nationwide by ensuring "effective communication" and removing obstacles by providing auxiliary aids and services when necessary.
The Utah Division of Rehabilitation used to oversee the interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities. The Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH) took over these responsibilities in 1990, operating out of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, later renamed the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990). DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP) in May 1992 under the supervision of Mitchel Jensen. The UIP schedules and dispatches interpreters for the Utah Deaf community (UAD Bulletin, June 1992). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) led to the formation of several interpreting agencies, such as InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, and Five Star Interpreting Agency, to provide interpreting services for the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had a significant impact on interpreting services nationwide by ensuring "effective communication" and removing obstacles by providing auxiliary aids and services when necessary.
The Impact of the
Americans with Disabilities Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
In 1992, just two years after the enactment of the ADA, Utah Interpreting Services (UIS) offered Mitch Jensen, a former vocational rehabilitation counselor, the director position. This story is even more compelling because Mitch's Deaf brother, Barry, taught him American Sign Language. Mitch predicted that the ADA would have a significant impact on Utah Interpreting Services. This federal statute required doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992). Mitch's prediction came true when 19 out of 21 doctors informed him that they would no longer serve Deaf patients if an interpreter were required. In November 1992, Utah Interpreter Services, part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors that it would no longer provide free interpreters. Under these circumstances, interpreters cost doctors and other healthcare providers between $10 and $25 per hour. According to the Salt Lake Tribune, Mitch said that 'refusal is a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act' (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch emphasized that healthcare providers are required to facilitate effective communication with patients, as mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act. If a Deaf patient requests an interpreter, the medical staff must provide one at no cost to the patient. Tamara Wharton, the ADA ombudsman for the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities, stated that refusing to serve Deaf patients is discriminatory and violates their rights. Dr. Robert H. Horne, a surgeon, argued that burdening doctors with the cost of providing interpreters is unfair. Tamara clarified that auxiliary services, including interpreters, are tax-deductible and aim to remove communication barriers and provide equal access to services for all individuals, including those with disabilities (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch emphasized that healthcare providers are required to facilitate effective communication with patients, as mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act. If a Deaf patient requests an interpreter, the medical staff must provide one at no cost to the patient. Tamara Wharton, the ADA ombudsman for the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities, stated that refusing to serve Deaf patients is discriminatory and violates their rights. Dr. Robert H. Horne, a surgeon, argued that burdening doctors with the cost of providing interpreters is unfair. Tamara clarified that auxiliary services, including interpreters, are tax-deductible and aim to remove communication barriers and provide equal access to services for all individuals, including those with disabilities (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Questions from the Utah Deaf Community on the Americans with Disabilities Act
In February 1993, doctors refused to pay for interpreting services in Utah, causing confusion and concern among members of the Deaf community. They began to question the influence of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in their personal lives and wondered if it could benefit them. They also asked how they could make the ADA work for them. In response to these concerns, Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Service, clarified that the ADA had far-reaching implications that could offer the same opportunities to Deaf individuals as those provided to hearing individuals. He listed these implications in the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, and they were as follows:
Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that doctors and lawyers were unwilling to pay for interpreting services. As a result, the Utah Interpreter Program contacted all doctors and lawyers and informed them that the ADA required them to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Despite opposition from some, Mitch hoped that over time, many would comprehend this law and provide the necessary communication that members of the Utah Deaf community deserve. Additionally, he underlined that the ADA process would only work if the Utah Deaf community engaged and informed others about their needs and requirements (UAD Bulletin, February 1993).
In April 1993, Mitch began to see how the ADA was taking effect. More businesses and public places provided interpreters for Deaf people who requested them, and the number of calls from Deaf people decreased. Conversely, those who needed interpreters for Deaf people were making more calls. In Mitch's view, this is how the ADA works best: by shifting the burden of finding and providing interpreters from the deaf to the hearing (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993).
- It allows you to attend classes that you would have otherwise been unable to attend because no interpreter was available.
- It allows you to see your doctor, dentist, and lawyer and communicate in the same way that hearing people do, using an interpreter or other assistive aids.
- It allows you to participate in a legislative process you may have previously been exempt from because you were unable to communicate with those involved.
- It allows you to serve on jury duty and have the same opportunities that hearing individuals have.
Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that doctors and lawyers were unwilling to pay for interpreting services. As a result, the Utah Interpreter Program contacted all doctors and lawyers and informed them that the ADA required them to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Despite opposition from some, Mitch hoped that over time, many would comprehend this law and provide the necessary communication that members of the Utah Deaf community deserve. Additionally, he underlined that the ADA process would only work if the Utah Deaf community engaged and informed others about their needs and requirements (UAD Bulletin, February 1993).
In April 1993, Mitch began to see how the ADA was taking effect. More businesses and public places provided interpreters for Deaf people who requested them, and the number of calls from Deaf people decreased. Conversely, those who needed interpreters for Deaf people were making more calls. In Mitch's view, this is how the ADA works best: by shifting the burden of finding and providing interpreters from the deaf to the hearing (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, April 1993).
The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
The Utah Community Center for the Deaf hosted a special meeting on September 26, 1992, to establish a new affiliate state chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (UTRID) following the closure of the previous Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) for unclear reasons. The UTRID's main goal was to bring together the Utah interpreter community, help professionalize the interpretation field, and build stronger ties between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community. The UTRID's first board of directors included President Chris Wakeland, Vice President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
The Enactment of
Senate Bill 41 and 42
Senate Bill 41 and 42
In 1993, during the Utah State Legislative session, people spent a lot of time and effort advocating and lobbying lawmakers to pass House Bill (HB) 161. The bill was sponsored by Mel Brown and successfully passed during that session. It established the State Legislature Task Force, which was responsible for assessing the state's interpreting service needs.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, an ASL interpreter and instructor and the daughter of a well-known interpreter named Lucy McMills Greenwood, was a member of the task force. She contributed to the development of a formal interpreter training program and advocated for the recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in schools (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012). Kristi Mortensen, a Deaf Education Advocate and daughter of UAD President W. David Mortensen, was also a member of the task force (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
Jean Greenwood Thomas, an ASL interpreter and instructor and the daughter of a well-known interpreter named Lucy McMills Greenwood, was a member of the task force. She contributed to the development of a formal interpreter training program and advocated for the recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in schools (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012). Kristi Mortensen, a Deaf Education Advocate and daughter of UAD President W. David Mortensen, was also a member of the task force (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
The task force focused on the following areas:
- Certification, enforcement, and definition of a qualified interpreter.
- They established minimum standards for interpreters to work in various settings such as Utah's elementary, high school, post-secondary school, community interpreting, and legal and medical situations.
- Additionally, the team was responsible for recruiting qualified interpreters and providing them with proper training.
- One of their initiatives included teaching American Sign Language as a foreign language in Utah, as reported in Jensen's article in the DSDHH Newsletter in May 1993.
In 1994, the Utah legislature passed two bills, Senate Bill (SB) 41 and SB 42, which aimed to address interpreter certification issues and the recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) in schools. The Utah Association for the Deaf successfully passed SB 41, a bill that focused on interpreter certification and training. The state of Utah funded the bill, and it became an official part of the curriculum at Salt Lake Community College. Dave Mortensen, the president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, and Annette Tull, an instructor in the Salt Lake Community College Interpreter Training Program, worked tirelessly to ensure the bill's passage through the legislative process. On the other hand, SB 42 recognized ASL as a foreign language in secondary and post-secondary schools, which was a crucial step toward promoting ASL and Deaf culture in schools. Despite its narrow passage through the Senate, SB 41 has had a significant impact on promoting interpreting services to address communication accessibility needs for Deaf people since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, in 1990 (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1994; Kinney, UAD Bulletin, April 1994). If it weren't for Dave and Annette, the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College would not exist. Additionally, no agency that assisted Deaf and hard of hearing people would have the information they needed to continue supporting effective interpreting training. Dave's efforts left a "great legacy" that "encouraged interpreters to pursue professional development" (UAD Bulletin, July 2003). Jean Greenwood Thomas and Kristi Mortensen also played a crucial role in behind-the-scenes advocacy for the approval of SB 41 and SB 42 with the 1993 State Legislature Study Group. As a result, Utah was the first state to establish legislation requiring licensed interpreters. All these efforts significantly improved the lives of the Deaf community in Utah.
According to View Magazine in 2015, Utah was the first state in the US to pass a law requiring state certification for all interpreters, ahead of two other states, while the rest of the states did not have their own state certification requirement law, except to comply with the RID guidelines (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014–Winter/Spring 2015). This is an essential step in ensuring that Utah's Deaf community has access to high-quality interpreting services delivered by highly qualified interpreters. In comparison to other states, Utah is fortunate to have highly qualified and professional interpreters who can provide great services to the Deaf community.
According to View Magazine in 2015, Utah was the first state in the US to pass a law requiring state certification for all interpreters, ahead of two other states, while the rest of the states did not have their own state certification requirement law, except to comply with the RID guidelines (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014–Winter/Spring 2015). This is an essential step in ensuring that Utah's Deaf community has access to high-quality interpreting services delivered by highly qualified interpreters. In comparison to other states, Utah is fortunate to have highly qualified and professional interpreters who can provide great services to the Deaf community.
W. David Mortensen Contributes
to the Expansion of Interpreting Services
to the Expansion of Interpreting Services
Dave Mortensen, President of the Utah Association for the Deaf, also lobbied the Utah State Legislature to recognize American Sign Language as a language through Senate Bill 42 in 1994. This bill legitimized the use of American Sign Language in various contexts. Dave played an important role in creating the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College by speaking with committees at the Salt Lake City Community Councils and the United Way of Salt Lake City. His efforts resulted in the creation of the UAD's interpreter service, capable of scheduling appointments for doctor's appointments, meetings with lawyers, and other scenarios. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, which is now known as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, houses the Utah Interpreter Program under Mitchel Jensen's leadership. Several schools and universities in Utah expanded their interpreting training programs, and many freelance interpreting businesses also grew thanks to Dave's efforts. Additionally, Dave's reminders to the medical community about providing sign language interpreters for their Deaf patients and clients have led to more medical professionals becoming aware of the need for such services. (UAD Bulletin, October 2007).
The First Certified
Deaf Interpreter in Utah
Deaf Interpreter in Utah
Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDIs) are individuals who have earned a nationally recognized certification and are either deaf or hard of hearing. In 2006, Trenton Marsh became the first Utah Deaf person to receive CDI certification, which is a testament to the rigorous standards of this national certification. His training to become a CDI took place at the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
HB 371 Would Penalize ASL Interpreters
Working Without Certification
Working Without Certification
In 2013, the Utah interpreting community requested changes to the state's interpreter law, called Senate Bill (SB) 41. This law had several loopholes that allowed hospitals to avoid using certified interpreters by instructing Deaf individuals to bring in a signer. Consequently, this left many members of the Utah Deaf community without legal protection for years. In response to this issue, the state introduced House Bill (HB) 371 to penalize individuals lacking state certification as interpreters trained in American Sign Language. The purpose of this bill was to ensure the use of qualified interpreters when requested (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, explained that HB 371 would close loopholes and give DSDHH the authority to enforce the law (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013). Dale Boam, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, an attorney, and an experienced ASL interpreter, stated that many individuals had been performing the task without proper certification, essentially taking advantage of Deaf people. He believed enforcing the law would help ensure quality for the Utah Deaf community (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).
Representative Ronda Menlove, the bill's sponsor, recognized the importance of having the appropriate official sign the bill (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). She is married to Dr. Martell Menlove, the state superintendent of public instruction, who was involved in a dispute between Steven Noyce, the superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Utah Deaf Education Core Group. This dispute, which centers around the ASL/English bilingual safeguarded by the Core Group and Listening and Spoken Language that then-Superintendent Noyce advocated for, is of significant importance. For more information on this topic, visit the "Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Dream" webpage. It's worth noting that Representative Menlove is also the grandmother of a Deaf child. Her daughter, Sara Menlove Doutre, was the President of the Utah Hands and Voices Chapter.
On March 13, 2013, the Utah legislature passed HB 371, which granted the Deaf and Hard of Hearing community more protection by requiring medical professionals to hire certified sign language interpreters. However, some doctors opposed the bill and wanted to change the law so they wouldn't have to hire interpreters. Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, said some doctors came to Capitol Hill and asked Senator Aaron Osmond to change the law so medical professionals wouldn't have to hire certified sign language interpreters (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). Despite this opposition, Representative Menlove insisted that the bill pass as drafted (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). Marilyn Call, the Director of the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, spent many hours persuading lawmakers to support the bill. Ultimately, the legislature passed HB 371, giving the DSDHH the authority to enforce the law and protect Utah's Deaf community (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013).
The First Utah
Certified Deaf Interpreter
Certified Deaf Interpreter
In an effort to improve the interpreter certification process, Trenton Marsh, who replaced retired Mitch Jensen as the Utah Interpreter Program Manager, introduced three types of interpreter certifications: Novice, Professional, and the Utah CDI certification. Later in the fall of 2019, Marsh introduced the Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter (UCDI) certification, which includes two parts: a performance exam and a knowledge exam. Adam Janisieski, who is deaf, became the first person to pass both the performance and knowledge exams, earning the Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter certification in Utah on July 20, 2021.
The Expansion of the
Interpreter Training Programs
Interpreter Training Programs
Interpreting services are in high demand, and interpreter training programs have become increasingly popular. The DSDHH Utah Interpreter Program, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University offer formal training for anyone interested in pursuing a career in interpreting.
Compared to other states, Utah sets the standard for interpreting services and has a well-structured interpreting system, thanks to Utah law. This has resulted in excellent interpreting services that meet the communication accessibility needs of Deaf or hard of hearing individuals. We are grateful to the many pioneers who have contributed to the development and expansion of interpreting services in Utah!
A Videotape of Beth Ann Campbell
in the Interpreter In-Service Training
at Salt Lake Community College,
October 15, 2010
in the Interpreter In-Service Training
at Salt Lake Community College,
October 15, 2010
Hosted by Julie Hesterman Smith,
the SLCC Interpreter Service Manager
the SLCC Interpreter Service Manager
At a presentation at Salt Lake Community College, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a family friend of my colleague Julie Hesterman Smith, the Interpreter Manager of the Accessibility and Disability Services, shared her unique perspective as a CODA (Child of Deaf Adults). Her upbringing in a Deaf family gave her a deep understanding of sign language, and she later became the first person to take the RID certification test during our in-service training. Beth Ann also shared memories of her time as the Director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf and discussed the origins of the ASL interpreting profession. Her insights into the interpreting world were invaluable, and it was a privilege to have her share her journey and perspective. We recommend activating captions while watching the video recording of her presentation. Getting to know her in person was a privilege and an honor.
Enjoy watching the video!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Enjoy watching the video!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Notes
Beth Ann Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, September 18, 2012.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 2006.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, November 4, 2013.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 2006.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, November 4, 2013.
References
“20 Years Ago…” UAD Bulletin, vol. 26.8 (January 2003): 3.
Campbell, Jay. “Beth Ann Reminisces.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11 (April 1992): 4.
“Communication – First Step to Cooperation.” The UAD Bulletin (Spring 1961): 2.
Emery Michelle. "Campbell earns award." Ogden Standard-Examiner (July 25, 1990): p. 5.
Humphrey, Janice. & Alcorn, Bob. So You Want to Be an Interpreter?: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting.Amarillo, TX:: H & H Publishing Company., 2001.
“Interpreters Workshop Planned.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 1964): 4.
“Interpreter’s Workshop Held on May 6th.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (June 1972): 1.
Jensen, Mitch. “Does ADA Work?” DSDHH Newsletter (February 1993): 3.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from the Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 1993): 2.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (May 1993): 3.
Kinney, Valarie. “Highlights of the February Board Meeting.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 2.
Mortensen, Dave. “Deaf Citizens Day a Big Success.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 9 (February 1994): 1.
Mortensen-Nelson, Kristi. “Legislative Issues.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 1.
"National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf Established." The Silent Worker, vol. 16, no. 11. (July-August 1964): 17.
“Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreter for the Deaf.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1968): 1.
“Provo URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1975): 7.
“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.
Campbell, Jay. “Beth Ann Reminisces.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11 (April 1992): 4.
“Communication – First Step to Cooperation.” The UAD Bulletin (Spring 1961): 2.
Emery Michelle. "Campbell earns award." Ogden Standard-Examiner (July 25, 1990): p. 5.
Humphrey, Janice. & Alcorn, Bob. So You Want to Be an Interpreter?: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting.Amarillo, TX:: H & H Publishing Company., 2001.
“Interpreters Workshop Planned.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 1964): 4.
“Interpreter’s Workshop Held on May 6th.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (June 1972): 1.
Jensen, Mitch. “Does ADA Work?” DSDHH Newsletter (February 1993): 3.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from the Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 1993): 2.
Jensen, Mitch. “News from Utah Interpreter Services.” DSDHH Newsletter (May 1993): 3.
Kinney, Valarie. “Highlights of the February Board Meeting.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 2.
Mortensen, Dave. “Deaf Citizens Day a Big Success.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 9 (February 1994): 1.
Mortensen-Nelson, Kristi. “Legislative Issues.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 10 (April 1994): 1.
"National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf Established." The Silent Worker, vol. 16, no. 11. (July-August 1964): 17.
“Organization of Utah Registry of Interpreter for the Deaf.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1968): 1.
“Provo URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1975): 7.
“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.