Utah Deaf History and Culture
  • Welcome to the Utah Deaf History ​and Culture Website
  • Welcome to My Journey Through the Utah Deaf History Project
  • The Purpose of this Website
  • Special Thanks
  • Editors & Testimonials
  • Biographies of Prominent Deaf Individuals in Utah
    • Biographies of Prominent Utah Deaf Men
    • Biographies of Prominent Utah Deaf Women
    • Biographies of Prominent Utah Interpreters
    • Biographies of Utah Deaf Artists
    • Eleanor Kay Kinner Curtis: ​Utah's Deaf Fashion Model
  • A Brief History of the ​Utah School for the Deaf
    • The Historical Archives of the ​Utah School for the Deaf
    • Superintendents of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind
    • Wayne E. Stewart's Photographs ​of the Utah School for the Deaf ​& the Utah Deaf Community
    • Reunions at the ​Utah School for the Deaf ​Through the Years
    • History of the Jean Massieu School ​of the Deaf
    • History of the Kenneth Burdett School of the Deaf
    • Brandon R. Hill, a Deaf Designer of the Eagle Logo of the Utah School for the Deaf
    • Jean Massieu School of the Deaf Celebrates Its 20th Anniversary
    • History of the Elizabeth DeLong School of the Deaf
    • Amanda Tolle Wolfe, a Deaf Designer of the Phoenix Mascot of the ​​Elizabeth School of the Deaf
    • The Videos on Growing Up at the Utah School for the Deaf and in Public Schools
  • The Deaf Education History in Utah
    • A Rivalry ​Between Two Giant Figures: Dr. Grant B. Bitter and Dr. Robert G. Sanderson in Deaf Education in Utah
    • Recognizing and Validating American Sign Language as a Legitimate Language
    • Minnie Mae Wilding-Diaz, ​a Co-Founder of the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf
    • The Deaf Representatives Serving on the Advisory Council for the ​Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind
  • Sociology of the Utah School for the Deaf ​in the Utah Deaf Community, 1890-1970
  • History of the Utah Association of the Deaf Conventions/Conferences and Its Officers
    • ​A Brief History of the ​Utah Association of the Deaf
    • Information on the Utah Association of the Deaf
    • House Bill 60: Changing the Term from 'Hearing Impaired' ​to the 'Deaf and Hard of Hearing'
  • History of the National Fraternal ​Society of the Deaf
  • History of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf & Hard of Hearing
    • The Directors of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center ​of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
    • Honoring Dr. Robert G. Sanderson: The 2003 Naming Ceremony
    • Honoring W. David Mortensen: The 2014 Lifetime Advocacy Award Ceremony
    • Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of the ​Robert G. Sanderson Community Center​
    • Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center
  • Utah and Gallaudet University: ​A Share History
    • Honoring Ronald C. Burdett, Utah ​Native and 1970 Gallaudet Graduate, at the Sorenson Language and Communication Center Naming Ceremony
    • Dr. I. King Jordan, the First Deaf President of Gallaudet University, Visits Utah
  • The History of Interpreting Services in Utah
    • Beth Ann Stewart Campbell: The First Nationally Certified RID Interpreter in Utah and the United States
    • The Utah Interpreting Program celebrates its 30th Anniversary
  • History of the Deaf Latter-day ​Saints Community of ​The Church of Jesus Christ ​of Latter-day Saints
    • Anne Leahy and Doug Stringham, ​History Researchers of the Deaf Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  • A History of Utah Deaf Sports
  • A History of Deaf Organizations in Utah
  • The History of Miss Deaf Utah Pageant and the Ambassador Program
  • History of the Sego Lily Center for the Abused Deaf
  • History of the Vocational Education Programs at the Utah School for the Deaf
  • The History of ​Utah Deaf Technology
  • Resilience and Leadership in Utah's Deaf Women's History
  • Deaf and Hearing Women Who Shaped Utah History
  • Utah's Connection to Black Deaf History
  • The Utah Deaf History Museum at the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center ​
  • Films Created by the ASL Community in Utah
  • Utah Deaf Skiing Archive
  • The Utah Deaf History Collection at UVU's George Sutherland Archives
  • Elizabeth DeLong Featured on Better Days
  • Utah's Deaf History Featured at the Museum of Utah
  • Presenting Dr. Robert G. Sanderson at the Inaugural Utah History Summit
  • Parker Holt's Gallaudet Pre-Law Writing Award for Focusing on Utah's Laws That Impact ​the Utah Deaf Community
  • Utah Deaf History YouTube channel
  • Contact & Copyright Permission

Welcome to the
Utah Deaf History
​and Culture Website! 
 


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The 1909 Utah Association of the Deaf Convention at the Utah School for the Deaf in Ogden, Utah. Courtesy of the Utah Association of the Deaf

"Yesterday is history.
Tomorrow is a mystery.
​Today is a gift,
​that's why they call it the present."
~Eleanor Roosevelt~

Welcome to our dedicated platform celebrating Utah Deaf History and Culture!

This website is dedicated to documenting, preserving, and sharing the significant contributions, experiences, and achievements of Utah's Deaf community. We are delighted to have you join us in recognizing and celebrating this important part of our state's history and culture.

Be Part of Preserving This History

We invite community members to support our ongoing efforts by sharing stories, photographs, documents, and historical materials. Since the website's establishment in 2012, our mission has been to create a comprehensive and lasting historical record that strengthens our collective identity and honors the legacy of Utah's Deaf community.

Explore the Historical Collection

Our growing archive features photographs, films, documents, publications, and other historical materials that highlight important milestones, including the founding of the Utah School for the Deaf, the advocacy efforts of the Utah Association of the Deaf, and the many individuals whose leadership helped shape the community. These resources provide valuable insights into the resilience, achievements, and cultural contributions of Deaf Utahns.

The Importance of Engagement

Your involvement plays an important role in fostering understanding, awareness, accessibility, and inclusion. By engaging with this history, you help preserve the stories of those who came before us while contributing to a more informed and inclusive future. Exploring these experiences also deepens our appreciation for both the achievements and challenges that have shaped Utah's Deaf community.

Thank you for visiting our website. We hope your journey through Utah Deaf History is both meaningful and enriching.

Please visit again as new materials, stories, and historical discoveries are continually added.

Cheers!

Jodi Christel Becker (formerly Jodi Becker Kinner)
History Enthusiast Specializing in Utah Deaf History

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The Utah Deaf History logo designed by Joshua Lee Kinner, 2024

What Makes Utah Deaf History Unique?

When we explore the history of the Deaf community in Utah, we discover a rich and distinctive story that differs in many ways from the broader narrative of Deaf history in the United States. Through innovation, advocacy, leadership, and community involvement, Utah's Deaf community has forged a unique path. Some of the state's most notable milestones include:
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  • Deaf-Friendly Architecture — The Ogden Branch for the Deaf (1917), the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf (1977), and the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (1992) were intentionally designed by and for Utah's Deaf community to enhance communication access, accessibility, and community engagement. These buildings represent important examples of Deaf-friendly architecture and reflect the community's longstanding commitment to creating spaces that support interaction, inclusion, and cultural identity.
  • Trailblazing Leadership — In 1909, Utah elected Elizabeth DeLong as president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, making her the first Deaf woman to lead a state Deaf association in the United States and marking a significant milestone in Deaf leadership.
  • Educational Innovation — Since its founding in 1884, the Utah School for the Deaf has played a prominent role in Deaf education. Before settling in Ogden in 1896, shortly after Utah achieved statehood, the school relocated several times within the Salt Lake Valley. Today, it offers both ASL/English bilingual education and Listening and Spoken Language programs. Utah also became a national leader in the mainstreaming movement, creating educational opportunities both on residential campuses and in local public schools.
  • Community Infrastructure — Utah is home to the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, the only state-funded Deaf agency of its kind in the United States. The center serves as a statewide hub for services, advocacy, culture, education, and community connection.
  • Interpreter Advancement — The Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established in 1968, helping lay the foundation for professional interpreting services in Utah. In 1994, Utah became the first state to pass a law regarding interpreter certification (Senate Bill 41), setting a national precedent for interpreter standards and training.
  • American Sign Language Recognition — In 1994, Utah passed Senate Bill 42, recognizing American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in secondary and postsecondary education. This landmark legislation affirmed ASL as a legitimate language and an essential part of Deaf culture.
  • Organizational Identity — The Utah Association of the Deaf was the first state Deaf association to change its name from "of" to "for" and, in 2012, became the last to return to "of." These changes reflected evolving views on representation, self-advocacy, and community identity.
  • Legislative Progress — In 2017, Utah became the first state to replace the term "hearing impaired" in state law with "deaf and hard of hearing" through House Bill 60, affirming respectful, community-preferred language and setting a national example.

​These milestones illustrate Utah's longstanding tradition of leadership, innovation, and advocacy within the Deaf community. Together, they reflect a history shaped by determination, resilience, and a commitment to equal access and opportunity. Additional stories, historical milestones, and community achievements can be explored throughout this website

Significant Highlights of
​Utah Deaf History


Utah's Legacy Gallaudet University

Gallaudet University, established in 1864 in Washington, D.C., is the world's only liberal arts university designed to serve Deaf and hard-of-hearing students. Two pioneering Deaf individuals from Utah, Elizabeth DeLong and John H. Clark, who both became Deaf due to common medical conditions, had the opportunity to enroll at Gallaudet College, as it was known at the time, after graduating from the Utah School for the Deaf on June 8, 1897. They were the first students from Utah to attend Gallaudet College in Washington, D.C., opening new educational opportunities and marking a significant milestone in the history of the Utah School for the Deaf.

Elizabeth and John H. excelled at Gallaudet, where they served as editors of The Buff and Blue, the university's student newspaper. In 1901, Elizabeth's determination and leadership led to her election as president of Gallaudet College's O.W.L.S., a secret society for women now known as Phi Kappa Zeta. The society provided a supportive environment for debating, studying literature and poetry, and building lasting friendships among women in a predominantly male college community. Elizabeth and John H. also became the first students from Utah to graduate from Gallaudet College in 1902. Their accomplishments and successful careers stand as enduring examples of resilience, determination, and achievement.

Dr. Robert "Bob" G. Sanderson, a 1936 Utah School for the Deaf graduate, served as president of Gallaudet College's Class of 1941. Under his leadership, the class published the first edition of the Tower Clock yearbook, establishing a cherished tradition that continues to this day. The iconic Tower Clock image has since appeared in yearbooks, artwork, photographs, posters, and other university publications, symbolizing Bob's lasting influence on Gallaudet's history and traditions. His vision and leadership helped create an enduring legacy that continues to connect generations of Gallaudet students.

Four Deaf individuals from Utah received honorary degrees from Gallaudet University. In 1924, Gallaudet awarded John H. Clark, age 44, an honorary Master of Science degree in recognition of his exceptional expertise in civil engineering and surveying. In 1973, the renowned twin team of Ray and Arthur Wenger, age 80, received honorary Doctor of Science degrees for their significant contributions to bacteriology and biochemistry. In 2010, Dr. Sanderson, age 90, was honored with an honorary degree in recognition of his unwavering advocacy for the Deaf community at both the local and national levels, a commitment that spanned more than 60 years. These honors reflect the profound impact that Deaf Utahns have made on their professions, communities, and the broader Deaf world.

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Gallaudet University. Source: Gallaudet.edu

A Brief History of the Utah School for the Deaf 

The Utah School for the Deaf, established in 1884 at the University of Deseret (now the University of Utah), marked a major turning point in Deaf education in Utah. Through the perseverance of John Beck and William Wood, parents of Deaf children, the school was created to provide specialized education for Deaf students. Their efforts helped establish educational opportunities that brought hope to Deaf children and their families in Utah and inspired similar developments elsewhere in the United States.

​A key figure in the school's early history was Henry C. White, a Deaf graduate of Gallaudet College who was appointed principal and teacher after being recommended by Dr. Edward Miner Gallaudet. Despite limited resources and support, Henry helped lay the foundation for Deaf education in Utah. His advocacy for sign language and Deaf educators made him a pioneering leader whose influence continues to be recognized today. 

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Utah School for the Deaf, Ogden, Utah. Photo courtesy of Kenneth and Ilene Kinner

Since its founding, the Utah School for the Deaf has been shaped by a longstanding debate over educational approaches. Supporters of oral education emphasized speech and lipreading, while advocates of sign language promoted accessible visual communication for Deaf students. This debate became especially prominent during the 20th century through the efforts of giant influential figures such as Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a leading advocate of oral and mainstream education, and Dr. Robert "Bob" G. Sanderson, a prominent supporter of sign language and Deaf schools. Their differing philosophies helped shape educational policies that affected generations of Deaf children in Utah.

One of the most controversial chapters in the school's history began in 1962 with the introduction of the dual-track, or "Y," system, which separated oral and signing students. After years of advocacy by Deaf students, parents, and the Utah Association for the Deaf, the system was eventually replaced by a two-track program that gave families greater educational choice. These efforts demonstrated the power of community advocacy in shaping Deaf education.

The movement for ASL/English bilingual education gained momentum in the 1990s, leading to the establishment of the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf in 1999, one of Utah's first charter schools. Founded through the dedication of Deaf and hearing advocates, the school later merged with the Utah School for the Deaf and helped expand bilingual educational opportunities for Deaf students throughout the state.

A significant milestone came in 2016 with the implementation of the hybrid program, which allows ASL/English bilingual education and Listening and Spoken Language programs to operate collaboratively while providing families with balanced information and educational options. Today, the Utah School for the Deaf continues to serve students across Utah through multiple campuses, reflecting more than a century of advocacy, innovation, and commitment to providing Deaf children with accessible and meaningful educational opportunities.


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Utah School for the Deaf, Ogden, Utah. Photo courtesy of the Kenneth C. Burdett Bulletin Board

A Tribute to the Advocacy of the
​Utah Association for the Deaf


During the 1960s and 1970s, the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) emerged as a leading advocate for preserving sign language and protecting the educational rights of Deaf children in Utah. At a time when oral education and mainstreaming were gaining momentum, the UAD worked tirelessly to ensure that Deaf students continued to have access to sign language, Deaf role models, and Deaf-centered educational opportunities.

One of the most significant challenges facing the Deaf community was the ongoing debate between oral and sign language education. While some educators, including Dr. Grant B. Bitter, promoted oral-only instruction and mainstream educational placement, many members of the Deaf community believed that sign language was essential for communication, learning, and cultural identity. These differing philosophies shaped Deaf education in Utah for decades.

The UAD played a vital role in raising awareness, organizing community advocacy, and encouraging dialogue about educational access and language rights. Through their efforts, the organization helped preserve sign language education and influenced important developments in Deaf education throughout the state.

Their advocacy contributed to the creation of innovative educational opportunities, including the Two-Track Program, the Total Communication Program at Utah State University, and the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf. These initiatives expanded educational choices for Deaf children and their families while helping strengthen Utah's Deaf community.

Today, we honor the generations of UAD leaders and community members whose perseverance helped preserve sign language, expand educational opportunities, and promote the rights of Deaf individuals throughout Utah. Their legacy continues to influence Deaf education and advocacy across the state.

Jodi Christel Becker

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Utah School for the Deaf, Ogden, Utah. Photo courtesy of the Special Collections at the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah

A Brief History of the Deaf Members of
​The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 

The history of Deaf members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah reflects a longstanding commitment to faith, leadership, and accessibility. In 1891, a Sunday School class for Deaf members was established in Salt Lake City, Utah, under the leadership of Laron Pratt, the son of Apostle Orson Pratt and a pioneering figure in the Utah Deaf community. After the Utah School for the Deaf relocated to Ogden in 1896, a second class for Deaf students was organized and taught by Max W. Woodbury, a hard-of-hearing educator and principal of the school.

A major milestone came in 1917 with the establishment of the Ogden Branch for the Deaf, one of the earliest congregations created specifically to serve Deaf members. For 51 years, Max W. Woodbury served as branch president, helping provide Deaf members with opportunities for worship, fellowship, and leadership. Under his administration, Elsie M. Christiansen became the first and only Deaf woman to serve as branch clerk, while Elizabeth DeLong became the first Deaf woman to serve as Sunday School superintendent. Their service demonstrated the important leadership roles Deaf members could hold within the church.

The Ogden Branch became a spiritual and social center for Deaf members throughout Utah, particularly those connected to the Utah School for the Deaf. Max and Elsie also played key roles in the construction of the first chapel built specifically to meet the needs of Deaf members. Their efforts established a foundation for future Deaf branches and wards and strengthened opportunities for participation and leadership within the church.

As debates over oral and sign language education expanded throughout Utah during the 20th century, similar discussions also affected Deaf church programs and leadership. Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a leading advocate of oral education, played an influential role in Deaf seminary and church programs. During this period, Deaf leaders Kenneth L. Kinner and Charles Roy Cochran provided steadfast leadership within the Ogden Branch for the Deaf while navigating challenges related to communication methods, educational philosophies, and the administration of Deaf church programs. Their dedication and perseverance helped maintain a strong Deaf Latter-day Saint community during a period of significant change.

​Another major milestone occurred in 1977, when Lloyd H. Perkins, branch president and bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, successfully advocated for the construction of a Deaf-friendly chapel in Salt Lake City. Working closely with Deaf members and church leaders, he helped create a visually accessible worship space designed to meet the communication needs of Deaf congregants. The building remains in use today and stands as an enduring symbol of accessibility, inclusion, and community leadership.

Today, the legacy of these early leaders continues through the contributions of Deaf Latter-day Saints throughout Utah. Their dedication helped create opportunities for worship, service, leadership, and fellowship while promoting greater accessibility within the church. Through their efforts, Deaf members have played a vital role in shaping a rich history of faith, resilience, and community in Utah.

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Ogden Branch for the Deaf of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ogden, Utah. Photograph by Kenneth L. Kinner

A Brief History of the Utah Association of the Deaf 

The Utah Association of the Deaf (UAD) was established on June 10, 1909, inspired by the creation of the National Association of the Deaf in 1880 and the growing desire of Deaf Utahns to advocate for their rights, education, employment opportunities, and social welfare. Since its founding, the UAD has served as the leading advocacy organization for Utah's Deaf community, promoting accessibility, equality, and civic engagement.

A central figure in the organization's history was Elizabeth "Libbie" DeLong, a graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf in 1897 and one of the first students from Utah to graduate from Gallaudet College in 1902. Libbie also became the first Deaf teacher with a college degree to teach at the Utah School for the Deaf. As a co-founder of the UAD, she helped establish a strong foundation for Deaf advocacy in Utah.

On June 11, 1909, the day after the UAD was formed, Libbie made history when she was elected president of the organization. In defeating two male candidates, she became the first female Deaf president of the Utah Association of the Deaf and the first woman known to lead a state chapter affiliated with the National Association of the Deaf. Her election was a remarkable achievement at a time when women throughout the United States faced significant social and political barriers.

Libbie's leadership reflected the growing influence of Deaf women in education, civic life, and advocacy. While attending Gallaudet College, she served as president of O.W.L.S., a women's organization now known as Phi Kappa Zeta, where she developed leadership skills and strengthened her commitment to advancing opportunities for women. Throughout her career, she championed education, employment, and equal rights for Deaf individuals while supporting the broader women's suffrage movement.

At the conclusion of her second term as UAD president in 1915, Libbie delivered a powerful address advocating for women's suffrage and the importance of women's voices in public life. Her advocacy came at a time when Deaf women faced both gender discrimination and barriers within the Deaf community itself, including restrictions on voting in National Association of the Deaf elections until 1964. Through her perseverance, leadership, and vision, Libbie helped expand opportunities for future generations of Deaf women.

​Today, the Utah Association of the Deaf continues its long tradition of advocacy and leadership. The legacy of Elizabeth DeLong and other UAD leaders lives on through ongoing efforts to promote accessibility, language rights, education, community engagement, and equal opportunities for Deaf and hard-of-hearing Utahns.

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The 1909 Utah Association of the Deaf Officers. Photo courtesy of the Special Collections at the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah

Elizabeth DeLong's leadership emerged during a period when Utah women were already making history. In 1870, Utah women became the first in modern America to gain the right to vote, and Seraph Young Ford became the first woman in the United States to cast a ballot. In 1896, Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon became the nation's first female state senator. As a physician, legislator, and member of the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, she championed legislation that improved the lives of Deaf and Blind students. Her successful efforts led to the passage of compulsory education legislation in 1897 and the construction of a hospital on the school campus, completed in 1900, providing much-needed healthcare services for students. Growing up in this atmosphere of civic engagement, educational reform, and women's leadership, Libbie developed the confidence and determination that would later make her a pioneering leader in both the Utah Deaf community and the broader women's rights movement.

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The hospital building is at the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind in Ogden, Utah. Source: Biennial Report of the Trustees and Superintendent of the Utah State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Dumb and the Blind, 1903–04

In 2024, a statue honoring Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon—a physician, politician, suffragist, and the first female state senator in the United States—was unveiled in the National Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The statue recognizes her remarkable achievements and highlights Utah's important role in advancing women's rights. It also acknowledges her lasting contributions to healthcare, education, and public service, including her work on behalf of Deaf and Blind children in Utah.

The statue stands as a proud testament to Martha's enduring legacy and influence. Through her leadership, she helped expand opportunities for women and improve the lives of countless Utahns. Her efforts to strengthen education and healthcare, including her support for compulsory education and the construction of a hospital at the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, continue to be felt today. Her story reminds us that meaningful progress is achieved through vision, perseverance, and a commitment to serving others.


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'Martha Goes To Washington.' Source: utahwomenhistory.org

The Utah Association of the Deaf (UAD) was founded on June 10, 1909, and is one of the oldest organizations representing Deaf individuals in Utah and the United States. Since its establishment, UAD has worked to protect and advance the human, civil, educational, linguistic, social, and economic rights of Deaf Utahns. For more than a century, the organization has served as a leading voice for accessibility, inclusion, and equal opportunity.

One of the association's co-founders was Elizabeth "Libbie" DeLong, who became the first female president of the UAD on June 11, 1909. Her election marked a historic achievement not only for Utah's Deaf community but also for Deaf women nationwide. Under her leadership and that of many dedicated advocates who followed, the UAD established a strong tradition of civic engagement, leadership, and community service.

Throughout its history, the UAD has successfully advocated for improvements in education, employment, rehabilitation services, interpreting services, telecommunications, public safety, and accessibility. These efforts have helped challenge audism, the belief that hearing and spoken language are inherently superior to Deaf people and signed languages, while promoting equal access and opportunities for Deaf Utahns.

The UAD has also played an instrumental role in advancing important legislative initiatives. Through persistent advocacy, the organization helped secure interpreter certification requirements through Senate Bill 41 and recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language in Utah through Senate Bill 42 in 1994. These landmark achievements expanded communication access, strengthened recognition of ASL as a legitimate language, and affirmed its central role in Deaf culture.

In addition to policy advocacy, the UAD has supported major community institutions, including the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf. The organization has also championed accessible communication technologies, including telecommunications services, closed captioning, and video relay services, helping Deaf individuals connect more fully with their communities and the wider world.

Today, the UAD continues its long-standing mission of advocacy, education, and empowerment. Representing the rich diversity of Utah's Deaf community, including Deaf, hard-of-hearing, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, late-deafened, LGBTQ+, and multicultural members, the organization remains committed to promoting accessibility, strengthening community connections, and advancing equality. Its history stands as a testament to the power of collective advocacy in overcoming barriers created by audism and ensuring that Deaf individuals have full and equal participation in society.

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Utah Association of the Deaf: Passing the Torch Since 1909 logo

Throughout its history, the Utah Association of the Deaf has benefited from strong and visionary leaders. One of the most influential was Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, who served as UAD president from 1960 to 1963. A respected advocate at both the state and national levels, he later became the 17th president of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD), serving from 1964 to 1968. During his presidency, the NAD relocated its headquarters from Berkeley, California, to Washington, D.C., strengthening the organization's national presence. His leadership coincided with a transformative period in Deaf history, including the expansion of voting rights for women within the NAD and increased inclusion of Black Deaf Americans within the organization.

Under Dr. Sanderson's leadership, the Utah Association of the Deaf changed its name in 1963 to the Utah Association for the Deaf in an effort to reflect a broader and more inclusive membership. In 2012, the organization returned to its original name, the Utah Association of the Deaf, reaffirming the principle that Deaf people should speak and advocate for themselves. The name restoration symbolized equality, self-determination, and pride within the Deaf community.

Another influential leader was W. David "Dave" Mortensen, the longest-serving president in UAD history, serving for 22 years. Working alongside Dr. Sanderson and other advocates, he helped advance civil rights, interpreting services, educational opportunities, and accessibility initiatives throughout Utah. Their efforts contributed to major achievements, including the development of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and expanded services for Deaf Utahns.

The UAD's tradition of advocacy continued into the twenty-first century. Under the leadership of Stephen Persinger, Utah became the first state in the nation to replace the term "hearing impaired" in state law with "deaf and hard of hearing" through House Bill 60, signed into law in 2017. In 2019, Kim Lucas became only the second woman elected president of the UAD, 110 years after Elizabeth DeLong's historic election in 1909. As the organization's first queer president, her election reflected the UAD's continuing commitment to diversity, representation, and inclusion.

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The 1912 Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in Ogden, Utah. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963

The National Fraternal Society of the Deaf in Utah 

Founded in 1901, the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD) was one of the oldest and most influential organizations in Deaf history. Created by Deaf leaders, the organization provided life insurance and financial protection at a time when many insurance companies denied coverage to Deaf individuals or charged discriminatory rates. By establishing their own insurance organization, Deaf Americans demonstrated determination, self-reliance, and a commitment to securing equal opportunities.

The NFSD quickly expanded across the United States, creating local divisions that fostered financial security, social connections, and community leadership. In Utah, Deaf community members established Salt Lake City Division No. 56 in 1916 and Ogden Division No. 69 in 1918, which was later rechartered as Ogden Division No. 127 in 1945. These divisions became important centers of fellowship and mutual support for Deaf Utahns.

Like many organizations of its era, the NFSD initially excluded women and racial minorities from full participation. Deaf women fought for equal membership rights, with Justina Wooldridge Keeley leading early advocacy efforts in Utah. Their persistence helped bring meaningful change, culminating in women gaining regular insurance membership in 1951. The organization took another important step toward equality in 1955 when it removed racial restrictions and opened membership to Black Deaf Americans.

Although the NFSD experienced a decline in membership during the late 20th century due to increasing competition from commercial insurance providers, its impact on the Deaf community was profound. When the organization closed on January 1, 2007, it marked the end of an important chapter in Deaf history. Nevertheless, its legacy lives on through the generations of Deaf individuals who benefited from its advocacy, financial services, leadership opportunities, and commitment to equality.

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The Salt Lake Frats participated in a parade circa 1918. Photo courtesy of the Special Collections at the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah

A Brief History of the Robert G. Sanderson
​Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing 

The Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing stands as one of the Utah Deaf community's greatest achievements. The vision for a permanent community center was first proposed at the 1946 Utah Association of the Deaf Convention, where Deaf leaders recognized the need for a central gathering place that would provide services, resources, and opportunities for community engagement.

For more than four decades, the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) worked tirelessly to turn that vision into reality. Through persistent advocacy with the Utah Legislature and the Utah State Office of Education, Deaf leaders overcame numerous setbacks and disappointments. Despite challenges, including legislative obstacles and shifting state priorities, the community remained committed to achieving its goal.

Several dedicated leaders played essential roles in making the center a reality. Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, Eugene W. Petersen, and G. Leon Curtis helped guide the planning process, while W. David Mortensen worked diligently to bring the project to completion. Their leadership, combined with the support of countless community members, transformed a long-held dream into a lasting institution.

The center officially opened in 1992 in Taylorsville, Utah, marking the successful culmination of a decades-long advocacy effort. Since then, it has served as a vital resource for individuals who are Deaf, hard of hearing, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, or late-deafened. The center provides a wide range of services, including interpreting, employment assistance, outreach programs, technology access, education, advocacy, and social and recreational activities. It continues to strengthen community connections while promoting accessibility and inclusion.
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In 2003, the Utah Deaf community honored Dr. Robert G. Sanderson by renaming the facility the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. The center remains the only state-funded Deaf agency of its kind in the United States and the first state building in Utah named after a Deaf individual. More than a building, it is a symbol of perseverance, community pride, and the collective accomplishments of generations of Deaf Utahns.

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Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Photo courtesy of the Sanderson Community Center

Interpreting Services and
​American Sign Language in Utah 

Utah has played a pioneering role in the development of interpreting services and American Sign Language (ASL) education. In 1968, the Utah Association for the Deaf helped sponsor and support the formation of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID), establishing Utah's first statewide interpreting service for the Deaf community. Working together, the two organizations developed Utah's first interpreter training program and interpreter certification procedures, laying the foundation for professional interpreting services throughout the state.

A key figure in this effort was Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, whose leadership at both the state and national levels helped advance interpreting services and accessibility. His vision inspired Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Utah native and Child of Deaf Adults (CODA), to pursue professional certification. In 1965, she became the first nationally certified interpreter recognized by the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID), not only in Utah but also in the United States. Her achievement marked a major milestone in the interpreting profession and helped establish standards that continue to influence the field today.

The Utah Deaf community also benefited from the dedication of many interpreters who volunteered their services for years before interpreting became a paid profession. Through advocacy by the Utah Association for the Deaf and support from United Way funding in the 1970s, Utah established one of the nation's first paid interpreting services. This groundbreaking effort helped reduce financial barriers for Deaf individuals while recognizing the professional value of interpreting services.

Utah also played a leading role in the recognition of Deaf interpreters and the expansion of ASL education. In 1975, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen became among the first Deaf certified interpreters, now known as Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDIs). Continuing this legacy, Trenton Marsh became the first Deaf person in Utah to earn CDI certification in 2006, further advancing professional interpreting services and accessibility within the Deaf community. In 1989, Utah became the first state to offer ASL courses in public high schools, thanks in large part to the efforts of Jean Greenwood Thomas, whose vision helped expand ASL education and inspired similar programs across the country.

Further progress came in 1994, when W. David Mortensen and the Utah Association for the Deaf successfully advocated for Senate Bill 41, which established interpreter certification standards, and Senate Bill 42, which recognized ASL as a foreign language in Utah's secondary and postsecondary educational systems. These landmark achievements strengthened communication access, advanced professional interpreting services, and affirmed ASL as a legitimate language and a vital part of Deaf culture.

Today, the legacy of these advocates continues through professional interpreting services, Deaf interpreter certification, ASL education, and ongoing efforts to ensure accessible communication for Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals throughout Utah.

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Sorenson Communications
​and the Videophone Revolution 

In 2003, Sorenson Communications, Inc., based in Salt Lake City, Utah, transformed Deaf communication by launching the first widely adopted videophone for Deaf users. This groundbreaking technology was developed by Jonathan "Jon" Hodson, a Deaf Utahn whose vision helped revolutionize the way Deaf and hearing individuals communicate.

Before the advent of videophones and video relay services, Deaf individuals were often limited to text-based telecommunications, which could not fully convey the richness and efficiency of American Sign Language (ASL). Jon's innovation allowed Deaf users to communicate naturally through sign language using video technology, creating unprecedented access to conversations with hearing individuals through qualified interpreters.

The introduction of the videophone marked a major turning point in accessibility and communication. It not only strengthened connections within the Deaf community but also helped bridge communication barriers between Deaf and hearing people. By making signed communication more immediate and accessible, the technology expanded opportunities in education, employment, healthcare, government services, and everyday life.

Today, Sorenson Communications continues to provide Video Relay Service (VRS), offering communication that is "functionally equivalent" to that available to hearing individuals. Jon Hodson's pioneering work remains an enduring example of Utah's influence on Deaf history, demonstrating how innovation, accessibility, and technology can create meaningful change for generations to come.


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Utah's Many Firsts 

Utah has a rich history of remarkable firsts and pioneering achievements within the Deaf community. As the creator, owner, and curator of this website, I am dedicated to preserving and sharing that history through research, storytelling, and historical documentation.

​My goal is to honor the individuals who helped shape Utah's Deaf community, recognize their accomplishments, and increase awareness of the challenges they faced and overcame. By preserving their stories, we celebrate their legacy, deepen our understanding of the past, and inspire future generations to continue building a more accessible and inclusive future.


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Utah School for the Deaf, Ogden, Utah. Photo courtesy of the Kenneth C. Burdett Bulletin Board

  A Big Loss in Deaf History 


Barry Strassler, editor of DeafDigest, wrote about a self-taught Deaf historian he met in his article, "A Big Loss in Deaf History." Although the historian never attended college, he was deeply passionate about Deaf history. He conducted extensive research at Gallaudet University's library and the Library of Congress, carefully recording his findings in notebooks and journals. Over the years, he amassed a remarkable collection of books, notes, and historical records.

Sadly, he never shared his discoveries with others. Because he had no close family members or friends who knew about his work, his invaluable collection and years of research were lost after his death. Reflecting on this loss, Barry Strassler described it as "a horrible waste in Deaf history" on November 18, 2012.

His story serves as an important reminder of the need to preserve and share our history. As Utah's demographics continue to change, the loss of the state's Deaf heritage would be equally regrettable. Fortunately, digitization now allows historical documents, photographs, stories, and records to be preserved and shared with a global audience for historical research, genealogical studies, and future generations.

As Virginia C. Borggaard wrote in Celebrating A Rich Heritage: 1901-2001, "Utah has always been a forerunner in promoting the history of the state's Deaf community." Inspired by that legacy, this website is dedicated to preserving, documenting, and sharing the rich history of Deaf Utahns. Through historical research, photographs, personal stories, and archival materials, this project seeks to honor those who helped shape Utah's Deaf community and ensure that their contributions are never forgotten.

Thank you for visiting the Utah Deaf History Project. I hope you find the information both informative and inspiring. Please explore the website, learn about the remarkable individuals and events that shaped our community, and share your own stories and experiences. Your contributions help ensure that our collective history continues to grow and endure.

I remain committed to adding new information and updates, so please visit again to discover what's new.

Enjoy!

​Jodi Christel Becker


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Jodi Christel Becker. Photograph by Danielle Jonna Kinner

Copyright © Jodi Christel Becker, 2012 - 2026. All rights reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or published without the express consent of the author. If you have additional information about Utah Deaf history, or photos/materials that you would like share, please contact Jodi Christel Becker via email at [email protected]  

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