The History of Interpreting Services in Utah

The History of Interpreting
Services in Utah

Compiled & Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney

Published in 2013
Updated in 2026

Author's Note

As a Deaf individual, it is a privilege to share the fascinating history of interpreting services in Utah. It has been a remarkable journey to learn about the incredible leaders who have tirelessly worked to expand interpreting services and programs in our state. Their dedication to advocating for legislation that addresses our communication needs is truly inspiring. Thanks to their efforts, we now have strong laws that support our rights to communication and accessibility.

We are fortunate to have outstanding figures in our community, and I genuinely appreciate your interest in exploring the "History of Interpreting Services in Utah" webpage. Your interest and support are essential in continuing to celebrate and advocate for the advancements that enhance communication for everyone in our community. I believe you will find the content both informative and enlightening, as it highlights the milestones and achievements that have shaped the landscape of interpreting services in our state.

While organizing my home office, I came across a paper by Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a highly respected figure in the Deaf community. He had shared this insightful paper with Jean Greenwood Thomas, a former ASL interpreter and high school teacher. I received a copy from her and believe it would be a valuable addition to this webpage. The paper contains Dr. Sanderson's keynote remarks from his address at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference on May 12, 2005. I am confident you will find it both engaging and informative, as it highlights his significant contributions to the interpreting community from its early days.

Since its inception in 1968, the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has been a foundational part of our interpreting community. It has played a crucial role in reflecting our rich history and the dedication of our interpreters. Together, we have celebrated the acknowledgment of American Sign Language as an official language in Utah and advocated for mandatory interpreter certification, which led to the establishment of the Utah Interpreter Program. This program has not only enhanced the quality of interpreting services but also fostered a strong sense of unity among interpreters. As we move forward, we remain committed to promoting excellence, accessibility, and advocacy for the Utah Deaf community, united in our mission. Your contributions to this success are invaluable and something to be proud of.

Additionally, Utah boasts a remarkable pool of qualified interpreters, thanks in part to the state's 1994 certification law, which has helped develop interpreter preparation programs. The demand for interpreters continues to grow, and numerous formal training programs are available for aspiring interpreters at institutions such as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University.

We also acknowledge the significant contributions of the ASL interpreting program at Davis Applied Technology College and the VRS Interpreting Institute (VRSII) at Sorensen Communications, even though they have since closed. Their efforts in training both new graduates and experienced interpreters have a lasting impact.

As we look ahead, it's essential to build on this foundation and ensure that future generations of interpreters are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to meet the evolving needs of the Deaf and hard-of-hearing communities.

In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to recognize their contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of connecting women's achievements with their spouses' surnames. This decision recognizes their achievements by utilizing their first names, which is crucial for identifying them. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also emphasizes the significance of women's advocacy in our community and promotes inclusivity. This approach highlights women's accomplishments and contributions while respecting each person's own identity.

Furthermore, our organization was previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf and changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. To provide some context, we were known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962, then became the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963, and ultimately returned to our original name in 2012. When writing for the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to represent the various eras of our association's history.

Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the interpreters for their outstanding work in supporting the Utah Deaf community. Their dedication enhances communication and fosters a strong sense of belonging and understanding. I truly appreciate their contributions and the positive impact they have on the lives of many individuals.

As we honor these exceptional individuals, we encourage everyone to join us in supporting and advocating for the needs of the Utah Deaf community. Their hard work has significantly improved the quality of life for many individuals within this community.

Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.

Enjoy!

Jodi Christel Becker

Background History
of Interpreting

The Utah Deaf community, particularly the Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs), has historically played a crucial role in bridging the gap between Deaf and hearing individuals, often serving as interpreters in significant situations. This practice highlighted their importance until the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) was established in 1964, which marked a pivotal moment in the professionalization of interpreting services. Unfortunately, their contributions went largely unnoticed, as the media typically referred to them simply as "interpreters." As the profession developed, it became increasingly essential to acknowledge and value interpreters, who play a crucial role in enabling people from diverse cultures to communicate and understand one another.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a CODA and former sign language interpreter, noted that before the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were no formal training programs for sign language. Despite these challenges, many CODAs volunteered their interpreting services, making significant contributions to the Utah Deaf community (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). Their efforts laid the groundwork for future advancements in sign language education and interpreter training, empowering the Deaf community to advocate for their rights.

The 1960s and 1970s saw a surge in social justice movements, including those within the Deaf community. This era was part of the broader Civil Rights movement and greatly influenced the interpreting profession, leading to the establishment of the RID and a focus on professional conduct for interpreters (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001). This shift recognized interpreters as essential professionals rather than mere helpers, fostering respect for the field and encouraging the development of training programs and ethical standards that continue to guide interpreters today (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell. Photo: Robert L. Bonnell

The Two Early Pioneer
Interpreters in Utah

Prior to the increase in professional interpreters during the 1960s and 1970s, Eula Rayland Pusey was one of the early interpreters in Utah. Born in 1896 to Deaf parents, Fred William Ragland and Cora Jane Webb, Eula was a Child of Deaf Adults (CODA) and the eldest sibling in her family. She played a pioneering role in the field of interpretation. At home, Eula communicated exclusively in sign language with her parents, which greatly influenced her understanding and skills in this area (The Salt Lake Tribune, April 25, 1963). Her contributions had a significant impact on the Utah Deaf community and set a precedent for future interpreters.

In 1936, Eula, along with other Deaf individuals such as George L. Laramie, Fern Player, E. Ross Thurston, and Mrs. Joseph Taylor, played a crucial role in organizing the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention (Telegram, August 22, 1936). This collaborative effort not only highlighted the strong sense of community within the Utah Deaf community but also emphasized unity, marking a significant milestone in the community's history.

'Leaders of the ‘Eloquent Hands’ Convention. They supervise at the 1936 UAD Convention...seated Fern Player, Eula Pusey, and E. Ross Thurston. George L. Laramie, the recently elected president, and Mrs.Joseph Taylor stand together.' Source: Telegram, August 22, 1936

In 1954, Eula demonstrated her ongoing dedication to the Utah Deaf community by serving as an interpreter for the Salt Lake Valley Branch of the Deaf within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Deseret News, April 4, 1954). As a dedicated church member and Relief Society secretary, she actively participated in various activities (Deseret News, November 16, 1957).

Eula served as an interpreter for temple marriages for Deaf couples, including my parents-in-law, Kenneth K. Kinner and Ilene Coles, from 1935 to 1963, a role she held for twenty-eight years. In addition to interpreting temple ceremonies, she provided interpretation services for Sunday school teachers, guest speakers, and members of the Salt Lake Valley Branch for the Deaf. Furthermore, Eula interpreted from a corner balcony of the Tabernacle during the semiannual church conferences (The Salt Lake Tribune, April 25, 1963).

Sign language: Eula Rayland Pusey, center secretary of the Salt Lake Valley Branch for the Deaf Relief Society of Park Stake, uses sign language while speaking of the beautiful creations displayed at the Relief Society Bazaars. On the right is Catherine J. Morgan, president, and on the left is Elsie M. Christiansen, literary teacher. Source: Deseret News, November 16, 1957

Eula played a vital role as the interpreter for the Deaf leaders who participated in the Study Committee in 1963 (The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1963). Her contributions were instrumental in establishing Deaf services coordinated by Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a Deaf advocate. This effort ultimately led to the creation of the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. This center serves as a lasting testament to the impact of her work, which continues to benefit the Utah Deaf community.

During the 1965 session of the Utah State Legislature, several leaders, including G. Leon Curtis, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, made significant personal sacrifices. They took unpaid leave from work to join President Curtis at the Utah State Capitol. Their goal was to meet with Governor Calvin L. Rampton to advocate for funding for the Utah Deaf community. This dedicated group of advocates, including Eugene W. Petersen, Joseph B. Burnett, Ned C. Wheeler, and interpreter Eula Rayland Pusey, demonstrated unwavering commitment to the cause (Curtis, The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1965; Sanderson, 2004). Eula exemplified her dedication by making personal sacrifices, highlighting her steadfast commitment to the Deaf community in Utah.

Utah Interpreters: Eva Alice Prudence and Eula Rayland Pusey at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Conference in the 1940s. Source: www.interpreterhistory.com/?p=992

Another early pioneer interpreter, Pauline Veronica Mark Humphries, born in 1902, was the eldest child of Deaf parents, Paul Mark and Theresa Maria Rasche. Growing up as a CODA, she gained valuable insight and experience in both the Deaf and hearing communities, which shaped her interpreting career.

At just 13, Pauline interpreted at the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915 during her father's presidential campaign (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). By 1938, she had already established herself as a key interpreter in the Utah Deaf community (The Salt Lake Tribune, September 3, 1938). Her younger brother, Nicholas Paul Mark, highlighted her skill and dedication, noting that she frequently provided interpretation services for Deaf individuals within their community.

Pauline spent most of her life in or near Ogden, Utah. Her father, Paul Mark, was the second president of the Utah Association of the Deaf and owned a nearby shoe repair shop. The Utah School for the Deaf was also close by, serving many Deaf individuals. Pauline became a well-respected figure in the Utah Deaf community, known for her interpreting skills and support for Deaf people (Nicholas Paul Mark, Autobiography, FamilySearch.org).

Pauline Veronica Mark Humphries. Source: FamilySearch.org

'Nimble Fingers Tell Meaning.' Pauline Mark Humphries serves as an interpreter throughout the 1938 Utah Association of the Deaf Convention. Source: Salt Lake Tribune, September 3, 1938

An Interpreter Who is Hard of Hearing Serving
the Deaf Community in Utah

For years in Utah, the Deaf community relied on individuals who were hard-of-hearing and had learned sign language before using hearing aids, as well as those who had lost their hearing but had developed strong oral communication skills. However, by 1961, there was a noticeable increase in the number of Deaf individuals born deaf in Utah, while the number of those who became deaf later declined. This period also saw a rise in the number of Deaf individuals with multiple disabilities (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2).

In response to these changing demographics and the increasing demand for interpreting services, the Utah Deaf community took proactive measures. They recognized the need for support and established the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf to meet their interpreting requirements, empowering themselves and their community. This initiative created essential resources for communication and encouraged a deeper understanding of Deaf culture within the broader community. As a result, the Utah Deaf community, particularly the Utah Association of the Deaf, became more engaged and influential in advocating for their rights and needs.

D. Hart Wenger and Gladys Burnham Wenger

The Spring 1961 issue of the UAD Bulletin emphasized the importance of involving hard-of-hearing individuals in interpreting roles. Gladys Burnham Wenger, who was hard-of-hearing, is a prominent example. She served as an interpreter for the Salt Lake Branch of the Deaf and the Utah Association of the Deaf. Despite her hearing challenges, she was committed to bridging communication gaps and advocating for the Deaf community.

The 1962 Student Protest was a pivotal moment demonstrating the unity and strength of students at the Utah School for the Deaf. This strike emerged in response to the new dual-track policy that segregated students into oral and sign language departments at the Ogden residential campus, prohibiting full interaction between them. Following this essential event, Gladys played a crucial role by interpreting for members of the Utah Association of the Deaf during a meeting with the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Dr. Wilburn N. Ball, who sought their assistance. Her invaluable support was highly regarded by advocates for Deaf education.

President George Albert Smith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, dedicating Salt Lake Valley Branch for the Deaf. Gladys Burnham Wenger is interpreting his speech.

Frank M. Driggs, the Superintendent of the
Utah School for the Deaf Acts as the
Interpreter for the Deaf Community in Utah

Frank M. Driggs, a recognized volunteer interpreter, served as the superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf from 1901 to 1941, making notable contributions to the Deaf community in Utah. In 1912, he interpreted speeches at the Utah Commercial Club of the Deaf, with mentions in the Ogden Examiner-Standard (October 3, 1912), The Salt Lake Herald Republican (October 6, 1912), and The UAD Bulletin (Summer 1963). He likely provided interpretation support during significant events, including the establishment of the Utah Association of the Deaf in 1909.

Frank M. Driggs. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963

The National Registry of
Interpreters for the Deaf Is Born

On May 12, 2005, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, affectionately known as "Bob," delivered a keynote address at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference. He shared insights into the history of interpreting in Utah, reminiscing about the early days when a small group of remarkable Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) volunteered their time and skills to support the Deaf community, long before the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was formed. Their dedication and selfless service highlight the essential role of community support in the history of interpreting in Utah.

Bob graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1936 and lost his hearing at the age of 11 due to spinal meningitis. At that time, the concept of an interpreter was foreign to him, as most of his teachers were trained in oral education, and only a few Deaf teachers used sign language. He recalls a Deaf friend mentioning a significant figure, Lucy McMills Greenwood, who served as an interpreter for hearing individuals at the Ogden Branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

As a member of the Gallaudet class of 1941, Bob recalled that in 1936, sign language was the primary mode of communication on campus, making interpreters unnecessary. New students faced the challenge of either adapting to this environment or struggling to communicate, but they generally learned to sign quickly.

In 1946, during his wedding ceremony, Bob had his first experience using an interpreter—another CODA. He humorously reflected on the impracticality of having the preacher write down every word, noting that such a lengthy process might have led his also Deaf bride, Mary Antonietti, to reconsider her decision, as she could have gotten cold feet and decided to run away (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Robert G. Sanderson, a 1941 Gallaudet College Senior

In 1964, Bob became the president of the National Association of the Deaf, taking on the responsibility of representing the organization at various workshops aimed at addressing the need for formal training and standards for interpreters in the Deaf community.

During these workshops, he met many interpreters, primarily Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs), who were passionate about interpreting. However, he observed a significant lack of professionalism among them. At that time, there was no formal training program or established curriculum for interpreters. American Sign Language (ASL) was not recognized as an official language, leading interpreters to use various signing methods they believed would be understood by Deaf individuals. This situation sparked ongoing debates among well-educated Deaf adults about the true nature of sign language.

At that time, Gallaudet College used a system known as "Signed English," while residential schools for the deaf adopted it, believing it was most effective. Despite the lack of formal recognition and established standards, Deaf individuals continued to use ASL, which had not yet been officially named (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Bob credited his close friend, Dr. Boyce R. Williams, for his significant role in enhancing interpreting services. Boyce became Deaf at the age of 17 due to spinal meningitis, demonstrating resilience and determination. After his education at the Wisconsin School for the Deaf, Gallaudet College, and Columbia University, he became the director of the Office of Deafness and Communication Disorders in Washington, D.C.

Boyce focused on the professionalization of interpreting. He advocated for qualified interpreters and emphasized the importance of interpreting fluidly in both directions, leaving a lasting impact on the field. Proficient in English, he consistently highlighted a crucial point in meetings, inspiring others to recognize the value of effective communication in both ASL and English. This approach, known as reverse interpreting, enabled interpreters to convey messages accurately between ASL and English. His advocacy was pivotal in establishing the standards of the interpreting profession (Boyce Williams, Visionary Leader, Gallaudet.edu, November 2014; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Robert G. Sanderson, after whom the Deaf Center was named, served as the president of the National Association of the Deaf from 1964 to 1968. The September 1966 issue of the Deaf American magazine features a photo of him shaking hands with Dr. Boyce R. Williams, a Deaf and Hard of Hearing Consultant at the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration in Washington, D.C. At the convention banquet in San Francisco, California, Robert G. Sanderson announced the award and presented the first National Association of the Deaf Distinguished Service Award to Dr. Boyce R. Williams. Source: The Deaf American, September 1966. The photo was taken by Floyd Barlow.

Boyce Williams successfully secured funding for several workshops and university research projects focused on different aspects of interpreting. However, a challenge arose concerning who would be responsible for organizing this information. In this context, Frederick C. Schreiber, the executive director of the National Association of the Deaf, suggested a collaborative approach. He recommended that the association, with its strong interest in interpreting, partner with the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf to take initial steps toward formally establishing an interpreter registry (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005). This collaboration aimed to leverage the expertise and resources of both organizations, fostering a connection to the historical process of professionalizing interpreting.

Frederick C. Schreiber. Source: A Rose for Tomorrow: Biography of Frederic C. Schreibe

Bob Sanderson recognized the pivotal role played by Boyce Williams, an influential leader in the interpreting field. Williams' dedication was essential in securing funding for the groundbreaking "Interpreting for the Deaf" workshop. This event, which took place from June 14 to June 17, 1964, at Ball State Teachers College in Muncie, Indiana, was the first of its kind and was crucial in the establishment of the National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

The workshop was funded by Vocational Rehabilitation and sponsored by Ball State Teachers College (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1964; Boyce Williams, Visionary Leader, Gallaudet.edu, November 2014; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005). This workshop gathered Deaf professionals, Children of Deaf Adults, and interpreters to recruit and train interpreters, ensuring communication access for the Deaf community.

Its purpose was to address the challenges faced by the Deaf community. This historic event united key stakeholders to discuss the need for professional interpreters and to establish industry standards. The workshop served as a platform for exchanging ideas and best practices, ultimately paving the way for the formal recognition and improvement of interpreting services for the Deaf.

Boyce R. Williams and Robert G. Sanderson at the 1964 National Association of the Deaf Conference

The objectives of the workshop were to recruit and train more interpreters, establish a code of ethics, and enhance assistance and services for the Deaf community. It had a significant impact, leading to the formation of an official non-profit interpreting organization on June 16, 1964 (The Silent Worker, July–August 1964). This organization later expanded its mission and became known as the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, or 'RID.'

Around 90 participants attended the workshop, with one-third being Deaf individuals. Their active involvement demonstrated a strong commitment to the cause and highlighted the community's unity. Among the attendees were many experts in Deaf education, sign language, and oral communication (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1964). Their contributions not only enriched the workshop but also underscored their dedication to improving the lives of the Deaf community.

'National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf Established.' Source: The Silent Worker, July-August 1964

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson:
A Key Figure in the Establishment of the
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf

In 1964, Bob was invited to consult on a pioneering workshop on Interpreting for the Deaf, just before he took on significant roles in the Deaf community. In 1965, he became the Deaf Services Coordinator for the Utah Division of Rehabilitation and, shortly after the workshop, was appointed president of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD). This influential event included 90 participants, and Bob, at the time, actively participated on the NAD board (The Silent Worker, July–August 1964; The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1964; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008).

Bob's efforts to promote interpreting services in Utah greatly enhanced his reputation within the Utah Deaf community. His involvement in the workshop highlighted his crucial contributions to the field of interpreting and further solidified his prominent role in the community (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008).

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson

As NAD president, Bob highlighted a significant increase in awareness within the Deaf community, driven by workshops, seminars, meetings, and government initiatives. This progress has attracted the attention of researchers at various universities. In the early years, members of the Deaf community raised critical concerns about several issues:

Reverse interpreting skills
Flexibility in ASL and English interpreting
A strict Code of Ethics

Bob noted that the study of interpretation has become increasingly complex, blending both art and science. Assessing individual skill levels in this field has proven challenging. While interpreting is a vital yet intricate profession, it faces numerous hurdles, including the absence of a standard curriculum, a formal Code of Ethics, and challenges in testing and certifying interpreters (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005). Despite these challenges, they underscore the pressing need for ongoing efforts in the field. Bob's empathy towards interpreters has been crucial in ensuring they receive the training and support they need. His work in expanding interpreting services in Utah, particularly through the establishment of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, reflects his commitment to the profession and continues to inspire us in the field of interpretation.

Madelaine Burton Perkins relays information for Robert G. Sanderson during proceeding in Judge Gordon Hall's courtroom. Source: UAD Bulletin, February 1972

A Sign Language Interpreter
is Provided in the Courtroom

In 1965, there was a critical need within the Deaf community for a model state law to guarantee access to court proceedings. Some states had already enacted laws allowing Deaf individuals to have an interpreter during court sessions. This change was revolutionary, as it enabled Deaf individuals to fully participate in the courtroom and protected their rights to life, liberty, property, health, and daily activities. The establishment of guidelines further enhanced this progress by providing a systematic approach to ensure that court interpreters were available for Deaf individuals, significantly improving their everyday experiences (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1965).

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's letter argues for the need for more interpreters

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Holds the
Distinction of Being the First Nationally
Certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) Interpreter in Utah and the United States

Beth Ann Moon Stewart Campbell is recognized as the first nationally certified interpreter by the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) in both Utah and the United States. Born in 1937 in Utah to Deaf parents, Arnold Henry Moon and Zelma Leona Lundquist, Beth Ann grew up interpreting for her family but had never interpreted for anyone outside that context.

Beth Ann’s journey as an interpreter began unexpectedly when her first husband, Wayne Stewart, a police officer, asked her to interpret for a Deaf man from Colorado who had been mistreated by the Salt Lake City Police Department. The man had been handcuffed and left alone in a cell, making effective communication challenging. He was frightened and confused.

Despite her own fears and her inability to find an interpreter for assistance, Beth Ann entered the police station and discovered the Deaf man handcuffed and frightened. Once they were alone, they effectively communicated, allowing her to help him. It became clear that he needed to pay a fee for his release (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010). This experience showcased her courage and highlighted the emotional challenges interpreters face, including the need to respond under pressure and witness mistreatment. It also emphasized the resilience and strength of interpreters, fostering respect and empathy within the community.

In the spring of 1964, Bob sent a letter to Deaf parents encouraging them to inform their children—known as "Children of Deaf Adults" (CODA)—about an upcoming interpreting workshop in Utah. Beth Ann's mother showed her Bob's flyer for the workshop, which aimed to recruit and train interpreters in Utah (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964). Her mother encouraged Beth Ann, who had six children at the time, to attend the workshop. At this workshop, one of the CODAs, Beth Ann, witnessed an interpreter’s work for the first time, which had a profound impact on her. Prior to this experience, she had never considered herself an interpreter (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).

Beth Ann's life changed forever when Bob Sanderson, who had her name on his workshop participant list, contacted her to interpret for him in court. She agreed to help and attended the hearing. This experience sparked her passion for interpreting, leading her to dedicate herself to advocating for the Deaf community in Utah (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010). Her advocacy work is not just a mission; it is a crucial endeavor that significantly impacts the lives of Deaf individuals in Utah, making them feel heard and understood. Through her efforts, she has improved access to services for Deaf individuals and raised awareness about the importance of interpreters in facilitating effective communication.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell. Photo by Robert L. Bonnell

Bob, as president of the National Association of the Deaf, played a crucial role in inspiring Beth Ann to pursue certification as an interpreter. In 1965, he encouraged her to take the national certification exam administered by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in Illinois, where she was the only participant from Utah.

The exam format involved candidates being tested based on numbers drawn from a bowl. The woman seated next to Beth Ann drew number 1, while Beth Ann received the highest number. The woman expressed her hesitation about being the first to take the test. Beth Ann revealed that she did not want to be the last one to take the exam. They agreed to swap numbers. After exchanging numbers, Beth Ann, filled with determination, took the test first and ultimately passed. Beth Ann achieved a remarkable feat by becoming the first person to take and pass the test, earning the distinction of being the first nationally certified interpreter in both Utah and the United States (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012). This accomplishment reflects her courage, determination, and the respect she has earned within the profession.

Bob's mentorship greatly influenced Beth Ann's success, and his unwavering support and belief in her abilities were transformative. He recognized Beth Ann as a tenacious advocate for the Deaf who was always ready to help (Sanderson, 2004). Beth Ann described Bob as her mentor and teacher, noting he was patient, kind, and an exceptional boss (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992).

Bob recognized the crucial role that interpreters play in helping Deaf individuals navigate their daily lives, and to address this need, he continued to organize workshops in Utah to recruit interpreters. His insights in this area were significant, and he found that—like Beth Ann—the hearing children of Deaf parents often made the best candidates for the role of interpreters (Trotter, Ogden Standard-Examiner, January 2, 2011).

Since obtaining her certification in 1965, Beth Ann has been a trailblazer in the field of interpreting. Her success has not only paved the way for future interpreters but has also raised awareness about the importance of interpreting within the Utah Deaf community. This accomplishment highlights Bob's lasting impact and essential contributions to the field, earning respect for his legacy.

Beth Ann earned her first certification just one year after the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was officially recognized in 1964 and incorporated in 1972. Her success opened doors for future interpreters and played a vital role in advancing the profession's growth and recognition.

Throughout her career, Beth Ann has worked closely with Deaf individuals, providing interpretation services in various settings, including the legislature, courts, mental health facilities, medical facilities, and higher education institutions. Notably, she was the first interpreter at the University of Utah. Additionally, she worked full-time for the Utah Division of Rehabilitation and volunteered as an interpreter for the evening news on television from 1971 to 1980. Her commitment to the Deaf community in Utah extended beyond interpretation; she also provided advocacy and support, further highlighting her dedication.

Beth Ann has made significant contributions to the Utah Deaf community and the interpreting profession, greatly enhancing the recognition and understanding of interpreting while highlighting Bob's lasting impact in the field. Her dedication has inspired the interpreting community and demonstrated the power that transforms effective communication, improving access to essential services and enriching the quality of life for countless Deaf individuals.

As a passionate advocate for the Utah Deaf community, Beth Ann has earned immense respect and admiration for her accomplishments. Utah is fortunate to have her as the first certified interpreter in the United States. Her pioneering role has opened doors for future interpreters, ensuring that the voices of Deaf individuals are heard, understood, and valued.

Larry W. Blake, left, accepts the first UAD Award from President G. Leon Curtis at the 21st Biennial Convention of the Utah Association for the Deaf. Dixie Lee Nasfell is an interpreter for the ceremony. Blake receives the award, a beautifully engraved silver tray, in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Deaf people in Utah. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1965

Robert K. Ward of the Community Services Council discusses the problem of poverty at the 21st Biennial Convention for the Utah Association of the Deaf. Dixie Lee Nasfell is the interpreter. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1965

A Workshop on Interpreting is Held
in Salt Lake City, Utah

On June 3, 1967, Bob Sanderson conducted a one-day training program on interpreting concerns at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah. This event took place during the development of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and was funded by the Utah Division of Rehabilitation as part of its efforts to provide services to the Deaf community.

The program attracted around 45 participants, comprising a diverse group of local community members, parents, teachers, and Deaf individuals. During the morning session, several prominent speakers and leaders in their respective fields addressed the attendees. These speakers included Dr. Vaughn L. Hall, the administrator of the Division of Rehabilitation; Maurice Warshaw, the chairman of the Utah Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped; Dr. Max Cutler, a clinical psychologist; Judge Aldon J. Anderson; Robert K. Ward, the statewide planning director of the Division of Rehabilitation; and Lloyd H. Perkins, the President of the Salt Lake Valley Branch for the Deaf of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

After lunch, Bob divided the participants into three groups, each tasked with exploring specific problems and making recommendations. Under his guidance, the session was a resounding success, with valuable insights and suggestions from all attendees. The plans that emerged from these discussions were not just ideas but a roadmap for change. These initiatives, which would significantly impact the Deaf community and mark a pivotal moment in their history, included the establishment of a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: Gallaudet University Archives

The Establishment of the Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf

The Utah Association for the Deaf, an important organization within the Utah Deaf community, played a vital role in sponsoring and supporting the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). Their assistance was instrumental in making Utah a leader in this initiative, which was launched on October 5, 1968, just four years after the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was created in 1964.
In its early years, URID focused on several key initiatives led by Bob Sanderson, the Coordinator of the Unit of Services for the Deaf within the Office of Rehabilitation Services. The inaugural chapter meeting was held at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah. During this meeting, members drafted a constitution, established organizational rules, and elected board members to serve as executives.

The meeting, co-sponsored by the Utah Association for the Deaf and the Unit of Services for the Deaf, gathered hearing individuals who could interpret and others interested in providing supportive services. The agenda featured training to ensure competence and achieve professional certification. This event marked an important milestone, laying the groundwork for future URID activities.

41 Deaf and hearing individuals attended, including Albert Pimentel, the executive director of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, who traveled from Washington, D.C., to represent the organization. He shared information about the national program and the activities taking place in various states (Davis County, September 27, 1968; The Toole Transcript, September 27, 1968; UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968).

After the URID was established, Bob recalled one of the first testing and certification workshops held in Utah, where only five or six candidates were assessed on their ability to interpret between Deaf and hearing individuals. This experience was quite traumatic for some participants, as they faced real-life scenarios they were not fully prepared for. However, over time, they became more sophisticated and faced more challenging scenarios. Additionally, Bob and his team developed a code of ethics that turned out to be quite similar to one introduced shortly afterward by the National Association of the Deaf and the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Bob and his team decided to have Deaf individuals perform in real-life scenarios for the upcoming certification test, rather than rely on video recordings. A diverse group of Deaf participants, each with their unique signing styles, presented the same stories to the candidates. This added an element of fun for the testers, as some Deaf men had thick, sausage-like fingers, while some women had long, slender hands. Additionally, some individuals who are Deaf or hard-of-hearing primarily use American Sign Language (ASL), while others incorporate Signing Exact English (SEE) into their communication. This diversity highlighted the importance of understanding and accommodating different signing styles in the interpreting process. Bob and his colleagues learned the importance of using recorded material for fairness and consistency. They continued to progress, learning along the way, and the URID evolved into a viable organization (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

The following officers were elected to lead the URID: Gene D. Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton Perkins, first vice president; Edith Deininger Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis R. Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned C. Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd H. Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee (UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968). Each individual brought unique skills and perspectives, enhancing URID's diverse and inclusive leadership. Their contributions demonstrate the organization's commitment to valuing and respecting diversity.

During the interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell shared that the interpreting community in Utah, including herself, played a crucial role in establishing a certification process for the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). Their shared passion and unwavering commitment united them, leading many individuals to dedicate their time and energy to make this vision a reality. The collaboration and dedication of the Utah interpreting community demonstrated the strength of collective action. Additionally, they highlighted their strong commitment to the interpreting profession and their partnership with the Utah Association for the Deaf.

The elected officers of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters were as follows:

Gene D. Stewart. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Madeleine Burton Perkins. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Edith Deininger Wheeler. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Dennis Platt. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Jonathan Freston. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Ned C. Wheeler. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

Lloyd Perkins. Source: UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970

The Purpose of Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf

The primary goal of establishing the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) in 1968 was to create a reliable organization of interpreters, ensuring that both the Utah Deaf community and the general public could consistently access interpreter services for Deaf individuals in any situation. This initiative aimed to provide a sense of security and confidence.

Since its establishment in 1968, the URID has experienced significant growth. Initially, it had sixteen members, the majority of whom were Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) or individuals with Deaf parents. Many members were Deaf, while one was hard-of-hearing. Additionally, two members were married to Deaf partners. Among the group, only one hearing person learned sign language while working as a houseparent and counselor at the South Dakota School for the Deaf. Although hearing individuals served as interpreters, Deaf individuals acted as reverse interpreters and are now known as Certified Deaf Interpreters. The individuals listed below served as either interpreters or reverse interpreters.

Lucy McMills Greenwood (CODA & Deaf spouse)  
Dennis R. Platt (Deaf)  
Betty Johnson Jones (CODA)  
Madelaine P. Burton Perkins (CODA & Deaf spouse)  
Keith W. Tolzin (former houseparent and counselor at South Dakota School for the Deaf)  
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell (CODA)   
Nancy F. Murray (Deaf spouse)   
Ned C. Wheeler (Deaf)   
Iola Elizabeth Jensen (Deaf)  
Evern Lee Smith (CODA)   
Edith Deininger Wheeler (Hard of Hearing)  
Robert G. Sanderson (Deaf)   
Gene D. Stewart (CODA)   
Doris L. Wastlund (CODA)   
Lloyd H. Perkins (Deaf)  
Jon C. Freston (CODA) (UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970).

At the 1973 Utah Association for the Deaf Convention banquet, Dr. Jay J. Campbell signs his speech on "Humanizing Education." Beth Ann Stewart Campbell interprets her rendition of "I." There Be Peace on Earth. Source: UAD Bulletin, November 1973

Controversy Surrounding Channel 4 News

This story recounts the events that inspired Dr. Robert G. Sanderson to pursue his Ph.D. It highlights a notable controversy from the late 1960s involving Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a professor of special education at the University of Utah. Bob's journey began in 1971, a pivotal year in the history of the Utah Deaf community, marked by conflicts that extended beyond the curriculum at the Utah School for the Deaf. As a result, Bob's motivation to pursue a Ph.D. emerged during the early 1970s.

Prior to completing his doctorate in 1974, a controversy surfaced in 1965 involving Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a strong proponent of oralism and mainstream education in Utah. Grant believed that Deaf children should learn to speak and attend local public schools to achieve better integration into society. His approach, known as oralism, prioritized teaching Deaf students to communicate through spoken language, often excluding sign language. Additionally, mainstreaming involved placing Deaf students in regular public schools rather than specialized institutions, highlighting the ongoing debate over communication methods and educational settings.

Grant's strong advocacy for both oral communication and mainstream education sparked a longstanding feud with the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD). The UAD, composed mainly of graduates from the Utah School for the Deaf, notably included Bob, who became deaf at age 11 and was a vocal supporter of sign language and state schools for the Deaf.

The rivalry between these two giant figures—Grant Bitter and Bob Sanderson—stemmed from their ongoing dispute over the implementation of oral versus sign language in Utah's Deaf education system. This conflict was not just a matter of personal preference but a fundamental clash over the most effective methods for educating Deaf children. Each side strategically sought to gain the upper hand in this complex educational landscape, akin to a chess match, which added to tension. As the conflict escalated, both groups rallied supporters to advocate for their views and influence public opinion and policymakers. The outcome of this conflict would not only shape the future of Deaf education in Utah but also set a precedent for similar debates nationwide.

Dr. Grant B. Bitter. Source: The Utah Eagle, October 1967

In 1971, controversy arose again regarding Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's voluntary use of sign language interpreting for the nightly Channel 4 News. Bob, the Deaf Services Coordinator, assigned this task to Beth Ann to allow Deaf individuals access to and understand current events in sign language. However, Grant Bitter and his supporters at the University of Utah, who advocated for oral communication, expressed dissatisfaction with this decision. They urged Dr. Avard Rigby, Bob's supervisor, to prevent Beth Ann from interpreting the news in the lower right corner of the TV screen (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012).

Bob Sanderson, the Deaf Services Coordinator; Gene Stewart, a vocational rehabilitation counselor for the Deaf; and Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, the sign language interpreter, were anxious when Avard invited them to a meeting with the oral advocates who were complaining about the presence of an interpreter during the evening news. Bob, Gene, and Beth Ann were deeply concerned about losing this crucial service and were on pins and needles to learn how Avard would respond (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012).

In the meeting, Avard, acting as a mediator, listened to the complaints from the oralists. At that time, there were only three major news channels, and Beth Ann interpreted for just one of them. Avard responded by asking, "Well, if you don't like watching her, why don't you change the channel?" (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012). This remark only served to further infuriate the oral advocates, who then demanded that he fire Bob. They were upset with Bob's role in organizing the sign language interpretation of the news. However, Avard refused to comply, asserting that Bob was one of his best employees (Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, October 21, 2006). His response brought relief and joy to Bob, Gene, Beth Ann, and much of Utah's Deaf community (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012). This powerful moment illuminated the strength of their solidarity and the significance of their cause.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell serves as an interpreter for Deaf TV viewers during newscasts. She volunteers as the interpreter in the right-hand corner of the TV screen on Channel 4 during the news broadcast. Source: UAD Bulletin, March 1992

After a contentious meeting with Dr. Rigby, Dr. Bitter, and others, Bob confided in his coworker, Gene Stewart. He expressed, "No one listens to you unless you have a Ph.D. after your name, so I'm going back to school" (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3). During this time, Bob struggled to gain credibility despite holding a master's degree. In contrast, Grant enjoyed the respect and support that came with his Ph.D., realizing its importance for recognition in the field. Motivated by recent backlash, Bob decided to take action. He enrolled at Brigham Young University and earned a doctorate in educational administration in 1974, becoming the first Deaf person at BYU and in Utah to obtain a Ph.D. (Deseret News, September 26, 2003).

The rivalry between these two influential figures—Dr. Bitter, who promoted oral communication, and Dr. Sanderson, who advocated for sign language, intensified the conflict and influenced their interactions. This dynamic also had broader implications for discussions about Deaf education in Utah, highlighting significant divides within the field regarding communication approaches.

State Educator First Deaf Student To Receive Doctor Degree at BYU. Source: Gains Tribune, 1974

Dr. Sanderson's designated interpreter, Beth Ann, found herself entangled in the long-standing conflict between Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Bitter. She shared her experiences at an interpreting workshop hosted at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010. In her role as Bob's interpreter, she often encountered the differing perspectives on Deaf education expressed by both doctors. She recounted how Dr. Bitter would frequently voice his disapproval of her presence each time she entered the room, to which Bob would assertively respond, "Well, she's staying" (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010).

Beth Ann observed the heated exchanges that transpired between Bob and Grant. Bob would deliberately provoke Grant, who would retaliate in a similar manner. During the legislative hearings, Grant spoke as quickly as possible and used complex vocabulary to challenge Beth Ann's interpreting skills. Nevertheless, she managed to keep up with the discussions, which only seemed to infuriate Grant further. Throughout these confrontations, Bob remained composed, refusing to be disturbed by Grant's taunt: "You can read my lips."

Grant, who lost his hearing at the age of 11 but can still speak and read lips, chose to ignore Grant's provocation, continuing to focus on Beth Ann as she interpreted for him. He refused to give in to Grant's challenges, as it was a constant battle between the two. While she recognized the ongoing conflict between oral and sign language methods nationwide, she felt it was not as vicious as it had been during the Sanderson and Bitter era (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010). The conflict between oral and sign language methods continues today, reflecting the persistent complexity and depth of issues within Deaf education in Utah.

Win Ph.D. Despite Deafness. Source: The Salt Lake Tribune, March 7, 1974

During the political dispute between Bob and Grant, Hannah P. Lewis, a parent of a grown Deaf son, stated in 1977 that Dr. Sanderson had been a guiding light for the Deaf community and emphasized the importance of his continued support. She expressed her gratitude, saying, "I cannot thank him enough for all the help he has given my son throughout his growing-up years. Thank God for a man like him" (Lewis, Deseret News, November 24, 1977, p. A4).

Bob's Ph.D. proved to be a valuable achievement. His victory over the 18-year incumbent president in the National Association of the Deaf presidential election marked a pivotal moment, showcasing his unwavering courage and determination. After earning his Ph.D., he continued to advocate for the Deaf community, leading to significant improvements in their access to education, employment, and social services. His lasting impact on the Deaf community was further highlighted when the Deaf Center was named in his honor in 2003, serving as a beacon of hope for the future.

Bob was the first Deaf person in Utah to earn a doctorate. His determination to succeed and belief in his abilities led him to become the first Deaf individual at Brigham Young University (BYU) and in Utah to receive a doctorate in educational administration in 1974. He was also the first Deaf graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf and the only Deaf person in Utah to earn a doctorate at that time (Deseret News, September 26, 2003). His unique achievement as the only Deaf individual in Utah to earn a doctorate exemplified his pioneering spirit and determination, inspiring others to follow in his footsteps.

A letter from Dr. Walter D. Talbot, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, congratulating Dr. Robert G. Sanderson on getting his doctorate, April 15, 1974

Bob, who was not a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, requested that Lloyd Perkins, bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, and Kenneth Kinner, branch president of the Ogden Branch for the Deaf, ask church members to write thank-you notes to Channel 4 News. Bob made this request to express gratitude for providing an interpreter on their news program during a dispute involving Dr. Bitter.

From 1971 to 1980, Beth Ann volunteered as an interpreter for Channel 4 News, and the Utah Deaf community fondly remembers seeing her on the broadcasts (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992). Her dedication and service helped bridge communication gaps and foster a sense of inclusion within the community. Beth Ann's impact extended beyond her interpreting work; she became a beloved figure who inspired many to advocate for the rights and visibility of the Utah Deaf community. Her efforts not only enhanced accessibility but also encouraged others to engage in similar volunteerism, creating a lasting legacy of support and empowerment.

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's letter to the Deaf leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, March 12, 1971

Meet Beth Ann Campbell, a Trailblazing Interpreter in the Utah Deaf Community, in the Interpreter In-Service Training at Salt Lake Community College

During our interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a family friend of my colleague Julie Hesterman Smith, who is the Interpreter Manager of the SLCC's Accessibility and Disability Services, shared valuable insights. Beth Ann, a Child of Deaf Adult (CODA), grew up in a Deaf family, which gave her a strong understanding of sign language, leading her to become the first nationally certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) interpreter. Her experiences as the director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, as well as her insights into the origins of the ASL interpreting profession, were incredibly important. Having her share her journey and perspective with us was a privilege.

We are very grateful to Beth Ann for her inspiring advocacy for the Utah Deaf community. Her experiences as an interpreter during the pre-Americans with Disabilities Act era, her firsthand experience with the Deaf education battles during the Bitter/Sanderson era, and her continued advocacy were truly enlightening. Unfortunately, I was unable to attend her workshop due to personal reasons. I want to express my heartfelt thanks to Julie Hesterman Smith, my co-worker, for hosting the workshop and making Beth Ann's presentation accessible to me.

Finally, Beth Ann's insights into the interpreting world were invaluable. It was a privilege to have her share her journey and perspective. Getting to know her in person was also a privilege and an honor. We recommend activating captions while watching the video recording of her presentation.

Thank you, Beth Ann, for interpreting and advocating for our causes!

Jodi Christel Becker

The National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf
Becomes Incorporated

In 1972, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established as an officially recognized organization dedicated to upholding the standards, ethics, and professionalism of interpreters. A major turning point occurred in 1990 with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which expanded access to interpreting services. This legislation made these services more widely available in schools, colleges, universities, government organizations, hospitals, court systems, and private businesses.

Utah Governor Calvin L. Rampton speaks to the large 1975 Utah Association for the Deaf Convention banquet crowd, with Doris Wastlund interpreting his remarks. Source: UAD Bulletin, October 1975

A Workshop to Train
Interpreters for the Deaf

Robert G. Sanderson played a crucial role in expanding interpreting services for the Deaf community in Utah despite his conflicts with Dr. Grant B. Bitter. On May 6, 1972, the Divisions of Adult Education, Training, and Vocational Rehabilitation held a workshop titled "Training Deaf Interpreters." Esteemed speakers at the workshop included Ralph Neesam, president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters; Dr. Ray L. Jones, director of the Leadership Training Program for the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California; and Robert E. Bevill, a consumer consultant at the University of Arizona. They provided valuable insights to enhance professionalism among oral and sign language interpreters. The workshop focused on certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and the interpersonal relationships between Deaf individuals and interpreters, as well as among interpreters themselves (UAD Bulletin, June 1972).

This movement may have inspired Dr. Bitter to establish the Utah Registry of Oral Interpreters in 1981. His commitment to oral interpreting and education was evident through his nationwide public appearances, which included workshops for oral interpreters at the University of Cincinnati and the University of Utah (Bitter, Summary Report for Tenure, 1985; Bitter, Utah's Hearing-Impaired Children...At High Risk, 1986).

Source: Utah School for the Deaf 100th Years Anniversary Alumni Reunion, 1984

Contributions of Betty Johnson Jones to the Interpreting Field and the Utah Deaf Community

Betty Johnson Jones was a Child of Deaf Adults (CODA) and married Von Cyril Jones, who was Deaf. In 1972, as a CODA, she became one of Utah's first interpreters to gain national certification. Her path was not without challenges; she recalled taking the certification exam in a room with a black-and-white movie screen and an antiquated reel-to-reel projector that trembled with every breeze (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 15, 2024). Her dedication to bridging communication gaps motivated her commitment to her profession. Over the years, her commitment to advocacy and education influenced countless individuals to pursue careers in interpretation, promoting accessibility and understanding within the Utah Deaf community and making an indelible mark in the field.

Betty, along with Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Lucy McMills Greenwood, and others, advocated for salary increases for interpreters in response to Bob Sanderson's effort to expand interpreting services in Utah as the Deaf State Services Coordinator. They were backed by the Utah Deaf community, which protested outside Bob's office to bring the mayor of Salt Lake City and the governor of Utah to their attention. At the time, interpreters, regardless of qualification level, earned only $5 per hour. This salary rate remained constant until Betty, with Bob's assistance, intervened (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024). Her role was not only crucial but also the driving force behind the successful advocacy that led to the approval of a pay raise. This triumph was a significant shift that she facilitated, highlighting the importance of her actions on the Utah Deaf community. Her work improved interpreters' financial status and elevated awareness of the value of their role in the community.

Betty reflected on her experiences as an interpreter for the Extension Program at the Utah School for the Deaf (USD) in the Salt Lake area in 1979. The USD, a vital institution for educating Deaf children across the state, led the effort to mainstream these students into local public schools. This program, affiliated with the USD in Salt Lake City, was established in response to parents' requests to use Signed Exact English—a system that uses signs and fingerspelling while adhering to English word order—in elementary schools.

As the first interpreter and aide in the program, Betty played a crucial role in providing interpreting services to help integrate Deaf children into mainstream education. Her work transformed these kids' lives by enabling them to communicate better and making it easier for them to adjust to new environments in a public school (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, June 10, 2025). For Betty, this work was not just a job; it was a mission that made a significant difference in their lives.

Betty recounted numerous experiences with children of all ages, particularly in reading classes, where students often struggled to grasp or enjoy the material. She noted, "It went right over their heads." One memorable instance occurred when she had the opportunity to tell the story of "Little Red Riding Hood" to a rebellious child in a program that emphasized oral communication. This child frequently ignored the teacher, and after asking for permission to read the story in sign language, the teacher initially looked at her sternly but ultimately relented, saying, "Do whatever you want; it's recess time" (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, July 4, 2025).

As Betty began telling the story, the child initially refused to look at her. Gradually, however, the child lifted her head and peeked through the long hair covering her face. Betty noticed the child's eyes widen in surprise, as if she'd never heard the story before. Eventually, the child got up from the floor and sat at a desk near Betty, eager to hear the rest of the story, which was being presented in sign language. This experience was a powerful demonstration of the transformative impact of sign language; the child's comprehension significantly improved when the story was told in sign language, as noted by Betty Johnson Jones (personal communication, July 4, 2025). For more information about this issue, visit the "The Deaf Education History in Utah" webpage.

Betty volunteered and employed freelance interpreting services in various settings, including the following:

Worked for the State of Utah for more than 30 years.
Worked as a video relay interpreter for Sorenson Communications for 5.5 years.
Pioneered ASL interpreter and assistant in the Utah School for the Deaf's educational system, where she collaborated with the Deaf School Extension Program in Salt Lake City, Utah, during the early stages of student mainstreaming. She learned the language used by parents of Deaf children, which was accepted as Signed Exact English.
Provided interpreting services in St. George, Utah, as part of the USD Extension Program for the Deaf for more than 8 years (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, June 10, 2025).

Betty's daughter and interpreter, Kimberlee Jones Holloway, shared that her mother was deeply involved in the Utah Deaf community while raising Kimberlee. Betty formed many meaningful friendships with Deaf individuals. She described her journey of dating and marrying a Deaf man named Von, which initially presented challenges in gaining acceptance within the Deaf community. Betty faced resistance due to her hearing status, which acted as a barrier to full acceptance. After five years of dedication and effort—during which she nearly considered giving up—Von encouraged her to keep trying. Eventually, Betty began receiving invitations to community gatherings where her interpreting assistance was no longer needed. This turning point in her life, when the community fully embraced her, serves as a powerful testament to the importance of perseverance and the potential for acceptance and integration.

Betty shared that one of the most challenging aspects of working full-time as an interpreter was the lack of benefits. She dedicated fifteen to twenty years to the extension program at the Utah School for the Deaf, but never received any benefits or a 401(k) contribution. This lack of financial security was a common issue among interpreters at the time, emphasizing the necessity of greater support and recognition of their vital roles in the community. Fortunately, her spouse, Von Jones, had excellent benefits at that time. However, she did not anticipate the worsening of her financial situation after her retirement and the passing of her spouse (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024). Despite these challenges, we sincerely appreciate her dedication and commitment to both the interpreting community and the Utah Deaf community. Betty's efforts improved interpreters' financial circumstances and raised awareness of the need for better support and recognition of their essential roles within the community, significantly impacting the interpreting field.

Betty Johnson Jones

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's Observations on the National and State Registry of Deaf Interpreters and Its Impact on the Utah Deaf Community

In the June 1973 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell sparked an important discussion about the role of interpreters and their profession. Her article offers valuable insights into the interpreting community of the 1970s, a time when the dynamics were significantly different from those of today, particularly in terms of the challenges interpreters faced and the societal perceptions of their work. This piece remains an essential part of interpreting history, connecting the audience to their past and illustrating the evolution of their profession.

In her article, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell seeks to enhance the appreciation and respect for the vital role interpreters play within the Utah Deaf community. She emphasizes the importance of recognizing their responsibilities and the courtesy they deserve. This discussion is not only of historical significance but is also relevant to everyone in the community, including interpreters and those interested in Deaf culture and interpreting ethics.

At the time, certified interpreters were required to work as professionals and adhere to the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID). Beth Ann Stewart Campbell observed changes in the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community since the establishment of RID in 1964 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1968. She noted that interpreters' new professional status had nearly turned them into machines, causing them to lose their identities, thoughts, feelings, and opinions.

However, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed that if interpreters became unthinking and unfeeling machines, they would forfeit their ability to be warm, loving, and understanding individuals. She reminded everyone that interpreters are, first and foremost, friends with Deaf individuals when they are not interpreting. This emphasizes the importance of personal connection and mutual respect between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community, making interpreters feel valued and integral to the community.

Interpreters should accept Deaf people as they are and attend to their needs when not interpreting. According to Beth Ann, before the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, interpreters volunteered their services. She also pointed out that discussing monetary compensation for services between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer could be sensitive. She emphasized that interpreters should not accept payment if it would create a financial burden for the Deaf consumers who rely on their support.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell

Prior to providing interpreting services, Beth Ann advised that interpreters negotiate and agree on the fee with the Deaf consumer. If an interpreter believes they cannot provide interpreting services without charging a fee, they should evaluate whether the task requires payment from the Deaf consumer. Beth Ann expressed concern that if the Deaf consumer perceives the cost as excessive, it could undermine trust between the interpreter and the consumer. When the Deaf consumer communicates that they cannot afford to pay, the interpreter may find it difficult to expect payment.

Beth Ann acknowledged that some Deaf individuals might take interpreters for granted or elevate them to an unrealistic status. She reminded interpreters of their unique opportunity to serve and the privilege of using their interpreting skills, emphasizing the importance of their role in facilitating communication for Deaf individuals within the broader world.

Beth Ann emphasized the crucial role that interpreters play in the lives of Deaf individuals, as acknowledged by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. To protect the safety and well-being of both Deaf individuals and interpreters, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) established a code of ethics. This code aims to ensure that Deaf individuals have the same right to communication as hearing individuals while highlighting the high ethical standards expected of interpreters (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).

In her discussion of the impact of the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf on the Utah Deaf community, Beth Ann highlighted the necessity of professional standards and the significant role interpreters' ethical conduct plays within the community.

Meet Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Trailblazing Interpreter in the Utah Deaf Community

On July 18, 2024, in an interview with Cody Simonsen, a CODA, interpreter, and co-founder of the Five Stars Interpreting agency, 86-year-old Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a CODA, shared candid and vulnerable details about her personal and professional experiences advocating for the Utah Deaf community. She provided valuable insight into the interpreting community when its dynamics were markedly different from today's.

Beth Ann spoke and used sign language simultaneously with great respect. The inclusion of earlier sign language, a historical form of sign language, added a captivating dimension to the interview and provided unique insight into the evolution of sign language.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Beth Ann for her invaluable participation in the interview, as well as to Cody Simonsen for his exceptional conduct. We greatly appreciate their contributions.

Jodi Christel Becker

The First Deaf Interpreting Service in Utah

For many years, interpreters volunteered to interpret without pay, making significant contributions to the Deaf community in Utah. In an interview on August 5, 2024, Jean Thomas Greenwood shared that her Aunt Eva Alice Prudence Fowler, born on March 1, 1911, never received payment for her interpreting work and provided interpretation services for the Utah Deaf community from 1927 to 1965, creating a lasting impression that influenced future interpreters such as Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Madelaine Burton Perkins, Annette Thorup Tull, and Betty Johnson Jones. Eva also trained several individuals, including Madeline Burton Perkins and Jean Kinnet. Eva never received compensation for her significant contributions. The police frequently sought her out for court, jail, and hospital visits without prior notice, which is a testament to the demand for her skills and the profound impact of her work on the community (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).

Lucy Pearl McMills Greenwood, Eva's younger sister, was a shining example of selflessness and dedication. Born on November 24, 1919, she began interpreting for her parents at the age of ten, mainly for her father, John Wallace McMills, at McMills Shoe Repair Shop. Her professional interpreting journey began in 1936, both as a volunteer and for pay, and continued until 2008. Her first paid interpreting job was for G. Leon Curtis, one of Utah's prominent Deaf leaders, in the late 1960s at Weber State College, which later became a university. This milestone marked an important turning point in the history of interpreting services, underscoring the growing recognition of interpreters' importance in the community.

Remarkably, Lucy worked for 30 years without pay, a testament to her selflessness and strong sense of duty. Gene Stewart, a vocational rehabilitation counselor, frequently reminded Jean to ask her mother, Lucy, to send invoices for her paychecks (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024). Over time, Eva and Lucy became well-known interpreters in Utah (UAD Bulletin, February 1972).

Lucy, John, Eva and Pearl McMills

Bob Sanderson noted that, over time, payment for interpreter services became a significant issue. The demand for interpreters quickly exceeded the amount of time volunteers were willing to contribute out of goodwill. As interpreters faced increasing skill and certification requirements, the nature of the work shifted from a voluntary activity to a professional job, necessitating that they begin charging for their services (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Bob noticed that interpreting was both mentally and physically demanding. A key question that arose was who would be responsible for paying for these services and how much they would cost. Additionally, concerns were expressed about travel time and mileage, as the rising cost of gas would necessitate reimbursement (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

In an interview, Jean Greenwood Thomas discussed how the Utah Association for the Deaf (UAD) developed interpreting services. She shared the personal story of Betty Johnson Jones, the Child of a Deaf Adult and an interpreter, who played a key role in starting this initiative. Betty needed money to cover her gas and babysitting costs, but Deaf people couldn't afford her services. The UAD recognized the essential role of interpreters and took action to assist Betty and others in similar situations. By paying for interpreting services, they alleviated the financial burden on the Utah Deaf community and demonstrated their appreciation for interpreters' invaluable contributions (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).

In the 1970s, the UAD addressed a significant community need by securing funding from United Way of the Greater Salt Lake Area. This nonprofit organization supported various community initiatives. This funding was crucial in establishing Utah's first service for sign language interpretation, which offered compensation to professional interpreters. The United Way's support was instrumental in this major advancement in Deaf advocacy, serving as a model for similar efforts nationwide (UAD Bulletin, June 1995; September 1996; January 1999). The first two full-time interpreters were hired to serve the Salt Lake Valley, and the UAD office was located at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful, Utah (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Bob observed that this approach was effective for a time. However, the UAD volunteer officers soon became overwhelmed by the extensive paperwork required by United Way. They spent hours traveling, interpreting, sitting in the office, and preparing reports. Additionally, they had to account for time spent on the telephone, track the number of clients served and their locations, document mileage, and detail the areas they served, with every item needing justification (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Furthermore, United Way raised concerns about the need to pay interpreters while they were in the office. This made it difficult to explain that the situation was similar to paying firefighters on standby for emergency calls. Ultimately, the lingering question was, why pay firefighters?

The United Way perceived this issue as a larger problem that required resolution through state legislation or a state agency. In response, the UAD requested that the Office of Rehabilitation Services, specifically the Division of Services to the Deaf, take over this responsibility. To their relief, the office agreed, offering reassurance. Reflecting on this decision, Bob believed it was a positive move, as both interpreting services and the UAD continued to function successfully (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Interpreter Betty Johnson Jones, left, practices sign language at another interpreter, Ms. Kinneti looks on. Source: Deserter News, January 24, 1972. Photo by Gerald W. Silver

Expansion of Utah Certified Interpreters

Since the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, interpreting services have continued to expand, leaving a significant, far-reaching impact. On November 16, 1974, 13 interpreters from Utah successfully passed the state certification exam for the Utah Registry of Interpreters. Among them were Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Betty Johnson Jones, Madeleine Burton Perkins, and Lucy McMills Greenwood, who were renowned interpreters with local and national certifications. Notably, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen, who were both Deaf, played a crucial and pioneering role in this history. They became the first Deaf individuals in Utah to achieve state certification as reverse interpreters, a major accomplishment in the field (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).

Bob noted that while Deaf individuals can recognize a skilled signer, they often find it difficult to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the conveyed message. This observation led the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and the National Association of the Deaf to create testing programs for interpreters. The testing process was rigorous, involving watching videos on TV monitors. A major challenge was reaching interpreters and Deaf individuals who lived far from the organizations' headquarters. This situation underscored both organizations' commitment to professionalism and the importance of providing high-quality interpreting services, as one solution was to hold a national test and certification workshop to develop a core group of trained interpreters. These interpreters could then travel to various states to administer tests and train others in the testing process. Bob attended one of the first workshops as a candidate, gaining insight into the rigorous standards set for interpreters (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

During testing, the term "Deaf interpreter" was used to describe situations in which hearing interpreters had difficulty understanding a specific Deaf individual. The test involved watching videos on TV monitors, and the first video featured a young Deaf man with an expressionless face who was rapidly fingerspelling. This experience humbled Bob. Although he passed the exam, he recognized he was not suited to be a professional interpreter. Nevertheless, this realization highlighted the importance of understanding and respect in the field—values Bob upheld (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell. Source: UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71

Betty Johnson Jones. Source: UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71

Madeleine Burton Perkins. Source: UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71

Lucy McMills Greenwood. Source: UAD Bulletin, Fall-Winter, 1970-71

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Winter 1965

W. David Mortensen

The Establishment of the Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf in Provo, Utah   

Since the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established in 1968 in Salt Lake City, Utah, it has expanded to include more interpreters, leading to the formation of the Provo chapter in 1975. The chapter began with 23 members, with Emil Bussio acting as its first president (UAD Bulletin, June 1975). This chapter was later closed for unknown reasons.

Lucy McMills Greenwood, left interpret for Rosie Losee. Source: Unknown newspaper

The Reestablishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
for the State of Utah

The Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has conducted annual training workshops since its inception in 1968. These workshops aimed to provide trained interpreters with the knowledge and skills needed to pass state certification exams. Over the years, these workshops covered a comprehensive range of topics, including the Code of Ethics, preparation for the State Certification Examination, Reverse Interpreting, Interpreting Complexities: Role and Function of the Interpreter, The Oral Interpreter: A New Professional, and many other relevant topics (UAD Bulletin, July 1976).

The interpreters still receive these trainings today, essential for their growth and skills to meet the accessibility needs of the Utah Deaf community.

Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in the 1980s

The Role of the Utah Association for the Deaf
In the Interpreting Service  

The Utah Association for the Deaf plays a significant role in providing interpreting services. Their commitment ensures effective communication access for the Deaf community, enhancing both personal and professional interactions.

W. David Mortensen, also known as Dave, has been a steadfast friend and supporter of interpreters over the years, carrying on the work that Dr. Sanderson started. As the president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, he held several leadership positions that significantly influenced how interpreters approach their work. Thanks to Dave's vision and leadership, interpreters began to recognize the importance of providing high-quality interpretations. They developed a deep respect for the Utah Deaf community, making them feel valued and appreciated. Long-time interpreters were excited to have the chance to collaborate with him. During important meetings, he not only led discussions but also personally mentored interpreters, offering them valuable feedback and guidance. Dave's tireless dedication to the interpretation profession and the Utah Deaf community has created numerous opportunities for interpreters to receive training.

W. David Mortensen

In 1982, Dave Mortensen, the president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, secured funding from the Salt Lake Area Community Council for an interpreting project. This funding enabled the UAD to employ two full-time interpreters from the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to serve the entire state. Dave's steadfast dedication and persuasive efforts were instrumental in laying the foundation for professional interpreting in Utah (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).

However, the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, claiming the issue was statewide, forced the Utah Association for the Deaf to cancel the interpreting project. Dave's dedication to improving interpreting services remained steadfast. He continued championing the cause, lobbying the state legislature, and serving on legislative committees focused on sign language and interpreting issues (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).

Doris Wastlund interprets the classroom at the University of Utah. Source: UAD Bulletin, February 1972

The First Training Program
for Interpreters

Despite challenges with the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, the Utah Association for the Deaf remained determined to establish interpreting services in Utah. In 1983, the UAD, in collaboration with the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, played a crucial role in advancing interpreter training. Together, they established Utah's first interpreter training program and developed the first testing and certification processes for interpreters in the country (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 1–3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999).

The 1993 legislative session marked a pivotal moment in the recognition of qualified interpreters. Thanks to the advocacy of the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah State Legislature passed the groundbreaking 'Interpreters for the Deaf' bill. This law not only formally acknowledges the use of qualified interpreters in legal settings, such as courtrooms, doctor's offices, and hospitals, but also ensures the confidentiality of any interpreted communications, a significant step forward in accessibility rights (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).

The Utah Interpreting Program is Formed

For quite some time, the Utah Division of Rehabilitation played a vital role in supporting and overseeing the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. Their commitment was essential in developing interpreting services throughout Utah. In the 1980s, the Utah Division of Rehabilitation appointed individuals outside the organization to manage the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).

In addition, in 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community sought interpreting services from two different agencies. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful provided the first service, while Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City offered the second. Deaf individuals required interpreting services for various activities, including court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events. During that time, they were responsible for arranging their own interpreters by calling ahead (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).

The Utah Division of Rehabilitation initially handled interpreter training, referral, and certification. However, in 1990, the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH) assumed these responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).

In May 1992, under the supervision of newly hired Mitch Jensen, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP), which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community (UAD Bulletin, June 1992).

Mitch Jensen. Source: Facebook

The passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 facilitated the establishment of several interpreting agencies, including the InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, and Five Star Interpreting Agency, which provide interpreting services to the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had a significant impact on interpreting services nationwide, ensuring "effective communication" and eliminating barriers by requiring the provision of auxiliary aids and services when needed. This legislation has dramatically improved the accessibility and quality of interpreting services for the Deaf community.

The Impact of the
Americans with Disabilities Act

For many years, there was no legislation addressing accessibility issues for the Deaf community. This situation meant that Deaf individuals couldn't access sign language interpreters. With the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, Deaf individuals have easier access to doctors' and dentists' appointments, significantly improving their quality of life. The ADA also made meetings more accessible by providing interpreting services. The positive impact of this law on the lives of Deaf individuals provides a more inclusive future.

Despite the ADA coming into effect in 1990, the road to accessibility was not smooth. Healthcare providers initially faced significant challenges in meeting the requirements, including covering the cost of interpreting services. In 1992, Mitch Jensen, the director of the Utah Interpreting Program at the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, believed that the ADA would have a significant impact on Utah Interpreting Services. This federal statute required doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992). Mitch's prediction came true when 19 of 21 doctors told him they would no longer serve Deaf patients if an interpreter were required. In November 1992, Utah Interpreter Services, part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors that it would start charging for interpreters. Under these circumstances, interpreters cost doctors and other healthcare providers between $10 and $25 per hour. Mitch said that refusal violates the Americans with Disabilities Act (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).

Mitch stressed the ADA's crucial role in ensuring that healthcare providers facilitate effective communication with their Deaf patients. The medical staff was required to provide an interpreter at no cost to a Deaf patient upon request. Tamara Wharton, the ADA specialist for the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities, reiterated that refusing to serve Deaf patients is not just a matter of cost but a clear act of discrimination and a violation of their rights. Dr. Robert H. Horne, a surgeon, argued that imposing the cost of interpreter services on doctors is unfair. Tamara clarified that auxiliary services, including interpreters, are tax-deductible and aim to remove communication barriers and provide equal access to services for all individuals, including those with disabilities (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).

Questions from the Utah Deaf Community on the Americans with Disabilities Act

The Deaf community encountered a major challenge in February 1993 when doctors refused to cover interpreting services in Utah. This decision caused confusion and concern among Deaf individuals, making them question the potential impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on their lives. They wondered if the ADA could empower them and how they could benefit from it. In response to these uncertainties, Mitch Jensen, director of the Utah Interpreter Program, reassured the community that the ADA had significant implications, potentially providing Deaf individuals with the same opportunities as those enjoyed by the hearing. In the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, he outlined these implications, instilling hope and optimism in the community as follows:

It allows you to attend classes you would otherwise be unable to attend because no interpreter is available.
It allows you to see your doctor, dentist, and lawyer, and communicate in the same way that hearing people do, using an interpreter or other assistive aids.
It allows you to join in a legislative process in which you may have previously been excluded due to communication issues.
It allows you to serve on jury duty and have the same opportunities as hearing individuals.

Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that doctors and lawyers were unwilling to pay for interpreting services. As a result, the Utah Interpreter Program contacted all doctors and lawyers and informed them that the ADA required them to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Despite opposition from some, Mitch hoped that, over time, many would come to understand this law and provide the communication that members of the Utah Deaf community deserve. Additionally, he underlined that the ADA process would only work if the Utah Deaf community engaged and informed others about their needs and requirements (UAD Bulletin, February 1993).

In April 1993, the positive impact of the ADA was becoming increasingly evident. More businesses and public places were providing interpreters upon request for Deaf individuals, leading to fewer calls from the Deaf community. Conversely, there was an increase in calls from those needing interpreters for Deaf individuals, indicating a shift in the responsibility of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing. Mitch Jensen viewed these developments as a testament to the ADA's effectiveness (DSDHH Newsletter of April 1993).

Betty Johnson Jones interprets the speeches in American Sign Language as Utah Governor Mike Leavitt announces Deaf Appreciation and Awareness Day. Source: The Salt Lake Tribune, 1993. Photo: Tim Kelly

The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf

On September 26, 1992, a special meeting was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to address the challenges faced by the interpreting community, including the closure of the previous Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). This closure resulted from internal conflicts, strife, and interpreter egos (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, July 18, 2024). In response to the Utah Deaf community's communication accessibility needs, a new affiliate was established: the Utah State Chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. The renaming of this organization from URID to UTRID marked a significant step towards a brighter future for the community, and UTRID continues to operate effectively today.

The main mission of UTRID was to bring together the interpreter community in Utah. This unity was essential to the organization's objectives, as it aimed to professionalize the field of interpretation and enhance the relationship between interpreters and the Deaf community in Utah. The inaugural board of directors, which includes President Chris Wakeland, Vice President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Thorup Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz, was tasked with leading UTRID into a new era (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).

Chris Wakeland. Source: Deseret News, Nov 8, 2009. Photo by Kristin Murphy

The Enactment of
Senate Bills 41 and 42

In 1989, Utah became the first state to offer American Sign Language (ASL) classes in high schools, thanks to the pioneering efforts of Jean Greenwood Thomas, a dedicated ASL teacher at Ogden High School and a certified interpreter. Her passionate vision for ASL education gained popularity, leading other states to include ASL in their high school curricula (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).

In 1994, Utah made history by passing Senate Bill 41, which mandated the use of certified interpreters, and Senate Bill 42, which officially recognized ASL as a foreign language. This legislation set a precedent for other states and demonstrated Utah's leadership in supporting the Deaf community. Today, the positive effects of these laws continue to benefit many individuals.

During the 1994 Utah State legislative session, the Utah Association for the Deaf and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf collaborated to support House Bill 161, sponsored by Mel Brown. Their advocacy and lobbying efforts led to the passage of Senate Bills 41 and 42, which established the State Legislature Task Force. This achievement marked a significant milestone in Utah's history of interpreting services and the recognition of ASL as a foreign language, emphasizing the power of collaboration in achieving shared goals.

A year before the 1994 legislative session, Jean played a key role in the State Legislature Study Group. Her relentless advocacy was essential in securing recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) as a high school foreign language. Jean's commitment to integrating ASL into educational programs has created a lasting legacy.

Prior to this legislation in 1994, Jean worked closely with two key individuals: LaWanna Shirtliff, an Ogden High School teacher, and a representative from Ogden, and Winifred Ospitile, the Ogden District Vocational Education Director, to achieve official recognition of ASL as a foreign language. In 1992, Winifred engaged in her worst-ever fight with the Utah State Office of Education to have ASL recognized as a vocational course. Her persistence paid off, leading to ASL's being recognized as a vocational subject before it was formally designated as a foreign language. This achievement also paved the way for funding the interpreter training program at Salt Lake Community College, aligning with the task force's efforts to establish ASL as a foreign language and secure funding for it (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 17, 2024; Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, March 15, 2026).

Jean Greenwood Thomas

The task force focused on the following areas:

Certification, enforcement, and definition of a qualified interpreter.

They established minimum standards for interpreters to work in various settings, such as Utah's elementary, high school, and postsecondary schools, community interpreting, and legal and medical situations.

Additionally, the team was responsible for recruiting qualified interpreters and providing them with proper training.

One of their initiatives included teaching American Sign Language as a foreign language in Utah (Jensen, DSDHH Newsletter, May 1993).

In addition to Jean, four Deaf individuals—W. David Mortensen, President of the Utah Association for the Deaf; Kristi Lee Mortensen; and W. David Samuelsen actively lobbied for Senate Bills 41 and 42, which significantly empowered the Utah Deaf community (W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024).

To ensure the passage of Senate Bill 42, Jean collaborated with educators and administrators, including Cy Freston, Santiago Sandoval, and Larry Leatham, to advocate for ASL's recognition as a foreign language. During the 1994 legislative session, she worked alongside legislators such as Senator Joseph Hull, House Member John Arrington, and Representative LaWanna Shirtliff to support Senate Bill 42 (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, March 15, 2026).

In her testimony before the legislative committee, Jean highlighted the growing popularity of ASL and the need for qualified instructors. She expressed concern about the risks associated with unqualified individuals who falsely claim to know ASL and attempt to teach it. Such actions can lead to miscommunication and hinder students' learning. Jean emphasized the importance of providing training for ASL students from high school programs who possess some ASL skills and wish to become certified interpreters or teach ASL classes in secondary and postsecondary education settings. Her goal was to have Deaf individuals teach courses at high school, college, and university levels (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, March 15, 2026).

Jean was a key advocate from the beginning for the Senate bills that ultimately led to the successful passage of Senate Bill 41, which was strongly supported by the Utah Association for the Deaf in collaboration with the state. This important legislation aimed to certify and train interpreters, with essential funding allocated to incorporate this training into the curriculum at Salt Lake Community College. The efforts of the president of the association, Dave Mortensen, along with Annette Thorup Tull, an instructor in the Interpreter Training Program, were instrumental as they tirelessly navigated the bill through the legislative process.

Annette May Thorup Tull. Source: FamilySearch.org

Jean was a key advocate from the beginning for the Senate bills that ultimately led to the successful passage of Senate Bill 41, which was strongly supported by the Utah Association for the Deaf in collaboration with the state. This important legislation aimed to certify and train interpreters, with essential funding allocated to incorporate this training into the curriculum at Salt Lake Community College. The efforts of the president of the association, Dave Mortensen, along with Annette Thorup Tull, an instructor in the Interpreter Training Program, were instrumental as they tirelessly navigated the bill through the legislative process.

At the same time, Senate Bill 42 was enacted, recognizing ASL as a foreign language in both secondary and postsecondary education settings. This landmark decision significantly strengthened the presence of ASL and Deaf culture within educational settings. Despite facing a narrowly contested vote in the Senate, Senate Bill 41 has profoundly improved interpreting services, greatly enhancing communication accessibility for Deaf individuals, particularly following the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1994; Kinney, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).

Soon after these bills were approved, the Utah State Board of Education formed a committee to implement them. This committee, established just two months before the start of the 1994 school year, included members from the teaching staff, language specialists, certification authorities, and two Deaf representatives, Bruce Eyre and David Samuelsen, along with interpreter Dale Boam (W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024).

Without the contributions of Dave, Jean, Annette, Kristi Lee, and David, the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College would not exist today. Legally, interpreting agencies must now train, utilize, and advance competent interpreters for Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Dave's influence has created a lasting legacy that encourages interpreters to engage in professional development (UAD Bulletin, July 2003). Jean and Kristi Lee, also members of the task force, played pivotal roles in supporting the approval of Senate Bills 41 and 42 during the 1993 State Legislature Study Group (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).

Kristi Lee Mortensen

With the passage of Senate Bill 41, Utah became the first state to implement such legislation. This groundbreaking legislation has greatly benefited the Deaf community in Utah by promoting positive changes, including increased access to certified interpreters in various settings and enhanced support for ASL as a foreign language in the state's education system. With the passage of Senate 41 and Senate 42, Utah became the first state to enact legislation requiring licensed interpreters and to officially recognize ASL as a foreign language. Utah Governor Michael O. Leavitt signed the bill into law on March 2, 1994 (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).

According to View Magazine, in 2015, Utah was the first state in the United States to pass a law requiring state certification for all interpreters. While the rest of the states did not have their own state certification requirement law, except to comply with the RID guidelines (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014–Winter/Spring 2015). This was an essential step in ensuring that the Utah Deaf community had access to high-quality interpreting services delivered by highly qualified interpreters. Utah is fortunate to have highly qualified professional interpreters who can provide excellent service to the Deaf community.

In a reflection from 2011, Bob expressed great satisfaction with the progress made, noting, "By the year 2000, colleges and universities all over the United States finally realized that sign language is a real language" (Trotter, The Ogden Standard-Examiner, January 2, 2011). This recognition led to increased support for ASL programs, ultimately enhancing the educational experience for both Deaf and hearing students. As institutions adapted their curricula, they began to foster a more inclusive environment that celebrated linguistic diversity and cultural awareness.

Meet Jean Greenwood Thomas, a Pioneer Interpreter and ASL Teacher in the Utah Deaf Community

On August 5, 2024, during an interview with Cody Simonsen, a CODA, interpreter, and co-founder of the Five Stars Interpreting agency, Jean Greenwood Thomas, 71, shared her family history, focusing on her mother, Lucy Pearl McMills Greenwood, using American Sign Language. Her experience as an interpreter and ASL teacher has significantly influenced her personal and professional advocacy for the Utah Deaf community. She also provided valuable insight into the interpreting community when its dynamics were markedly different from today's.

Jean has a fascinating family history in Utah and a strong connection with the Utah Deaf community. She is a pioneer interpreter, an American Sign Language teacher, and a Child of Deaf Adult (CODA). Her father, Virgil Rogers Greenwood, was Deaf, and her mother, Lucy Pearl McMillis, was also a CODA. Lucy's parents, John Wallace McMillis and Pearl Ault, were both Deaf, and her older sister, Eva Alice Prudence Fowler was also CODA.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Jean for her invaluable participation in the interview, as well as to Cody Simonsen for his exceptional conduct. We greatly appreciate their contributions.

Jodi Christsel Becker

W. David Mortensen Contributes
to the Expansion of Interpreting Services

In 1994, Dave Mortensen, the dedicated president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, demonstrated exceptional perseverance as he lobbied the Utah State Legislature to recognize ASL as an official language through Senate Bill 42. This bill marked an important turning point in legitimizing the use of ASL in various contexts.

Dave also played a crucial role in establishing the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College. He initiated this process by engaging with committees at the Salt Lake City Community Councils and the United Way of Salt Lake City, advocating for a comprehensive interpreter training program. His efforts led to the creation of the UAD's interpreter service, which could help schedule doctor appointments, meetings with lawyers, and other important events. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, now known as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, housed the Utah Interpreter Program under the direction of Mitchel Jensen.

Thanks to Dave's contributions, the field of interpreting in Utah has seen significant advancements. Several schools and universities have expanded their interpreting training programs, and many freelance interpreting agencies have emerged. This growth highlights the increasing recognition of the importance of sign language interpretation. Moreover, Dave consistently reminded the medical community of the need to provide sign language interpreters for Deaf patients and clients, raising awareness among medical professionals of these essential services (UAD Bulletin, October 2007). His dedication to interpreting has not only dramatically improved the lives of the Deaf community in Utah but has also fostered a greater appreciation for their unique culture and language.

W. David Mortensen. Photo: Robert Bonnell

The First Certified
Deaf Interpreter in Utah

In 1964, a significant moment took place in the Deaf community with the establishment of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. This organization played a crucial role in recognizing and certifying Deaf interpreters, paving the way for individuals like Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen. In 1975, they made history by becoming the first Deaf certified interpreters, known as reverse interpreters (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).

Today, reverse interpreters are known as Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDIs). CDIs are individuals who have earned a nationally recognized certification and are either Deaf or hard-of-hearing. In 2006, Trenton Marsh became the first Deaf person in Utah to receive CDI certification, highlighting the rigorous standards of this national certification. Shortly after that, Trenton provided training to become a CDI at the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. His success in the program inspired more Deaf individuals to pursue and achieve CDI certification, thereby enhancing the role of CDIs within the Deaf community.

Trenton Marsh

House Bill 371 Would Penalize ASL Interpreters
Working Without Certification

In 2013, the Utah interpreting community requested changes to the state's interpreter law, called Senate Bill 41. This law contained several loopholes, allowing hospitals to avoid using certified interpreters by instructing Deaf individuals to bring in a signer instead. As a result, the change left many members of the Utah Deaf community without legal protection for years. In response to this issue, the state introduced House Bill 371, which penalizes individuals lacking state certification as interpreters trained in American Sign Language. The purpose of this bill was to ensure the use of qualified interpreters when requested (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).

Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, explained that House Bill 371 would close loopholes and give DSDHH the authority to enforce the law (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013). Dale Boam, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, an attorney, and an experienced ASL interpreter, stated that many individuals had been performing the task without proper certification, essentially taking advantage of Deaf people, which undermines the quality of communication and access to services for the Deaf community. He believed enforcing the law would help ensure quality for the Utah Deaf community (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).

Dale Boam

Representative Ronda Menlove, the bill's sponsor, recognized the importance of having the appropriate official sign the bill (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). She married Dr. Martell Menlove, the state superintendent of public instruction, who was involved in a dispute between Steven W. Noyce, the superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Utah Deaf Education Core Group, a key advocate for the ASL/English bilingual safeguard.

The dispute was about protecting the ASL/English bilingual program supported by the Core Group, while then-Superintendent Noyce advocated for listening and spoken language. This matter is of significant importance in the field of Deaf education. For more information about this issue, visit the "The Deaf Education History in Utah" webpage.

Additionally, it is worth noting that Representative Menlove is the grandmother of a Deaf child. Her daughter, Sara Menlove Doutre, served as the president of the Utah Hands and Voices Chapter.

Representative Ronda Menlove, R-Garland

On March 13, 2013, a significant event took place in the Utah legislature. They passed House Bill 371, which granted the Deaf and Hard of Hearing community greater protection by requiring medical professionals to hire certified sign language interpreters. This legislation was critical to guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities for the Utah Deaf community. However, some doctors opposed the bill and wanted to change the law so they wouldn't have to hire interpreters. Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, said some doctors came to Capitol Hill and asked Senator Aaron Osmond to change the law so medical professionals wouldn't have to hire certified sign language interpreters (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). Despite this opposition, Representative Menlove insisted that the bill pass as drafted (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). Marilyn Tiller Call, the director of the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, spent many hours persuading lawmakers to support the bill. Ultimately, the legislature passed House Bill 371, giving the DSDHH the authority to enforce the law and protect the Utah Deaf community (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013).

The First Utah
Certified Deaf Interpreter

Trenton Marsh, who succeeded the retired Mitch Jensen as the Utah Interpreter Program Manager, played a crucial role in improving the interpreter certification process. He introduced three types of interpreter certifications: Novice, Professional, and the Utah CDI certification. In the fall of 2019, Trenton also introduced the Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter (UCDI) certification, including performance and knowledge exams.

On July 20, 2021, Adam Janisieski, a Deaf individual, made history by becoming the first person to pass both the performance and knowledge exams, earning the prestigious Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter certification.

Adam Janisieski and Trenton Marsh

Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Reflections on the
History of the Interpreting Community

In his reflective keynote address on May 12, 2005, at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference, Bob Sanderson noted that Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, along with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), empowered Deaf individuals to seek interpreting services. As a result, the demand for these services rapidly increased as Deaf individuals advocated for their rights in high schools and universities. However, educational institutions had to address significant resistance, primarily due to budgetary concerns, as the cost of interpreting services increased and required funding.

In response, Deaf individuals and professional interpreters pushed for state laws to address licensure and certification issues. Ultimately, the Utah State Board of Education was given the authority to regulate interpreters through the Office of Rehabilitation, Division of Services to the Deaf. Like any new profession, Bob and his team faced various challenges and learned valuable lessons from their experiences. They discovered that testing and training became more demanding, a change Bob considered essential for ensuring that interpreters are adequately prepared to meet the needs of Deaf individuals. He stressed that Deaf individuals, whose lives and freedoms may be at risk, deserve nothing but the best.

Finally, Bob remarked on how far they had come since 1964 at Ball State University. Workshops, seminars, conventions, conferences, interpreting training programs, and publications have all played vital roles in this advancement. The continued support and dedication of professionals in the interpreting field, educators, and advocates for the Deaf community are essential to addressing the ongoing challenges ahead, such as improving access to interpreting services and enhancing educational opportunities for Deaf individuals (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Conclusion:
The Expansion of the
Interpreter Training Programs

The role of interpreter training programs in meeting the increasing demand for qualified interpreters cannot be overstated. These programs play a crucial role in the development and growth of the profession. By expanding these programs, we can enhance interpreters' skills, ensuring they are well-prepared to handle diverse linguistic and cultural contexts. This expansion not only benefits the individuals enrolled in the programs but also contributes to better communication and understanding in multilingual settings. It is crucial to continue investing in these training initiatives to support the profession and serve communities effectively.

Interpreter training programs have a significant impact on the Deaf community in Utah. These services are currently in high demand, and the increasing popularity of interpreter training programs is encouraging. Institutions such as the DSDHH Utah Interpreter Program, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University offer formal training for individuals interested in pursuing a career in interpreting. This substantial growth not only indicates a promising future for the field but also generates excitement and optimism. More importantly, these services have a profound impact on the lives of the Deaf community, promoting support and inclusivity.

The Deaf community in Utah is fortunate to have laws that establish standards for interpreting services in the state. By promoting a well-structured interpreting system, these laws safeguard our rights and provide a sense of security and support for the Utah Deaf community. They reflect the dedication and hard work of many pioneers who have contributed to developing and improving the interpretation system that now serves the Deaf community in Utah. We are also grateful that these laws protect our rights to communication accessibility. Thank you to everyone who has made a positive impact on Utah's interpreting community!

Notes

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, October 15, 2010.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi Christel Becker, September 18, 2012.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, July 18, 2024.

Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Utah Deaf History Channel, YouTube, October 15, 2010.

Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 15, 2024.

Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024.

Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, February 3, 2025.

Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, June 10, 2025.

Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, July 4, 2025.

Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Christel Becker, October 24, 2012.

Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024.

Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 15, 2024.

Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 17, 2024.

Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, March 15, 2026.

Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Christel Becker, March 11, 2013.

Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Christel Becker, March 14, 2013.

Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005.

Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, October 21, 2006.

Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Christel Becker, November 4, 2013.

W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024.

References

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