The History of Interpreting
Services in Utah
Services in Utah
Compiled & Written by Jodi Becker Kinner
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2025
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2013
Updated in 2025
Author's Note
As a Deaf individual, it is a privilege to write about the history of interpreting services in Utah. I have learned a great deal about the leaders who have expanded state interpreting services and programs, as well as those who have passed legislation to protect our communication accessibility needs. Their dedication and foresight have paved the way for strong state laws that support our rights to communication and accessibility. We are fortunate to have such leaders, and I hope you enjoy reading the "History of Interpreting Services in Utah" webpage as much as I do.
While cleaning my home office, I came across a paper by Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent leader in the Deaf community. He had shared this paper with Jean Greenwood Thomas, a former ASL interpreter and high school teacher. I received a copy of this valuable information from her and have included it on this webpage, along with Dr. Sanderson's reflective concluding keynote remarks on the history of the interpreting community. On May 12, 2005, Dr. Sanderson delivered a keynote address at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference. I hope you find it both entertaining and informative, as it highlights his significant contributions to the interpreting community from the very beginning.
I want to express my gratitude to the interpreters from the Utah interpreting community featured on this webpage for their unwavering dedication and commitment. I value their leadership and contributions, which have positively impacted many lives. Established in 1968 by individuals with Deaf family members, the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has been a cornerstone in the Utah interpreting community, reflecting our rich history and the enduring commitment of our interpreters. Thanks to interpreter preparation programs, Utah Interpret now has many qualified interpreters. Nowadays, interpreter training programs have expanded, and the demand for interpreters remains high. Formal training programs for aspiring interpreters are available at Utah Interpreter Programs, including the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University. We also acknowledge the closure of the ASL interpreting program at Davis Applied Technology College and the VRS Interpreting Institute (VRSII) at Sorensen Communications. Despite this, their contributions to training new interpreting graduates, seasoned interpreters, and interpreter educators remain valuable.
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Our organization, previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. The association was known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. The association changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963. Finally, in 2012, the association reverted to its previous name, the Utah Association of the Deaf. When writing the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of the association's history.
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
While cleaning my home office, I came across a paper by Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent leader in the Deaf community. He had shared this paper with Jean Greenwood Thomas, a former ASL interpreter and high school teacher. I received a copy of this valuable information from her and have included it on this webpage, along with Dr. Sanderson's reflective concluding keynote remarks on the history of the interpreting community. On May 12, 2005, Dr. Sanderson delivered a keynote address at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference. I hope you find it both entertaining and informative, as it highlights his significant contributions to the interpreting community from the very beginning.
I want to express my gratitude to the interpreters from the Utah interpreting community featured on this webpage for their unwavering dedication and commitment. I value their leadership and contributions, which have positively impacted many lives. Established in 1968 by individuals with Deaf family members, the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has been a cornerstone in the Utah interpreting community, reflecting our rich history and the enduring commitment of our interpreters. Thanks to interpreter preparation programs, Utah Interpret now has many qualified interpreters. Nowadays, interpreter training programs have expanded, and the demand for interpreters remains high. Formal training programs for aspiring interpreters are available at Utah Interpreter Programs, including the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University. We also acknowledge the closure of the ASL interpreting program at Davis Applied Technology College and the VRS Interpreting Institute (VRSII) at Sorensen Communications. Despite this, their contributions to training new interpreting graduates, seasoned interpreters, and interpreter educators remain valuable.
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Our organization, previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. The association was known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. The association changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963. Finally, in 2012, the association reverted to its previous name, the Utah Association of the Deaf. When writing the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of the association's history.
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Background History
of Interpreting
of Interpreting
For many years in the Utah Deaf community, Children of Deaf Adults, commonly known as "CODAs," often served as interpreters at various events and appointments, including meetings and church activities. Their role went beyond merely translating words; it involved bridging the gap between the Deaf and hearing worlds, often in high-stakes situations. This practice continued until the establishment of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, known as RID, in 1964, a significant milestone that marked the professionalization of interpreting services for the Deaf community. Although newspapers frequently used the term "interpreter," they rarely provided specific names.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Child of a Deaf Adult (CODA) and former sign language interpreter, pointed out that before the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were no sign language classes or interpreter training programs available. Despite this lack of formal training, interpreters—especially CODAs—played a vital role in the Utah Deaf community by volunteering their services and demonstrating their commitment and contributions (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Child of a Deaf Adult (CODA) and former sign language interpreter, pointed out that before the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were no sign language classes or interpreter training programs available. Despite this lack of formal training, interpreters—especially CODAs—played a vital role in the Utah Deaf community by volunteering their services and demonstrating their commitment and contributions (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
Recognized as one of the early volunteer interpreters, Pauline Veronica Mark Humphries was born in 1902. As the eldest child of Deaf parents, Paul Mark and Theresa Maria Rasche, she began her interpreting career at a young age. Her experiences as a Child of Deaf Adults (CODA) and her work as an interpreter allowed her to navigate both the Deaf and hearing worlds, providing a unique perspective on the early days of interpreting in the Utah Deaf community.
At just 13 years old, Pauline served as an interpreter at the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, during her father Paul Mark's presidential campaign (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). She interpreted again in 1938, establishing her as one of the early interpreters of the early 1900s (The Salt Lake Tribune, September 3, 1938). Her younger brother, Nicholas Paul Mark, recalled Pauline as a highly skilled interpreter who frequently provided interpretations for Deaf individuals in their community.
Pauline spent most of her life in or near Ogden, Utah, where their father, Paul Mark—the second president of the Utah Association of the Deaf—owned a shoe repair shop. The Utah School for the Deaf was also located nearby, serving as a home to many Deaf individuals. Within the Utah Deaf community, Pauline was well-known for her interpreting skills and frequently assisted Deaf individuals throughout her community (Nicholas Paul Mark, Autobiography, FamilySearch.org).
At just 13 years old, Pauline served as an interpreter at the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, during her father Paul Mark's presidential campaign (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). She interpreted again in 1938, establishing her as one of the early interpreters of the early 1900s (The Salt Lake Tribune, September 3, 1938). Her younger brother, Nicholas Paul Mark, recalled Pauline as a highly skilled interpreter who frequently provided interpretations for Deaf individuals in their community.
Pauline spent most of her life in or near Ogden, Utah, where their father, Paul Mark—the second president of the Utah Association of the Deaf—owned a shoe repair shop. The Utah School for the Deaf was also located nearby, serving as a home to many Deaf individuals. Within the Utah Deaf community, Pauline was well-known for her interpreting skills and frequently assisted Deaf individuals throughout her community (Nicholas Paul Mark, Autobiography, FamilySearch.org).
During the 1960s and 1970s, marginalized communities in the United States, including the Deaf community, advocated for social equality. These movements, part of the larger Civil Rights era, had a significant impact on the interpreting industry (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001), marking a period of notable progress. The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established to highlight the growing importance of professional interpreters within the Code of Professional Conduct, moving beyond the notion of interpreters as merely 'helpers' (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, June 1973). This era of social change played a crucial role in shaping the interpreting industry as we know it today.
In Utah, the Deaf community initially depended on hard-of-hearing individuals who learned sign language before using hearing aids, as well as those who lost their hearing but developed strong oral communication skills. However, by 1961, the number of Deaf individuals born deaf in Utah began to rise, while the percentage of those who became deaf later showed a decline. Moreover, the number of Deaf individuals with multiple disabilities increased during this period (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). In response to these shifting demographics and the growing demand for interpreting services, the Utah Deaf community took proactive steps. They recognized the need for support and established the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf to address their interpreting requirements, empowering themselves and their community.
In Utah, the Deaf community initially depended on hard-of-hearing individuals who learned sign language before using hearing aids, as well as those who lost their hearing but developed strong oral communication skills. However, by 1961, the number of Deaf individuals born deaf in Utah began to rise, while the percentage of those who became deaf later showed a decline. Moreover, the number of Deaf individuals with multiple disabilities increased during this period (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1961, p. 2). In response to these shifting demographics and the growing demand for interpreting services, the Utah Deaf community took proactive steps. They recognized the need for support and established the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf to address their interpreting requirements, empowering themselves and their community.
The Spring 1961 issue of the UAD Bulletin emphasized the importance of involving hard-of-hearing individuals in interpreting roles. A notable example is Gladys Burnham Wenger, who was hard-of-hearing and served as an interpreter for both the Salt Lake Branch of the Deaf, part of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the Utah Association of the Deaf.
Frank M. Driggs served as the superintendent of the Utah School for the Deaf from 1901 to 1941 and made significant contributions to the Deaf community. In 1912, he acted as the interpreter for speeches at the Utah Commercial Club of the Deaf (Ogden Examiner-Standard, October 3, 1912; The Salt Lake Herald Republican, October 6, 1912; The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). It is believed that he provided assistance with interpreting whenever necessary during these events, including the founding of the Utah Association of the Deaf in 1909.
The National Registry of
Interpreters for the Deaf Is Born
Interpreters for the Deaf Is Born
On May 12, 2005, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, affectionately known as "Bob" or "Sandie," delivered a keynote address at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference. In his speech, he discussed the history of interpreting in Utah and fondly recalled the early days when a few remarkable Children of Deaf Adults (CODA) volunteered their time and skills to interpret for the Deaf community. This was even before the establishment of a professional organization called the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. Their unwavering dedication and love for supporting the Deaf community, evident in their selfless service, serves as a testament to their inspiring commitment (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005). It also underscores the crucial role of community support in the history of interpreting in Utah.
Dr. Sanderson, who graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1936, lost his hearing at the age of 11 due to spinal meningitis. He recalled that he never saw an interpreter in action during his time at the school. The concept of an interpreter was unfamiliar to him, as most of his teachers were trained in oral education, and only one or two Deaf teachers used sign language. Additionally, as a non-member of the Latter-day Saints, he remembered a Deaf friend mentioning a hearing woman named Lucy McMills Greenwood, a pivotal figure who interpreted for hearing individuals at the Ogden Branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, located on 20th Street in Ogden, Utah (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson, a member of the Gallaudet class of 1941, recalled that in 1936, everyone at Gallaudet College communicated using sign language, including the President. As a result, interpreters were unnecessary on campus. New students, many of whom had attended oral schools, faced a choice: they had to either "sink or sign." Nonetheless, he noted that they all learned to sign quickly (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In 1946, Dr. Sanderson experienced something new: he used an interpreter, a Child of Deaf Adults (CODA), for the first time during his wedding ceremony at the church. He realized that asking the preacher to write down every word of the ceremony was not practical. He humorously noted that if he had done so, it would have taken so long that his bride, Mary Antonietti, who was also Deaf, might have gotten cold feet and decided to run away (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson, who graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1936, lost his hearing at the age of 11 due to spinal meningitis. He recalled that he never saw an interpreter in action during his time at the school. The concept of an interpreter was unfamiliar to him, as most of his teachers were trained in oral education, and only one or two Deaf teachers used sign language. Additionally, as a non-member of the Latter-day Saints, he remembered a Deaf friend mentioning a hearing woman named Lucy McMills Greenwood, a pivotal figure who interpreted for hearing individuals at the Ogden Branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, located on 20th Street in Ogden, Utah (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson, a member of the Gallaudet class of 1941, recalled that in 1936, everyone at Gallaudet College communicated using sign language, including the President. As a result, interpreters were unnecessary on campus. New students, many of whom had attended oral schools, faced a choice: they had to either "sink or sign." Nonetheless, he noted that they all learned to sign quickly (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In 1946, Dr. Sanderson experienced something new: he used an interpreter, a Child of Deaf Adults (CODA), for the first time during his wedding ceremony at the church. He realized that asking the preacher to write down every word of the ceremony was not practical. He humorously noted that if he had done so, it would have taken so long that his bride, Mary Antonietti, who was also Deaf, might have gotten cold feet and decided to run away (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In 1964, Dr. Sanderson was elected president of the National Association of the Deaf. One of his responsibilities was to represent the organization at various workshops that were emerging at that time. During these workshops, he encountered many interpreters, most of whom were Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) dedicated to the field of interpreting. However, he noticed a significant lack of professionalism among them. At that time, there was no formal training or established curriculum for interpreters, even though various ideas were circulating. American Sign Language (ASL) had not yet been recognized as a legitimate language, which meant that interpreters used any signing methods they thought would be understood by Deaf individuals. Even well-educated Deaf adults debated what sign language truly is. Gallaudet College used a system known as "Signed English." Each residential school for the Deaf chose the signing method that its administration considered appropriate. Despite the lack of formal recognition and established standards, Deaf individuals continued to use ASL, even though it did not yet have an official name (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson credited his close friend, Dr. Boyce R. Williams, for his contributions to the success of interpreting services. Dr. Williams became Deaf at the age of 17 due to spinal meningitis. After completing his education at the Wisconsin School for the Deaf, Gallaudet College, and Columbia University, he went on to serve as the Director of the Office of Deafness and Communication Disorders within the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation in Washington, D.C.
One of Dr. Williams' major focuses was on the professionalization of interpreting. He used interpreters in high-level government meetings and played a vital role in advocating for the importance of having qualified interpreters. His efforts significantly impacted the field. Proficient in English, Dr. Williams consistently stressed a key point in every meeting: interpreters must be able to interpret in both directions. This skill, known as reverse interpreting at the time, enables interpreters to accurately convey messages between ASL and English (Boyce Williams, Visionary Leader, Gallaudet.edu, November 2014; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson credited his close friend, Dr. Boyce R. Williams, for his contributions to the success of interpreting services. Dr. Williams became Deaf at the age of 17 due to spinal meningitis. After completing his education at the Wisconsin School for the Deaf, Gallaudet College, and Columbia University, he went on to serve as the Director of the Office of Deafness and Communication Disorders within the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation in Washington, D.C.
One of Dr. Williams' major focuses was on the professionalization of interpreting. He used interpreters in high-level government meetings and played a vital role in advocating for the importance of having qualified interpreters. His efforts significantly impacted the field. Proficient in English, Dr. Williams consistently stressed a key point in every meeting: interpreters must be able to interpret in both directions. This skill, known as reverse interpreting at the time, enables interpreters to accurately convey messages between ASL and English (Boyce Williams, Visionary Leader, Gallaudet.edu, November 2014; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).

Robert G. Sanderson, after whom the Deaf Center was named, served as the president of the National Association of the Deaf from 1964 to 1968. The September 1966 issue of the Deaf American magazine features a photo of him shaking hands with Dr. Boyce R. Williams, a Deaf and Hard of Hearing Consultant at the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration in Washington, D.C. At the convention banquet in San Francisco, California, Robert G. Sanderson announced the award and presented the first National Association of the Deaf Distinguished Service Award to Dr. Boyce R. Williams. Source: The Deaf American, September 1966. The photo was taken by Floyd Barlow.
Dr. Williams successfully secured funding for several workshops and university research projects focused on various aspects of interpreting. However, a challenge arose regarding who would be responsible for organizing this information. Frederick C. Schreiber, the Executive Director of the National Association of the Deaf, presented a proposal. He suggested that the association, which has a strong interest in the field of interpreting, take joint responsibility with the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) to complete the necessary preliminary steps for formally establishing a Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson mentioned that the funding secured by Dr. Boyce R. Williams, was a direct result of the impactful "Interpreting for the Deaf" workshop held from June 14 to June 17, 1964, at Ball State Teachers College, now known as Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana. This workshop played a crucial role in establishing the National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf. It was funded by Vocational Rehabilitation as part of its ongoing efforts to address the challenges faced by the Deaf community and was also sponsored by Ball State College (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1964; Boyce Williams, Visionary Leader, Gallaudet.edu, November 2014; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
The workshop aimed to recruit and train more interpreters, establish a code of ethics, and enhance assistance and services for the Deaf community. It had a significant impact, leading to the formation of an official non-profit interpreting organization on June 16, 1964 (The Silent Worker, July–August 1964). The organization later expanded its mission and scope and changed its name to the 'Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, or RID.'
Approximately ninety people attended the workshop, including one-third who were Deaf individuals. Their active participation demonstrated a strong commitment to the cause. Among the attendees were many experts in Deaf education, sign language, and oral communication (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1964). Their involvement not only added value to the workshop but also underscored their dedication to improving the lives of the Deaf community.
Approximately ninety people attended the workshop, including one-third who were Deaf individuals. Their active participation demonstrated a strong commitment to the cause. Among the attendees were many experts in Deaf education, sign language, and oral communication (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1964). Their involvement not only added value to the workshop but also underscored their dedication to improving the lives of the Deaf community.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson was a prominent figure in both the Utah Association of the Deaf and the National Association of the Deaf. A month before being elected president of the National Association of the Deaf in July 1964, he demonstrated his leadership by serving as a Deaf consultant at a notable interpreting workshop at Bell State Teachers College in June 1964. Additionally, he advocated for the expansion of interpreting services in Utah, which further solidified his influential role within the Utah Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005; Storrer, UAD Bulletin, May 2008). Dr. Sanderson's involvement in this workshop marked a significant turning point in the history of interpreting.
As the president of the National Association of the Deaf, Dr. Sanderson highlighted a significant increase in awareness and understanding within the Deaf community. This improvement is largely due to numerous workshops, seminars, meetings, and government initiatives that have attracted the attention of researchers at various universities. In the early years, members of the Deaf community raised several key concerns regarding the following issues:
Dr. Sanderson noted that the study of interpreting had evolved to reveal that it was a complex blend of both art and science. Assessing the skill levels of individuals was no simple task. These challenges highlighted the difficulties in professionalizing interpreting and underscored the importance of understanding the unique skills and obstacles faced by interpreters. Furthermore, it was essential to ensure that interpreters receive adequate training and support. The field also grappled with issues such as the lack of a standardized curriculum, the need for a formal Code of Ethics, and the challenges associated with testing and certifying interpreters (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
- Reverse interpreting skills
- Flexibility in ASL and English interpreting
- A strict Code of Ethics
Dr. Sanderson noted that the study of interpreting had evolved to reveal that it was a complex blend of both art and science. Assessing the skill levels of individuals was no simple task. These challenges highlighted the difficulties in professionalizing interpreting and underscored the importance of understanding the unique skills and obstacles faced by interpreters. Furthermore, it was essential to ensure that interpreters receive adequate training and support. The field also grappled with issues such as the lack of a standardized curriculum, the need for a formal Code of Ethics, and the challenges associated with testing and certifying interpreters (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In 1965, the Deaf community urgently needed a model state law to ensure their access to court proceedings. Some states had already enacted laws that guaranteed Deaf individuals the right to an interpreter in court. This was a transformative change, as it allowed Deaf individuals to participate fully in the courtroom, safeguarding their rights regarding life, liberty, property, health, and daily activities. This progress led to the establishment of guidelines designed to facilitate access to court interpreters for Deaf individuals, significantly enhancing their daily lives (The UAD Bulletin, Spring 1965).
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Holds the
Distinction of Being the First Nationally
Certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) Interpreter in Utah and the United States
Distinction of Being the First Nationally
Certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) Interpreter in Utah and the United States
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, the daughter of Deaf parents Arnold and Zelma Moon, has been providing interpreting services to the Deaf community in Utah since 1963. Her achievement as the first nationally certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, also known as "RID" interpreter in Utah and the United States, has had a profound impact on the Utah Deaf community. Inspired by Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, president of the National Association of the Deaf and one of the first participants of the newly formed Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1964, Beth Ann, a Utah native and Child of Deaf Adult, known as CODA, took the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf certification exam. As a result, in 1965, she became the first nationally certified RID interpreter in Utah and the United States, a remarkable milestone that paved the way for the interpreting profession. Notably, Beth Ann earned her first certification a year following the official recognition of the National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf, established in 1964, and six years prior to its incorporation in 1972. Here's her story.
In 1965, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell made history as the first nationally certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) interpreter in Utah and the United States, laying the groundwork for the interpreting profession. The RID, founded in 1964, is a professional organization that promotes the profession of interpreting and transliterating American Sign Language and English. Her journey, marked by courage and determination, began in 1963 when her first husband, Wayne Stewart, a police officer, asked for her help in interpreting for a Colorado-based Deaf man who was experiencing mistreatment at the Salt Lake City Police Department. Beth Ann, feeling unsure about her skills, contacted several interpreters for assistance with interpreting. However, because they were already working, they were unavailable. One of her friends, who was an interpreter, encouraged Beth Ann to lend a hand. Despite feeling scared, Beth Ann bravely went to the police station. There, she found the Deaf man chained up and terrified. The police station left her alone with him, and soon, they were able to communicate effectively so that she could help him. Eventually, they placed him on a bus back to Colorado (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010). It was her first time interpreting outside her home.
In 1965, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell made history as the first nationally certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) interpreter in Utah and the United States, laying the groundwork for the interpreting profession. The RID, founded in 1964, is a professional organization that promotes the profession of interpreting and transliterating American Sign Language and English. Her journey, marked by courage and determination, began in 1963 when her first husband, Wayne Stewart, a police officer, asked for her help in interpreting for a Colorado-based Deaf man who was experiencing mistreatment at the Salt Lake City Police Department. Beth Ann, feeling unsure about her skills, contacted several interpreters for assistance with interpreting. However, because they were already working, they were unavailable. One of her friends, who was an interpreter, encouraged Beth Ann to lend a hand. Despite feeling scared, Beth Ann bravely went to the police station. There, she found the Deaf man chained up and terrified. The police station left her alone with him, and soon, they were able to communicate effectively so that she could help him. Eventually, they placed him on a bus back to Colorado (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010). It was her first time interpreting outside her home.
Beth Ann's remarkable achievement of becoming the first nationally certified interpreter in 1965 also began with Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent figure in the Utah Deaf community and the president of the National Association of the Deaf from 1964 to 1968. He participated as a consultant in a workshop on 'Interpreting for the Deaf' in Muncie, Indiana, in 1964. After the workshop, he wrote a letter to Deaf parents, urging them to inform their "Child of Deaf Adults" (CODA) children about an upcoming interpreting conference (UAD Bulletin, Spring 1964). During an interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010, Beth Ann shared that her mother showed her the flyer about a conference for children of Deaf adults. They were looking to recruit and train interpreters in Utah. Her mother convinced Beth Ann, who had six children at the time, to attend the conference.
During the conference, Beth Ann witnessed an interpreter at work for the first time. Even though she had been using sign language her whole life, this experience helped her understand the difference between communication and interpreting. This event was eye-opening for her. She never thought she would one day become an interpreter. Her life changed forever when Bob Sanderson called Beth Ann, who was on the conference participant list, and asked her to interpret for him at the court. She agreed and went (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012). After this experience, Beth Ann devoted her life with unwavering commitment and passion to interpreting and advocating for the Deaf community in Utah. She has dedicated her career to working with Deaf individuals and providing interpretation services in various settings, such as the legislature, court, mental health, medical, and higher education. Beth Ann was the first interpreter at the University of Utah. She also worked full-time for the Utah Division of Rehabilitation and volunteered to interpret the evening news on television from 1971 to 1980.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, president of the National Association of the Deaf, inspired Beth Ann to pursue certification as an interpreter. He also played a significant role in motivating and supporting Beth Ann in pursuing certification as an interpreter. He encouraged her to take the national certification exam at the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in Illinois in 1965. While people from various states traveled to Illinois for the exam, Beth Ann was the only one from Utah to participate (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).
Beth Ann's achievement of becoming the first certified interpreter was not just a personal success but a significant milestone for the Deaf community and the interpreting profession. In the March 1992 UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann's second husband, Dr. Jay J. Campbell, explained that the selection and certification of interpreters were part of a nationwide training process. He went on to explain how Beth Ann became the first one to take the certification test. The program required each participant to take a test. The testing order was determined by drawing straws, which was a nerve-wracking experience. Being the first to take the test meant setting the standard for all future interpreters. During the drawing process, the woman sitting next to Beth Ann was picked first, and Beth Ann was tested last. The woman said she didn't want to be the first to take the test, and Beth Ann, understanding the significance of this opportunity and the responsibility that came with it, responded by saying she didn't want to be the last one. After exchanging numbers, Beth Ann, with unwavering determination, took the test first and passed it, becoming the first nationally certified interpreter in Utah and the United States (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010). Since earning her certification in 1965, Beth Ann has been a trailblazer in the field of interpreting. Her certification was a groundbreaking achievement, a testament to her courage, determination, and respect in this field. It also paved the way for future interpreters, raising awareness of the importance of interpreting in the Utah Deaf community.
Beth Ann made significant contributions to the profession and had been a strong advocate for the Utah Deaf community. Her dedication and achievements have earned her not just respect but also deep admiration and appreciation. Utah is fortunate to have her as the first certified interpreter in the United States. Additionally, her achievement has paved the way for many others in the field and opened doors for future interpreters. Her achievements have significantly improved the quality of life for the Utah Deaf community, ensuring their voices were heard and understood.
During the conference, Beth Ann witnessed an interpreter at work for the first time. Even though she had been using sign language her whole life, this experience helped her understand the difference between communication and interpreting. This event was eye-opening for her. She never thought she would one day become an interpreter. Her life changed forever when Bob Sanderson called Beth Ann, who was on the conference participant list, and asked her to interpret for him at the court. She agreed and went (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012). After this experience, Beth Ann devoted her life with unwavering commitment and passion to interpreting and advocating for the Deaf community in Utah. She has dedicated her career to working with Deaf individuals and providing interpretation services in various settings, such as the legislature, court, mental health, medical, and higher education. Beth Ann was the first interpreter at the University of Utah. She also worked full-time for the Utah Division of Rehabilitation and volunteered to interpret the evening news on television from 1971 to 1980.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, president of the National Association of the Deaf, inspired Beth Ann to pursue certification as an interpreter. He also played a significant role in motivating and supporting Beth Ann in pursuing certification as an interpreter. He encouraged her to take the national certification exam at the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in Illinois in 1965. While people from various states traveled to Illinois for the exam, Beth Ann was the only one from Utah to participate (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, April 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Beth Ann Campbell, personal communication, September 18, 2012).
Beth Ann's achievement of becoming the first certified interpreter was not just a personal success but a significant milestone for the Deaf community and the interpreting profession. In the March 1992 UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann's second husband, Dr. Jay J. Campbell, explained that the selection and certification of interpreters were part of a nationwide training process. He went on to explain how Beth Ann became the first one to take the certification test. The program required each participant to take a test. The testing order was determined by drawing straws, which was a nerve-wracking experience. Being the first to take the test meant setting the standard for all future interpreters. During the drawing process, the woman sitting next to Beth Ann was picked first, and Beth Ann was tested last. The woman said she didn't want to be the first to take the test, and Beth Ann, understanding the significance of this opportunity and the responsibility that came with it, responded by saying she didn't want to be the last one. After exchanging numbers, Beth Ann, with unwavering determination, took the test first and passed it, becoming the first nationally certified interpreter in Utah and the United States (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010). Since earning her certification in 1965, Beth Ann has been a trailblazer in the field of interpreting. Her certification was a groundbreaking achievement, a testament to her courage, determination, and respect in this field. It also paved the way for future interpreters, raising awareness of the importance of interpreting in the Utah Deaf community.
Beth Ann made significant contributions to the profession and had been a strong advocate for the Utah Deaf community. Her dedication and achievements have earned her not just respect but also deep admiration and appreciation. Utah is fortunate to have her as the first certified interpreter in the United States. Additionally, her achievement has paved the way for many others in the field and opened doors for future interpreters. Her achievements have significantly improved the quality of life for the Utah Deaf community, ensuring their voices were heard and understood.

Larry W. Blake, left, accepts the first UAD Award from President G. Leon Curtis at the 21st Biennial Convention of the Utah Association for the Deaf. Dixie Lee Nasfell is an interpreter for the ceremony. Blake receives the award, a beautifully engraved silver tray, in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Deaf people in Utah. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1965
A Workshop on Interpreting is Held
in Salt Lake City, Utah
in Salt Lake City, Utah
Robert G. Sanderson conducted a one-day training on interpreting concerns at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah, on June 3, 1967, during the development of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. The Utah Division of Rehabilitation funded the program as part of its efforts to provide services to Deaf people. The program drew approximately forty-five participants, a diverse group including local community members, parents, teachers, and Deaf people. The morning session featured several prominent speakers, each a leader in their respective fields, including Dr. Vaughn L. Hall, administrator of the Division of Rehabilitation; Maurice Warshaw, chairman of the Utah Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped; Dr. Max Cutler, a clinical psychologist; Judge Aldon J. Anderson; Robert K. Ward, statewide planning director of the Division of Rehabilitation; and Lloyd H. Perkins, President of the Salt Lake Valley Branch for the Deaf of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
After lunch, Bob Sanderson divided the participants into three groups, each tasked with exploring specific problems and making recommendations. Under his guidance, the session was a resounding success, with valuable insights and suggestions from all attendees. The plans that emerged from these discussions were not just ideas but a roadmap for change. These initiatives, which would significantly impact the Deaf community and mark a pivotal moment in their history, included the establishment of a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
After lunch, Bob Sanderson divided the participants into three groups, each tasked with exploring specific problems and making recommendations. Under his guidance, the session was a resounding success, with valuable insights and suggestions from all attendees. The plans that emerged from these discussions were not just ideas but a roadmap for change. These initiatives, which would significantly impact the Deaf community and mark a pivotal moment in their history, included the establishment of a chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and a training program for interpreters (The UAD Bulletin, Spring-Summer, 1967).
The Establishment of the Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf
of Interpreters for the Deaf
The Utah Association for the Deaf, an important organization within the Utah Deaf community, played a vital role in sponsoring and supporting the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). Their assistance was instrumental in making Utah a leader in this initiative, which was launched on October 5, 1968, just four years after the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was created in 1964.
In its early years, URID focused on several key initiatives led by Robert G. Sanderson, the Coordinator of the Unit of Services for the Deaf within the Office of Rehabilitation Services. The inaugural chapter meeting was held at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah. During this meeting, members drafted a constitution, established organizational rules, and elected executives to serve on the board of directors.
The meeting, co-sponsored by the Utah Association for the Deaf and the Unit of Services for the Deaf, gathered hearing individuals who could interpret and others interested in providing supportive services. The agenda featured training aimed at ensuring competence and achieving professional certification. This event marked an important milestone, laying the groundwork for future URID activities.
Forty-one Deaf and hearing individuals attended, including Albert Pimentel, the executive director of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, who traveled from Washington, D.C., to represent the organization. He shared information about the national program and the activities taking place in various states (Davis County, September 27, 1968; The Toole Transcript, September 27, 1968; UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968).
After the URID was established, Dr. Sanderson recalled one of the first testing and certification workshops held in Utah, where only five or six candidates were assessed on their ability to interpret between Deaf and hearing individuals. This experience was quite traumatic for some participants, as they were faced with real-life scenarios that they were not fully prepared for. However, over time, they became more sophisticated and faced more challenging scenarios. Additionally, Dr. Sanderson and his team developed a code of ethics that turned out to be quite similar to one introduced shortly afterward by the National Association of the Deaf and the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson and his team decided to have Deaf individuals perform in real-life scenarios for the upcoming certification test instead of relying on video recordings. A diverse group of Deaf participants, each with their unique signing styles, presented the same stories to the candidates. This added an element of fun for the testers, as some Deaf men had thick, sausage-like fingers, while some women had long, slender hands. Additionally, some individuals who are Deaf or hard-of-hearing primarily use American Sign Language (ASL), while others incorporate Signing Exact English (SEE) into their communication. This diversity highlighted the importance of understanding and accommodating different signing styles in the interpreting process. Dr. Sanderson and his colleagues learned the importance of using recorded material for fairness and consistency. They continued to progress, learning along the way, and the URID evolved into a viable organization (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
The following officers were elected to lead the URID: Gene D. Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee (UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968). Each individual brought unique skills and perspectives, enhancing the diverse and inclusive leadership of URID. Their contributions demonstrate the organization's commitment to valuing and respecting diversity.
During the interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell shared that the interpreting community in Utah, including herself, played a crucial role in establishing a certification process for the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). Their shared passion and unwavering commitment united them, leading many individuals to dedicate their time and energy to make this vision a reality. The collaboration and dedication of the Utah interpreting community not only demonstrated the strength of collective action but also highlighted their strong commitment to the interpreting profession and their partnership with the Utah Association for the Deaf.
In its early years, URID focused on several key initiatives led by Robert G. Sanderson, the Coordinator of the Unit of Services for the Deaf within the Office of Rehabilitation Services. The inaugural chapter meeting was held at the Ramada Inn in Salt Lake City, Utah. During this meeting, members drafted a constitution, established organizational rules, and elected executives to serve on the board of directors.
The meeting, co-sponsored by the Utah Association for the Deaf and the Unit of Services for the Deaf, gathered hearing individuals who could interpret and others interested in providing supportive services. The agenda featured training aimed at ensuring competence and achieving professional certification. This event marked an important milestone, laying the groundwork for future URID activities.
Forty-one Deaf and hearing individuals attended, including Albert Pimentel, the executive director of the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, who traveled from Washington, D.C., to represent the organization. He shared information about the national program and the activities taking place in various states (Davis County, September 27, 1968; The Toole Transcript, September 27, 1968; UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968).
After the URID was established, Dr. Sanderson recalled one of the first testing and certification workshops held in Utah, where only five or six candidates were assessed on their ability to interpret between Deaf and hearing individuals. This experience was quite traumatic for some participants, as they were faced with real-life scenarios that they were not fully prepared for. However, over time, they became more sophisticated and faced more challenging scenarios. Additionally, Dr. Sanderson and his team developed a code of ethics that turned out to be quite similar to one introduced shortly afterward by the National Association of the Deaf and the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson and his team decided to have Deaf individuals perform in real-life scenarios for the upcoming certification test instead of relying on video recordings. A diverse group of Deaf participants, each with their unique signing styles, presented the same stories to the candidates. This added an element of fun for the testers, as some Deaf men had thick, sausage-like fingers, while some women had long, slender hands. Additionally, some individuals who are Deaf or hard-of-hearing primarily use American Sign Language (ASL), while others incorporate Signing Exact English (SEE) into their communication. This diversity highlighted the importance of understanding and accommodating different signing styles in the interpreting process. Dr. Sanderson and his colleagues learned the importance of using recorded material for fairness and consistency. They continued to progress, learning along the way, and the URID evolved into a viable organization (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
The following officers were elected to lead the URID: Gene D. Stewart, president; Madelaine Burton, first vice president; Edith Wheeler (Deaf), second vice president; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, secretary; Dennis Platt (Deaf), treasurer; Jonathan Freston, board member; Ned Wheeler (Deaf), six-year trustee; and Lloyd Perkins (Deaf), two-year trustee (UAD Bulletin, Fall 1968). Each individual brought unique skills and perspectives, enhancing the diverse and inclusive leadership of URID. Their contributions demonstrate the organization's commitment to valuing and respecting diversity.
During the interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell shared that the interpreting community in Utah, including herself, played a crucial role in establishing a certification process for the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). Their shared passion and unwavering commitment united them, leading many individuals to dedicate their time and energy to make this vision a reality. The collaboration and dedication of the Utah interpreting community not only demonstrated the strength of collective action but also highlighted their strong commitment to the interpreting profession and their partnership with the Utah Association for the Deaf.
The elected officers of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters were as follows:
Utah Registry of Interpreters were as follows:
The Purpose of Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf
of Interpreters for the Deaf
The primary goal of establishing the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) in 1968 was to create a reliable organization of interpreters, ensuring that both the Utah Deaf community and the general public could consistently access interpreter services for Deaf individuals in any situation. This initiative aimed to provide a sense of security and confidence.
Since its establishment in 1968, the URID has experienced significant growth. Initially, it had sixteen members, the majority of whom were Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) or individuals with Deaf parents. Many members were Deaf, while one was hard-of-hearing. Additionally, two members were married to Deaf partners. Among the group, only one hearing person learned sign language while working as a houseparent and counselor at the South Dakota School for the Deaf. Although hearing individuals served as interpreters, Deaf individuals acted as reverse interpreters and are now known as Certified Deaf Interpreters. The individuals listed below served as either interpreters or reverse interpreters.
Since its establishment in 1968, the URID has experienced significant growth. Initially, it had sixteen members, the majority of whom were Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) or individuals with Deaf parents. Many members were Deaf, while one was hard-of-hearing. Additionally, two members were married to Deaf partners. Among the group, only one hearing person learned sign language while working as a houseparent and counselor at the South Dakota School for the Deaf. Although hearing individuals served as interpreters, Deaf individuals acted as reverse interpreters and are now known as Certified Deaf Interpreters. The individuals listed below served as either interpreters or reverse interpreters.
- Lucy McMills Greenwood (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Dennis R. Platt (Deaf)
- Betty J. Jones (CODA)
- Madelaine P. Burton (CODA & Deaf spouse)
- Keith W. Tolzin (former houseparent and counselor at South Dakota School for the Deaf)
- Beth Ann Stewart Campbell (CODA)
- Nancy F. Murray (Deaf spouse)
- Ned C. Wheeler (Deaf)
- Iola Elizabeth Jensen (Deaf)
- Evern Lee Smith (CODA)
- Edith D. Wheeler (Hard of Hearing)
- Robert G. Sanderson (Deaf)
- Gene D. Stewart (CODA)
- Doris L. Wastlund (CODA)
- Lloyd H. Perkins (Deaf)
- Jon C. Freston (CODA) (UAD Bulletin, Winter 1970).
Channel 4 News Controversy
Robert G. Sanderson's journey from earning his master's degree to pursuing a Ph.D. is a significant testament to his resilience. His determination to overcome the challenges he faced is not just a personal triumph but a beacon of inspiration for the entire Deaf community. His story begins with his master's degree in educational leadership, which he received in 1965 from Dr. Ray Jones, a Deaf professor and director of the Leadership in the Area of the Deaf program at San Fernando Valley State College, now known as California State University, Northridge. Dr. Jones's encouragement for his graduates to pursue doctorates led to Bob enrolling in Brigham Young University's PhD program in Provo, Utah. However, Bob's inspiration for his Ph.D. did not come until the early 1970s. Before he completed his doctorate in 1974, a controversy emerged in 1965 with Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a staunch advocate for oralism and mainstream education in Utah, who believed that Deaf children needed to learn to talk and attend nearby public schools to integrate into mainstream society. His advocacy for the oral and mainstreaming movements sparked a long-standing feud with the Utah Association for the Deaf, a group comprised mainly of graduates from the Utah School for the Deaf, particularly Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, who was a staunch supporter of sign language and state schools for the deaf. The intense animosity between these two giants was due to the ongoing dispute over oral and sign language in Utah's deaf educational system. Their struggle was akin to chess, with each maneuvering politically to gain the upper hand in the Deaf educational system. Dr. Bitter and Dr. Sanderson engaged in disagreements during the listening and speaking demonstration panels, picket protests, education committee meetings, and board meetings, as did the Utah Association for the Deaf. Dr. Bitter held significant power as a parental figure and used parental influence and leverage to advocate for oralism, making it challenging for the Utah Association for the Deaf to oppose him. The Utah Association for the Deaf demonstrated remarkable resilience when faced with Dr. Bitter's challenges, marking a significant turning point in our history.
In 1971, there was controversy surrounding Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's voluntary sign language interpreting for the nightly Channel 4 News. Dr. Grant B. Bitter and his supporters from the University of Utah, who advocated for oral communication, expressed their dissatisfaction and asked Dr. Avaard Rigby, Robert G. Sanderson's boss, to stop allowing Beth Ann to interpret the news. During the meeting, Bob Sanderson, Deaf Services Coordinator; Gene Stewart, a vocational rehabilitation counselor for the deaf; and Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, the sign language interpreter, were concerned about potentially losing this service. Dr. Rigby listened to the oralist's complaints about having an interpreter on TV during the evening news. At that time, there were three main news channels, and Beth Ann was on only one of them. As a mediator, Dr. Rigby said, "Well, if you don't like watching her, why don't you change the channel?" (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3). Dr. Rigby's response angered the oral advocates, who asked him to fire Bob Sanderson, the statewide Deaf Services Coordinator and certified Deaf interpreter from the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. They were upset about Bob's role in organizing the interpretation of news in sign language. However, Dr. Rigby refused, stating that Bob was one of his best employees. Bob, Gene, and Beth Ann, along with the Utah Deaf community, were overjoyed that Dr. Rigby was on their side, demonstrating the strength of community solidarity (The Salt Lake Tribune, May 25, 1976; Porter, Ogden Standard-Examiner, October 17, 1986; Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, October 2006; Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010; Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012).
At the time, Bob Sanderson encountered difficulties gaining credibility and recognized the significant influence of academic credentials. While battling with Dr. Bitter, he felt driven to obtain a Ph.D. to gain the credibility and respect he deserved. After meeting with Dr. Rigby, Dr. Bitter, and others, Bob told his coworker Gene Stewart that having a Ph.D. after his name would make a difference. He said, "No one listens to you unless you have a Ph.D. after your name, so I'm going back to school" (Stewart, DSDHH Newsletter, April 2012, p. 3). Dr. Bitter gained significant support because of his Ph.D., whereas Bob struggled to get the same support. However, Bob's perseverance paid off, and his Ph.D. indeed made people listen to him, especially in light of the historical animosity between these two prominent giants: Dr. Bitter, who got his Ph.D. in 1967, and Dr. Sanderson, who did not receive his Ed.D. until 1974.
Beth Ann, Bob's designated interpreter, found herself in the midst of their long-standing conflict and shared her experiences at the interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010. As Bob's interpreter, she often found herself caught in the middle of their conflicting views on Deaf education. She revealed that every time she entered the room, Dr. Bitter would express his disapproval of her presence. Bob would assert, "Well, she's staying." She witnessed their initial battles, with Bob 'bugging' Dr. Bitter and Dr. Bitter trying to 'bug' back. She also mentioned that during legislative hearings, Dr. Bitter would speak as fast as he could and use big words to challenge her interpreting skills. Yet Beth Ann managed to keep up with her interpreting job, which only seemed to infuriate Dr. Bitter more. Bob would sit back while Dr. Bitter tried to unsettle him by saying, 'You can read my lips.' Bob, who lost his hearing at age 11 but could speak and read lips, ignored Dr. Bitter and continued to look at Beth Ann while she interpreted. Bob refused to give in to Dr. Bitter's challenges. Beth Ann said it was a constant battle between them. She acknowledged the ongoing conflict between oral and sign language but didn't think it was as vicious as it had been during the Sanderson and Bitter era (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010). The conflicts between oral and sign language still persist to this day, highlighting the complexity and depth of the issues in Deaf education in Utah.
During the political dispute between Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Bitter, Hannah P. Lewis, a hearing parent of a grown Deaf son, stated in 1977 that Dr. Sanderson has been a guiding light for the deaf all these years and emphasized the need for his continued support. She said, "I cannot thank him enough for all the help he has given my son throughout his growing-up years." "Thank God for a man like him" (Lewis, Deseret News, November 24, 1977, p. A4). His Ph.D. proved to be a valuable achievement. His victory over the 18-year icon president in the National Association of the Deaf presidential election was a turning point, demonstrating his courage and determination. After earning his Ph.D., he continued to advocate for the Deaf community, which led to the naming of the Deaf Center in his honor in 2003.
Beth Ann, Bob's designated interpreter, found herself in the midst of their long-standing conflict and shared her experiences at the interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010. As Bob's interpreter, she often found herself caught in the middle of their conflicting views on Deaf education. She revealed that every time she entered the room, Dr. Bitter would express his disapproval of her presence. Bob would assert, "Well, she's staying." She witnessed their initial battles, with Bob 'bugging' Dr. Bitter and Dr. Bitter trying to 'bug' back. She also mentioned that during legislative hearings, Dr. Bitter would speak as fast as he could and use big words to challenge her interpreting skills. Yet Beth Ann managed to keep up with her interpreting job, which only seemed to infuriate Dr. Bitter more. Bob would sit back while Dr. Bitter tried to unsettle him by saying, 'You can read my lips.' Bob, who lost his hearing at age 11 but could speak and read lips, ignored Dr. Bitter and continued to look at Beth Ann while she interpreted. Bob refused to give in to Dr. Bitter's challenges. Beth Ann said it was a constant battle between them. She acknowledged the ongoing conflict between oral and sign language but didn't think it was as vicious as it had been during the Sanderson and Bitter era (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell Interview, YouTube, October 15, 2010). The conflicts between oral and sign language still persist to this day, highlighting the complexity and depth of the issues in Deaf education in Utah.
During the political dispute between Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Bitter, Hannah P. Lewis, a hearing parent of a grown Deaf son, stated in 1977 that Dr. Sanderson has been a guiding light for the deaf all these years and emphasized the need for his continued support. She said, "I cannot thank him enough for all the help he has given my son throughout his growing-up years." "Thank God for a man like him" (Lewis, Deseret News, November 24, 1977, p. A4). His Ph.D. proved to be a valuable achievement. His victory over the 18-year icon president in the National Association of the Deaf presidential election was a turning point, demonstrating his courage and determination. After earning his Ph.D., he continued to advocate for the Deaf community, which led to the naming of the Deaf Center in his honor in 2003.
Bob Sanderson was the first Deaf person in Utah to receive a doctorate. His determination to succeed and belief in his capabilities led him to become the first Deaf person at BYU and Utah to receive a Doctorate in Educational Administration degree in 1974. He was also the first Deaf graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf and the only Deaf person in Utah to earn a doctorate (Deseret News, September 26, 2003). His unique position, as the only Deaf person in Utah to earn a doctorate, was a testament to his pioneering spirit and determination, inspiring others to follow in his footsteps.
Dr. Sanderson, who was not a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, requested Lloyd Perkins, bishop of the Salt Lake Valley Ward for the Deaf, and Kenneth Kinner, branch president of the Ogden Branch for the Deaf, to ask church members to write thank-you notes to Channel 4 News for providing an interpreter on their news program during a dispute with Dr. Bitter.
From 1971 to 1980, Beth Ann volunteered as an interpreter for Channel 4 News, and the Utah Deaf community remembered seeing her on the news (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992).
From 1971 to 1980, Beth Ann volunteered as an interpreter for Channel 4 News, and the Utah Deaf community remembered seeing her on the news (Campbell, UAD Bulletin, March 1992).
Meet Beth Ann Campbell, a Trailblazing Interpreter in the Utah Deaf Community, in the Interpreter In-Service Training at Salt Lake Community College
During our interpreting workshop at Salt Lake Community College on October 15, 2010, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a family friend of my colleague Julie Hesterman Smith, who is the Interpreter Manager of the SLCC's Accessibility and Disability Services, shared valuable insights. Beth Ann, a Child of Deaf Adult (CODA), grew up in a Deaf family, which gave her a strong understanding of sign language, leading her to become the first nationally certified Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) interpreter. Her experiences as the director of the Utah Community Center for the Deaf, as well as her insights into the origins of the ASL interpreting profession, were incredibly important. Having her share her journey and perspective with us was a privilege.
We are very grateful to Beth Ann for her inspiring advocacy for the Utah Deaf community. Her experiences as an interpreter during the pre-Americans with Disabilities Act era, her firsthand experience with the Deaf education battles during the Bitter/Sanderson era, and her continued advocacy were truly enlightening. Unfortunately, I was unable to attend her workshop due to personal reasons. I want to express my heartfelt thanks to Julie Hesterman Smith, my co-worker, for hosting the workshop and making Beth Ann's presentation accessible to me.
Finally, Beth Ann's insights into the interpreting world were invaluable. It was a privilege to have her share her journey and perspective. Getting to know her in person was also a privilege and an honor. We recommend activating captions while watching the video recording of her presentation.
Thank you, Beth Ann, for interpreting and advocating for our causes!
Jodi Becker Kinner
We are very grateful to Beth Ann for her inspiring advocacy for the Utah Deaf community. Her experiences as an interpreter during the pre-Americans with Disabilities Act era, her firsthand experience with the Deaf education battles during the Bitter/Sanderson era, and her continued advocacy were truly enlightening. Unfortunately, I was unable to attend her workshop due to personal reasons. I want to express my heartfelt thanks to Julie Hesterman Smith, my co-worker, for hosting the workshop and making Beth Ann's presentation accessible to me.
Finally, Beth Ann's insights into the interpreting world were invaluable. It was a privilege to have her share her journey and perspective. Getting to know her in person was also a privilege and an honor. We recommend activating captions while watching the video recording of her presentation.
Thank you, Beth Ann, for interpreting and advocating for our causes!
Jodi Becker Kinner
The National Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf
Becomes Incorporated
Becomes Incorporated
In 1972, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established as an officially recognized organization dedicated to upholding the standards, ethics, and professionalism of interpreters. A significant milestone occurred in 1990 with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which expanded access to interpreting services. This legislation made these services more widely available in schools, colleges, universities, government organizations, hospitals, court systems, and private businesses.
A Workshop to Train
Interpreters for the Deaf
Interpreters for the Deaf
Robert G. Sanderson played a crucial role in expanding interpreting services for the Deaf community in Utah despite his conflicts with Dr. Grant B. Bitter. On May 6, 1972, the Divisions of Adult Education, Training, and Vocational Rehabilitation held a workshop titled "Training Deaf Interpreters." Esteemed speakers at the workshop included Ralph Neesam, president of the National Registry of Deaf Interpreters; Dr. Ray L. Jones, director of the Leadership Training Program for the Deaf at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California; and Robert E. Bevill, a consumer consultant at the University of Arizona. They provided valuable insights to enhance professionalism among oral and sign language interpreters. The workshop focused on certification standards and procedures, evaluation methods, training experiences, fee schedules, and the interpersonal relationships between Deaf individuals and interpreters, as well as among interpreters themselves (UAD Bulletin, June 1972).
This movement may have inspired Dr. Bitter to establish the Utah Registry of Oral Interpreters in 1981. His commitment to oral interpreting and education was evident through his nationwide public appearances, which included workshops for oral interpreters at the University of Cincinnati and the University of Utah (Bitter, Summary Report for Tenure, 1985; Bitter, Utah's Hearing-Impaired Children...At High Risk, 1986).
This movement may have inspired Dr. Bitter to establish the Utah Registry of Oral Interpreters in 1981. His commitment to oral interpreting and education was evident through his nationwide public appearances, which included workshops for oral interpreters at the University of Cincinnati and the University of Utah (Bitter, Summary Report for Tenure, 1985; Bitter, Utah's Hearing-Impaired Children...At High Risk, 1986).
Betty Johnson Jones, a Child of Deaf Adults (CODA) and the spouse of a Deaf husband, Von Jones, is a pioneer in the field of interpreting. She recalls a significant moment in 1972 when she was one of the first five or six individuals to receive interpreting certification in Utah. Betty vividly remembers the certification exam, which took place in a room with a black-and-white movie screen and an old reel-to-reel projector. This recollection highlights her perseverance and dedication (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 15, 2024). Betty's personal narrative not only highlights a significant moment in Utah's interpreting history but also showcases her unwavering dedication to the profession.
When Robert G. Sanderson advocated for the expansion of interpreting services in Utah, Betty Johnson Jones, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Lucy McMills Greenwood, and many others united as a community to fight for pay raises for interpreters. They were joined by members of the Utah Deaf community, who picketed in front of Dr. Sanderson's office to draw the attention of the Mayor of Salt Lake City and the Governor of Utah. At that time, interpreters, regardless of their certification level, were earning only $5 an hour. This pay rate remained unchanged until Betty intervened with Dr. Sanderson's support (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024). Her role was not just crucial, but it was the driving force behind the successful advocacy that led to the approval of a pay raise.
Betty shared that one of the most challenging aspects of working full-time as an interpreter was the lack of benefits. She dedicated fifteen to twenty years working in the extension program at the Utah School for the Deaf but never received any benefits or a 401K contribution. Fortunately, her spouse, Von Jones, had good benefits at the time. However, after her retirement and the passing of her spouse, Betty found herself without any personal income. These were issues she had never anticipated during her years of service (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024). Despite her financial situation, she is greatly appreciated for her dedication and commitment to the interpreting community and the Utah Deaf community.
When Robert G. Sanderson advocated for the expansion of interpreting services in Utah, Betty Johnson Jones, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Lucy McMills Greenwood, and many others united as a community to fight for pay raises for interpreters. They were joined by members of the Utah Deaf community, who picketed in front of Dr. Sanderson's office to draw the attention of the Mayor of Salt Lake City and the Governor of Utah. At that time, interpreters, regardless of their certification level, were earning only $5 an hour. This pay rate remained unchanged until Betty intervened with Dr. Sanderson's support (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024). Her role was not just crucial, but it was the driving force behind the successful advocacy that led to the approval of a pay raise.
Betty shared that one of the most challenging aspects of working full-time as an interpreter was the lack of benefits. She dedicated fifteen to twenty years working in the extension program at the Utah School for the Deaf but never received any benefits or a 401K contribution. Fortunately, her spouse, Von Jones, had good benefits at the time. However, after her retirement and the passing of her spouse, Betty found herself without any personal income. These were issues she had never anticipated during her years of service (Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024). Despite her financial situation, she is greatly appreciated for her dedication and commitment to the interpreting community and the Utah Deaf community.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's Observations on the National and State Registry of Deaf Interpreters and Its Impact on the Utah Deaf Community
In the June 1973 issue of the UAD Bulletin, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell sparked an important discussion about the role of interpreters and their profession. Her article offers valuable insights into the interpreting community of the 1970s, a time when the dynamics were significantly different from those of today. This piece remains an essential part of interpreting history, connecting the audience to their past and illustrating the evolution of their profession.
In her article, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell seeks to enhance the appreciation and respect for the vital role interpreters play within the Utah Deaf community. She emphasizes the importance of recognizing their responsibilities and the courtesy they deserve. This discussion is not only of historical significance but is also relevant to everyone in the community, including interpreters and those interested in Deaf culture and interpreting ethics.
At the time, certified interpreters were required to work as professionals and adhere to the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID). Beth Ann Stewart Campbell observed changes in the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community since the establishment of RID in 1964 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1968. She noted that the new professional status of interpreters had nearly turned them into machines, causing them to lose their own identity, thoughts, feelings, and opinions.
However, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed if interpreters became unthinking and unfeeling machines, they would forfeit their ability to be warm, loving, and understanding individuals. She reminded everyone that interpreters are, first and foremost, friends to Deaf individuals when they are not interpreting. This emphasizes the importance of personal connection and mutual respect between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community, making interpreters feel valued and integral to the community.
Interpreters should accept Deaf people as they are and attend to their needs when not interpreting. According to Beth Ann, before the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, interpreters volunteered their services. She also pointed out that discussing monetary compensation for services between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer could be sensitive. She emphasized that interpreters should not accept payment if it would create a financial burden for the Deaf consumers who rely on their support.
In her article, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell seeks to enhance the appreciation and respect for the vital role interpreters play within the Utah Deaf community. She emphasizes the importance of recognizing their responsibilities and the courtesy they deserve. This discussion is not only of historical significance but is also relevant to everyone in the community, including interpreters and those interested in Deaf culture and interpreting ethics.
At the time, certified interpreters were required to work as professionals and adhere to the Code of Ethics, later renamed the Code of Professional Conduct by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID). Beth Ann Stewart Campbell observed changes in the relationship between interpreters and members of the Utah Deaf community since the establishment of RID in 1964 and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1968. She noted that the new professional status of interpreters had nearly turned them into machines, causing them to lose their own identity, thoughts, feelings, and opinions.
However, Beth Ann recognized that the Utah Deaf community believed if interpreters became unthinking and unfeeling machines, they would forfeit their ability to be warm, loving, and understanding individuals. She reminded everyone that interpreters are, first and foremost, friends to Deaf individuals when they are not interpreting. This emphasizes the importance of personal connection and mutual respect between interpreters and the Utah Deaf community, making interpreters feel valued and integral to the community.
Interpreters should accept Deaf people as they are and attend to their needs when not interpreting. According to Beth Ann, before the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, interpreters volunteered their services. She also pointed out that discussing monetary compensation for services between the interpreter and the Deaf consumer could be sensitive. She emphasized that interpreters should not accept payment if it would create a financial burden for the Deaf consumers who rely on their support.
Before providing interpreting services, Beth Ann advised that interpreters negotiate and agree on the fee with the Deaf consumer. If an interpreter believes they cannot offer interpreting services without charging a fee, they should evaluate whether the task requires monetary compensation from the Deaf consumer. Beth Ann expressed concern that if the Deaf consumer perceives the cost as excessive, it could undermine trust between the interpreter and the consumer. When the Deaf consumer communicates that they cannot afford to pay, the interpreter may find it difficult to expect payment.
Beth Ann acknowledged that some Deaf individuals might take interpreters for granted or elevate them to an unrealistic status. She reminded interpreters of their unique opportunity to serve and the privilege of using their interpreting skills, emphasizing the importance of their role in facilitating communication for Deaf individuals within the broader world.
Beth Ann emphasized the crucial role that interpreters play in the lives of Deaf individuals, as acknowledged by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. To protect the safety and well-being of both Deaf individuals and interpreters, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) established a code of ethics. This code aims to ensure that Deaf individuals have the same right to communication as hearing individuals while highlighting the high ethical standards expected of interpreters (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In her discussion about the impact of the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf on the Utah Deaf community, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell underscored the importance of professional standards and how interpreters' ethical conduct significantly affects the community. This message resonated with the audience, inspiring a sense of responsibility and commitment to their profession.
Beth Ann acknowledged that some Deaf individuals might take interpreters for granted or elevate them to an unrealistic status. She reminded interpreters of their unique opportunity to serve and the privilege of using their interpreting skills, emphasizing the importance of their role in facilitating communication for Deaf individuals within the broader world.
Beth Ann emphasized the crucial role that interpreters play in the lives of Deaf individuals, as acknowledged by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. To protect the safety and well-being of both Deaf individuals and interpreters, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) established a code of ethics. This code aims to ensure that Deaf individuals have the same right to communication as hearing individuals while highlighting the high ethical standards expected of interpreters (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, UAD Bulletin, June 1973).
In her discussion about the impact of the National and State Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf on the Utah Deaf community, Beth Ann Stewart Campbell underscored the importance of professional standards and how interpreters' ethical conduct significantly affects the community. This message resonated with the audience, inspiring a sense of responsibility and commitment to their profession.
Meet Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a Trailblazing Interpreter in the Utah Deaf Community
On July 18, 2024, in an interview with Cody Simonsen, a CODA, interpreter, and co-founder of the Five Stars Interpreting agency, 86-year-old Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, a CODA, shared candid and vulnerable details about her personal and professional experiences advocating for the Utah Deaf community. She provided valuable insight into the interpreting community when its dynamics were markedly different from today's.
Beth Ann spoke and used sign language simultaneously with great respect. The inclusion of earlier sign language, a historical form of sign language, added a captivating dimension to the interview and provided unique insight into the evolution of sign language.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Beth Ann for her invaluable participation in the interview, as well as to Cody Simonsen for his exceptional conduct. We greatly appreciate their contributions.
Jodi Becker Kinner
Beth Ann spoke and used sign language simultaneously with great respect. The inclusion of earlier sign language, a historical form of sign language, added a captivating dimension to the interview and provided unique insight into the evolution of sign language.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Beth Ann for her invaluable participation in the interview, as well as to Cody Simonsen for his exceptional conduct. We greatly appreciate their contributions.
Jodi Becker Kinner
Utah's First Deaf Interpreting Service
For many years, interpreters volunteered to interpret without pay, making significant contributions to the Utah Deaf community. In an interview on August 5, 2024, Jean Thomas Greenwood shared that her Aunt Eva Alice Prudence Fowler, born on March 1, 1911, never received payment for her interpreting work and provided interpretation services for the Utah Deaf community from 1927 to 1965, leaving a lasting impact that influenced future interpreters such as Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Madelaine Burton Perkins, Annette Thorup Tull, and Betty Johnson Jones. Eva also trained several individuals, including Madeline Burton Perkins and Jean Kinnet. Eva never received compensation for her significant contributions. The police frequently sought her out for court, jail, and hospital visits without prior notice, which is a testament to the demand for her skills and the profound impact of her work on the community (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2014).
Lucy Pearl McMills Greenwood, Eva's younger sister, was a shining example of selflessness and dedication. Born on November 24, 1919, she began interpreting for her parents at the age of ten, mainly for her father, John Wallace McMills' McMills Shoe Repair Shop. Her professional interpreting journey began in 1936, both as a volunteer and for pay, and continued until 2008. Her first paid interpreting job was for G. Leon Curtis, one of Utah's prominent Deaf leaders, in the late 1960s at Weber State College, which later became a university. This milestone marked a significant advancement in the history of interpreting services, underscoring the growing recognition of the importance of interpreters in the community. Remarkably, Lucy worked for thirty years without receiving any pay, a testament to her selflessness and strong sense of duty. Gene Stewart, a vocational rehabilitation counselor, frequently reminded Jean to ask her mother, Lucy, to send invoices for her paychecks (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2014). Over time, Eva and Lucy became well-known interpreters in Utah (UAD Bulletin, February 1972).
Lucy Pearl McMills Greenwood, Eva's younger sister, was a shining example of selflessness and dedication. Born on November 24, 1919, she began interpreting for her parents at the age of ten, mainly for her father, John Wallace McMills' McMills Shoe Repair Shop. Her professional interpreting journey began in 1936, both as a volunteer and for pay, and continued until 2008. Her first paid interpreting job was for G. Leon Curtis, one of Utah's prominent Deaf leaders, in the late 1960s at Weber State College, which later became a university. This milestone marked a significant advancement in the history of interpreting services, underscoring the growing recognition of the importance of interpreters in the community. Remarkably, Lucy worked for thirty years without receiving any pay, a testament to her selflessness and strong sense of duty. Gene Stewart, a vocational rehabilitation counselor, frequently reminded Jean to ask her mother, Lucy, to send invoices for her paychecks (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2014). Over time, Eva and Lucy became well-known interpreters in Utah (UAD Bulletin, February 1972).
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson noted that, over time, payment for interpreter services became a significant issue. The demand for interpreters quickly exceeded the amount of time volunteers were willing to contribute out of goodwill. As interpreters faced increasing requirements for skills and certification tests, the nature of the work shifted from a voluntary activity to a professional job, necessitating that they begin earning money for their services (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson noticed that interpreting was both mentally and physically demanding. A key question that arose was who would be responsible for paying for these services and how much they would cost. Additionally, concerns were expressed about travel time and mileage, as the rising cost of gas would necessitate reimbursement (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In an interview, Jean Greenwood Thomas discussed how the Utah Association for the Deaf developed interpreting services. She shared the personal story of Betty Johnson Jones, the child of a Deaf adult and an interpreter, who played a key role in starting this initiative. Betty needed money to cover her gas and babysitting costs, but Deaf people couldn't afford her services. The Utah Association for the Deaf recognized the essential role of interpreters and took action to assist Betty and others in similar situations. By providing payment for interpreting services, they alleviated the financial burden on the Utah Deaf community and demonstrated their appreciation for the invaluable contributions of interpreters (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).
In the 1970s, the Utah Association for the Deaf addressed a significant need in the community by securing funding from the United Way of the Greater Salt Lake Area, a non-profit organization that supports various community initiatives. This funding was crucial in establishing Utah's first sign language interpreting service, which offered compensation to professional interpreters. The United Way's support was instrumental in this major advancement in Deaf advocacy, serving as a model for similar efforts nationwide (UAD Bulletin, June 1995; September 1996; January 1999). The first two full-time interpreters were hired to serve the Salt Lake Valley, and the UAD office was located at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful, Utah (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson observed that this approach was effective for a time. However, the UAD volunteer officers soon became overwhelmed by the extensive paperwork required by United Way. They spent hours traveling, interpreting, sitting in the office, and preparing reports. Additionally, they had to account for time spent on the telephone, track the number of clients served and their locations, document mileage, and detail the areas they served, with every item needing justification (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Furthermore, the United Way raised concerns about the necessity of paying interpreters while they were in the office. This created difficulties in explaining that the situation was similar to paying firefighters who are on standby for emergency calls. Ultimately, the lingering question was: why pay firefighters?
The United Way viewed this issue as a broader problem that needed to be addressed through state legislation or by a state agency. In response, the UAD requested that the Office of Rehabilitation Services, specifically the Division of Services to the Deaf, take over this responsibility. To their relief, the office agreed, providing a sense of reassurance. Reflecting on this decision, Dr. Sanderson believed it was a positive move, as both interpreting services and the UAD were able to continue functioning successfully (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson noticed that interpreting was both mentally and physically demanding. A key question that arose was who would be responsible for paying for these services and how much they would cost. Additionally, concerns were expressed about travel time and mileage, as the rising cost of gas would necessitate reimbursement (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In an interview, Jean Greenwood Thomas discussed how the Utah Association for the Deaf developed interpreting services. She shared the personal story of Betty Johnson Jones, the child of a Deaf adult and an interpreter, who played a key role in starting this initiative. Betty needed money to cover her gas and babysitting costs, but Deaf people couldn't afford her services. The Utah Association for the Deaf recognized the essential role of interpreters and took action to assist Betty and others in similar situations. By providing payment for interpreting services, they alleviated the financial burden on the Utah Deaf community and demonstrated their appreciation for the invaluable contributions of interpreters (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).
In the 1970s, the Utah Association for the Deaf addressed a significant need in the community by securing funding from the United Way of the Greater Salt Lake Area, a non-profit organization that supports various community initiatives. This funding was crucial in establishing Utah's first sign language interpreting service, which offered compensation to professional interpreters. The United Way's support was instrumental in this major advancement in Deaf advocacy, serving as a model for similar efforts nationwide (UAD Bulletin, June 1995; September 1996; January 1999). The first two full-time interpreters were hired to serve the Salt Lake Valley, and the UAD office was located at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful, Utah (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson observed that this approach was effective for a time. However, the UAD volunteer officers soon became overwhelmed by the extensive paperwork required by United Way. They spent hours traveling, interpreting, sitting in the office, and preparing reports. Additionally, they had to account for time spent on the telephone, track the number of clients served and their locations, document mileage, and detail the areas they served, with every item needing justification (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Furthermore, the United Way raised concerns about the necessity of paying interpreters while they were in the office. This created difficulties in explaining that the situation was similar to paying firefighters who are on standby for emergency calls. Ultimately, the lingering question was: why pay firefighters?
The United Way viewed this issue as a broader problem that needed to be addressed through state legislation or by a state agency. In response, the UAD requested that the Office of Rehabilitation Services, specifically the Division of Services to the Deaf, take over this responsibility. To their relief, the office agreed, providing a sense of reassurance. Reflecting on this decision, Dr. Sanderson believed it was a positive move, as both interpreting services and the UAD were able to continue functioning successfully (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Expansion of Utah Certified Interpreters
Since the establishment of the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, the interpreting services have continued to expand, leaving a significant and far-reaching impact. On November 16, 1974, thirteen interpreters from Utah successfully passed the state certification exam for the Utah Registry of Interpreters. Among them were Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, Betty Johnson Jones, Madeleine Burton Perkins, and Lucy McMills Greenwood, who were renowned interpreters with local and national certifications. Notably, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen, who were both Deaf, played a crucial and pioneering role in this history. They became the first Deaf individuals in Utah to achieve state certification as reverse interpreters, a significant milestone in the field (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).
Dr. Sanderson noted that while Deaf individuals can recognize a skilled signer, they often find it difficult to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the conveyed message. This observation led the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and the National Association of the Deaf to create testing programs for interpreters. The testing process was rigorous, involving watching videos on TV monitors. A major challenge was reaching interpreters and Deaf individuals who lived far from the organizations' headquarters. This situation underscored both organizations' commitment to professionalism and the importance of providing high-quality interpreting services, as one solution was to hold a national test and certification workshop to develop a core group of trained interpreters. These interpreters could then travel to various states to administer tests and train others in the testing process. Dr. Sanderson attended one of the first workshops as a candidate, gaining insight into the rigorous standards set for interpreters (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
During the testing process, the term "Deaf interpreter" was used to describe situations where hearing interpreters had difficulty understanding a specific Deaf individual. The test involved watching videos on TV monitors, and the first video featured a young Deaf man with an expressionless face who was rapidly fingerspelling. This experience humbled Dr. Sanderson. Although he passed the exam, he recognized he was not suited to be a professional interpreter. Nevertheless, this realization highlighted the importance of understanding and respect in the field—values Dr. Sanderson upheld (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Dr. Sanderson noted that while Deaf individuals can recognize a skilled signer, they often find it difficult to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the conveyed message. This observation led the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and the National Association of the Deaf to create testing programs for interpreters. The testing process was rigorous, involving watching videos on TV monitors. A major challenge was reaching interpreters and Deaf individuals who lived far from the organizations' headquarters. This situation underscored both organizations' commitment to professionalism and the importance of providing high-quality interpreting services, as one solution was to hold a national test and certification workshop to develop a core group of trained interpreters. These interpreters could then travel to various states to administer tests and train others in the testing process. Dr. Sanderson attended one of the first workshops as a candidate, gaining insight into the rigorous standards set for interpreters (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
During the testing process, the term "Deaf interpreter" was used to describe situations where hearing interpreters had difficulty understanding a specific Deaf individual. The test involved watching videos on TV monitors, and the first video featured a young Deaf man with an expressionless face who was rapidly fingerspelling. This experience humbled Dr. Sanderson. Although he passed the exam, he recognized he was not suited to be a professional interpreter. Nevertheless, this realization highlighted the importance of understanding and respect in the field—values Dr. Sanderson upheld (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
The Establishment of the Utah Registry
of Interpreters for the Deaf in Provo, Utah
of Interpreters for the Deaf in Provo, Utah
Since its inception in 1968 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has expanded to include more interpreters, which led to the formation of the Provo chapter in 1975. The chapter began with twenty-three members, with Emil Bussio acting as its first president (UAD Bulletin, June 1975). This chapter was later closed for unknown reasons.
The Reestablishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
for the State of Utah
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
for the State of Utah
The Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf has conducted annual training workshops since its inception in 1968. These workshops aimed to provide knowledge and skills to trained interpreters, enabling them to pass state certification exams. Over the years, these workshops covered a comprehensive range of topics, including the Code of Ethics, preparation for the State Certification Examination, Reverse Interpreting, Interpreting Complexities: Role and Function of the Interpreter, The Oral Interpreter: A New Professional, and many other relevant topics (UAD Bulletin, July 1976).
The interpreters still receive these trainings today, essential for their growth and skills to meet the accessibility needs of the Utah Deaf community.
The interpreters still receive these trainings today, essential for their growth and skills to meet the accessibility needs of the Utah Deaf community.
The Role of the Utah Association for the Deaf
In the Interpreting Service
In the Interpreting Service
The Utah Association for the Deaf plays a significant role in providing interpreting services. Their commitment ensures effective communication access for the Deaf community, enhancing both personal and professional interactions.
W. David Mortensen, also known as Dave, has been a steadfast friend and supporter of interpreters over the years, carrying on the work that Dr. Sanderson started. As the President of the Utah Association for the Deaf, he held several leadership positions that significantly influenced how interpreters approach their work. Thanks to Dave's vision and leadership, interpreters began to recognize the importance of providing high-quality interpretations and developed a deep respect for the Utah Deaf community, making them feel valued and appreciated. Long-time interpreters were excited to have the chance to collaborate with him. During important meetings, he not only led discussions but also personally mentored interpreters, offering them valuable feedback and guidance. Dave's unwavering commitment to the interpretation profession and the Utah Deaf community has created numerous opportunities for interpreters to receive training.
W. David Mortensen, also known as Dave, has been a steadfast friend and supporter of interpreters over the years, carrying on the work that Dr. Sanderson started. As the President of the Utah Association for the Deaf, he held several leadership positions that significantly influenced how interpreters approach their work. Thanks to Dave's vision and leadership, interpreters began to recognize the importance of providing high-quality interpretations and developed a deep respect for the Utah Deaf community, making them feel valued and appreciated. Long-time interpreters were excited to have the chance to collaborate with him. During important meetings, he not only led discussions but also personally mentored interpreters, offering them valuable feedback and guidance. Dave's unwavering commitment to the interpretation profession and the Utah Deaf community has created numerous opportunities for interpreters to receive training.
In 1982, Dave Mortensen, the president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, secured funding from the Salt Lake Area Community Council for an interpreting project. This funding enabled the Utah Association for the Deaf to employ two full-time interpreters from the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to serve the entire state. Dave's unwavering commitment and persuasive efforts were instrumental in laying the foundation for professional interpreting in Utah (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).
However, the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, claiming the issue was statewide, forced the Utah Association for the Deaf to cancel the interpreting project. Dave's dedication to improving interpreting services remained steadfast. He continued championing the cause, lobbying the state legislature, and serving on legislative committees focused on sign language and interpreting issues (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).
However, the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, claiming the issue was statewide, forced the Utah Association for the Deaf to cancel the interpreting project. Dave's dedication to improving interpreting services remained steadfast. He continued championing the cause, lobbying the state legislature, and serving on legislative committees focused on sign language and interpreting issues (UAD Bulletin, July 2003).
The First Training Program
for Interpreters
for Interpreters
Despite facing challenges with the Salt Lake Area Community Services Council, the Utah Association for the Deaf remained determined in its efforts to establish interpreting services in Utah. In 1983, the Utah Association for the Deaf, in collaboration with the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, played a crucial role in making significant progress in the field of interpreter training. Together, they established Utah's first interpreter training program and developed the first testing and certification processes for interpreters in the country (Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, September 1996, p. 1–3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999).
The 1993 legislative session marked a pivotal moment in the recognition of qualified interpreters. Thanks to the advocacy of the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah State Legislature passed the groundbreaking 'Interpreters for the Deaf' bill. This law not only formally acknowledges the use of qualified interpreters in legal settings, such as courtrooms, doctor's offices, and hospitals, but also ensures the confidentiality of any interpreted communications, a significant step forward in accessibility rights (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The 1993 legislative session marked a pivotal moment in the recognition of qualified interpreters. Thanks to the advocacy of the Utah Association for the Deaf, the Utah State Legislature passed the groundbreaking 'Interpreters for the Deaf' bill. This law not only formally acknowledges the use of qualified interpreters in legal settings, such as courtrooms, doctor's offices, and hospitals, but also ensures the confidentiality of any interpreted communications, a significant step forward in accessibility rights (UAD Bulletin, June 1995, p. 3; Sanderson, UAD Bulletin, October 1999, p. 1 & 3; UAD Bulletin, January 2003, p. 3).
The Utah Interpreting Program is Formed
For quite some time, the Utah Division of Rehabilitation played a vital role in supporting and overseeing the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. Their commitment was essential in developing interpreting services throughout Utah. In the 1980s, the Utah Division of Rehabilitation appointed individuals outside the organization to manage the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).
In addition, in 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community sought interpreting services from two different agencies. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful provided the first service, while Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City offered the second. Deaf individuals required interpreting services for various activities, including court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events. During that time, they were responsible for arranging their own interpreters by calling ahead (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
The Utah Division of Rehabilitation initially managed interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities. However, in 1990, the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH) assumed these responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).
In May 1992, under the supervision of newly hired Mitch Jensen, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP), which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community (UAD Bulletin, June 1992).
In addition, in 1985, members of the Utah Deaf community sought interpreting services from two different agencies. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf in Bountiful provided the first service, while Salt Lake County Mental Health in Salt Lake City offered the second. Deaf individuals required interpreting services for various activities, including court appearances, doctor's appointments, job interviews, and other events. During that time, they were responsible for arranging their own interpreters by calling ahead (UAD Bulletin, February 1985).
The Utah Division of Rehabilitation initially managed interpreter training, referral, and certification responsibilities. However, in 1990, the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DSDHH) assumed these responsibilities (Gene Stewart, UAD Bulletin, September 1990).
In May 1992, under the supervision of newly hired Mitch Jensen, the DSDHH established the Utah Interpreting Program (UIP), which scheduled and dispatched interpreters for the Utah Deaf community (UAD Bulletin, June 1992).
The passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 facilitated the establishment of several interpreting agencies, including the InterWest Interpreting Agency, ASL Communication Interpreting Agency, and Five Star Interpreting Agency, which provide interpreting services to the Utah Deaf community. The ADA has had a significant impact on interpreting services nationwide, ensuring "effective communication" and eliminating barriers by requiring the provision of auxiliary aids and services when needed. This legislation has dramatically improved the accessibility and quality of interpreting services for the Deaf community.
The Impact of the
Americans with Disabilities Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
For many years, there was no legislation addressing accessibility issues for the Deaf community. This meant that Deaf individuals couldn't access sign language interpreters. With the passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, access to doctors' and dentists' appointments became easier for Deaf individuals, significantly improving their quality of life. The ADA also made meetings more accessible by providing interpreting services. The positive impact of this law on the lives of Deaf individuals is truly inspiring and gives hope for a more inclusive future.
Despite the Americans with Disabilities Act coming into effect in 1990, the road to accessibility was not smooth. Healthcare providers initially faced significant challenges in meeting the requirements, including covering the cost of interpreting services. In 1992, Mitch Jensen, the director of the Utah Interpreting Program at the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, believed that the ADA would have a significant impact on Utah Interpreting Services. This federal statute required doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992). Mitch's prediction came true when 19 out of 21 doctors informed him that they would no longer serve Deaf patients if an interpreter were required. In November 1992, Utah Interpreter Services, part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors that it would no longer provide free interpreters. Under these circumstances, interpreters cost doctors and other healthcare providers between $10 and $25 per hour. According to the Salt Lake Tribune, Mitch said that refusal violates the Americans with Disabilities Act (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch stressed the crucial role of the Americans with Disabilities Act in ensuring that healthcare providers facilitate effective communication with their Deaf patients. The medical staff was required to provide an interpreter at no cost to a Deaf patient upon request. Tamara Wharton, the ADA ombudsman for the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities, reiterated that refusing to serve Deaf patients is not just a matter of cost but a clear act of discrimination and a violation of their rights. Dr. Robert H. Horne, a surgeon, argued that burdening doctors with the cost of providing interpreters is unfair. Tamara clarified that auxiliary services, including interpreters, are tax-deductible and aim to remove communication barriers and provide equal access to services for all individuals, including those with disabilities (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Despite the Americans with Disabilities Act coming into effect in 1990, the road to accessibility was not smooth. Healthcare providers initially faced significant challenges in meeting the requirements, including covering the cost of interpreting services. In 1992, Mitch Jensen, the director of the Utah Interpreting Program at the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, believed that the ADA would have a significant impact on Utah Interpreting Services. This federal statute required doctors, lawyers, and other private and public services to pay for interpreting services (Stewart, UAD Bulletin, May 1992). Mitch's prediction came true when 19 out of 21 doctors informed him that they would no longer serve Deaf patients if an interpreter were required. In November 1992, Utah Interpreter Services, part of the state Office of Rehabilitation, informed doctors that it would no longer provide free interpreters. Under these circumstances, interpreters cost doctors and other healthcare providers between $10 and $25 per hour. According to the Salt Lake Tribune, Mitch said that refusal violates the Americans with Disabilities Act (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Mitch stressed the crucial role of the Americans with Disabilities Act in ensuring that healthcare providers facilitate effective communication with their Deaf patients. The medical staff was required to provide an interpreter at no cost to a Deaf patient upon request. Tamara Wharton, the ADA ombudsman for the Governor's Council for People with Disabilities, reiterated that refusing to serve Deaf patients is not just a matter of cost but a clear act of discrimination and a violation of their rights. Dr. Robert H. Horne, a surgeon, argued that burdening doctors with the cost of providing interpreters is unfair. Tamara clarified that auxiliary services, including interpreters, are tax-deductible and aim to remove communication barriers and provide equal access to services for all individuals, including those with disabilities (Wilson, The Salt Lake Tribune, December 25, 1992).
Questions from the Utah Deaf Community on the Americans with Disabilities Act
The Utah Deaf community encountered a major challenge in February 1993 when doctors refused to cover interpreting services in Utah. This decision caused confusion and concern among Deaf individuals, making them question the potential impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on their lives. They wondered if the ADA could empower them and how they could benefit from it. In response to these uncertainties, Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, reassured the community that the ADA had significant implications, potentially providing Deaf individuals with the same opportunities as those enjoyed by the hearing. In the February 1993 issue of the UAD Bulletin, he outlined these implications, instilling hope and optimism in the community as follows:
Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that doctors and lawyers were unwilling to pay for interpreting services. As a result, the Utah Interpreter Program contacted all doctors and lawyers and informed them that the ADA required them to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Despite opposition from some, Mitch hoped that over time, many would comprehend this law and provide the necessary communication that members of the Utah Deaf community deserve. Additionally, he underlined that the ADA process would only work if the Utah Deaf community engaged and informed others about their needs and requirements (UAD Bulletin, February 1993).
In April 1993, the positive impact of the ADA was becoming increasingly evident. More businesses and public places were providing interpreters for Deaf individuals upon request, leading to decreased calls from the Deaf community. Conversely, there was an increase in calls from those needing interpreters for Deaf individuals, indicating a shift in the responsibility of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing. Mitch Jensen viewed this as a testament to the ADA's effectiveness, as reported in the DSDHH Newsletter of April 1993.
- It allows you to attend classes that you would have otherwise been unable to attend because no interpreter was available.
- It allows you to see your doctor, dentist, and lawyer and communicate in the same way that hearing people do, using an interpreter or other assistive aids.
- It allows you to participate in a legislative process you may have previously been exempt from because you were unable to communicate with those involved.
- It allows you to serve on jury duty and have the same opportunities that hearing individuals have.
Mitch informed the Utah Deaf community that doctors and lawyers were unwilling to pay for interpreting services. As a result, the Utah Interpreter Program contacted all doctors and lawyers and informed them that the ADA required them to provide an interpreter for a Deaf individual attending their appointments. Despite opposition from some, Mitch hoped that over time, many would comprehend this law and provide the necessary communication that members of the Utah Deaf community deserve. Additionally, he underlined that the ADA process would only work if the Utah Deaf community engaged and informed others about their needs and requirements (UAD Bulletin, February 1993).
In April 1993, the positive impact of the ADA was becoming increasingly evident. More businesses and public places were providing interpreters for Deaf individuals upon request, leading to decreased calls from the Deaf community. Conversely, there was an increase in calls from those needing interpreters for Deaf individuals, indicating a shift in the responsibility of finding and providing interpreters from the Deaf to the hearing. Mitch Jensen viewed this as a testament to the ADA's effectiveness, as reported in the DSDHH Newsletter of April 1993.
The Establishment of the
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
On September 26, 1992, a special meeting was held at the Utah Community Center for the Deaf to address the challenges faced by the interpreting community, including the closure of the previous Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID). This closure resulted from internal conflicts, strife, and interpreter egos (Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, July 18, 2024). In response to the Utah Deaf community's communication accessibility needs, a new affiliate was established: the Utah State Chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. The renaming of this organization from URID to UTRID marked a significant step towards a brighter future for the community, and UTRID continues to operate effectively today.
The main mission of UTRID was to bring together the interpreter community in Utah. This unity was essential to the organization's objectives, as it aimed to professionalize the field of interpretation and enhance the relationship between interpreters and the Deaf community in Utah. The inaugural board of directors, which includes President Chris Wakeland, Vice President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Thorup Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz, was tasked with leading UTRID into a new era (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
The main mission of UTRID was to bring together the interpreter community in Utah. This unity was essential to the organization's objectives, as it aimed to professionalize the field of interpretation and enhance the relationship between interpreters and the Deaf community in Utah. The inaugural board of directors, which includes President Chris Wakeland, Vice President Catherine Spaulding, Secretary Alli Robertson, Treasurer Jennifer Forsgren, SLC Region Representative Annette Thorup Tull, and Provo Region Representative Dan Parvz, was tasked with leading UTRID into a new era (Wakeland, UAD Bulletin, November 1992).
The Enactment of
Senate Bill 41 and 42
Senate Bill 41 and 42
In 1994, Utah made history by becoming the first state to require the certification of sign language interpreters and to recognize American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language. This important milestone not only set a precedent for other states but also underscored Utah's pioneering role in the Deaf community. The lasting impact of this legislation highlights its enduring benefits.
During the 1994 Utah State Legislative session, the Utah Association for the Deaf and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf joined forces to champion House Bill (HB) 161, sponsored by Mel Brown. Their united front, marked by extensive advocacy and lobbying, led to the successful passage of the bill. HB 161, which established the State Legislature Task Force, stands as a significant milestone in Utah's history of interpreting services, underscoring the power of collaboration in achieving common objectives.
A year before the 1994 legislative session, Jean Greenwood Thomas, a teacher of American Sign Language (ASL) at Ogden High School and a dedicated, certified interpreter, played a pivotal role in the State Legislature Study Group. Her relentless advocacy was instrumental in establishing a formal interpreter training program and promoting the recognition of ASL as a foreign language in high school curricula. The influence and dedication she demonstrated through the adoption of ASL into high school programs continue to have a lasting impact today.
During the 1994 Utah State Legislative session, the Utah Association for the Deaf and the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf joined forces to champion House Bill (HB) 161, sponsored by Mel Brown. Their united front, marked by extensive advocacy and lobbying, led to the successful passage of the bill. HB 161, which established the State Legislature Task Force, stands as a significant milestone in Utah's history of interpreting services, underscoring the power of collaboration in achieving common objectives.
A year before the 1994 legislative session, Jean Greenwood Thomas, a teacher of American Sign Language (ASL) at Ogden High School and a dedicated, certified interpreter, played a pivotal role in the State Legislature Study Group. Her relentless advocacy was instrumental in establishing a formal interpreter training program and promoting the recognition of ASL as a foreign language in high school curricula. The influence and dedication she demonstrated through the adoption of ASL into high school programs continue to have a lasting impact today.
The task force focused on the following areas:
During the legislative session, Jean did not accomplish this alone. Her supervisor, Cy Freston, Special Education Director; Winifred Ospitile, Ogden City School Director of Vocational Education; Santiago Sandoval, principal; and Larry Leatham, vice principal of Ogden High School, joined her in lobbying efforts alongside other special education directors. Jean recounted being personally lobbied in a chamber with the honorable Joseph Hull from Hooper, House member John Arrington, and Representative LouWanna Shirtliff, who also taught ASL at Ogden High School. They were heavily involved in advocating for Senate Bill (SB) 41 and SB 42. During this process, Jean testified that ASL was popular and emphasized the need for a qualified instructor to teach it; otherwise, anyone might claim to know ASL and seek to teach it (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 15, 2024).
Four Deaf individuals—Dave Mortensen, Kristi Lee Mortensen, and David Samuelsen—also lobbied for Senate Bills 41 and 42, actively participating in the legislative process and contributing to the empowerment of the Utah Deaf community (W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024).
In 1994, after a year of meetings by the interpreting task force, the Utah legislature passed two important bills: Senate Bill (SB) 41, which focused on interpreter certification, and SB 42, which recognized American Sign Language (ASL) in schools. Once these bills became law, the Utah State Board of Education formed a committee to take action, which included representatives from teachers, language specialists, certification authorities, and two Deaf members, Bruce Eyre and David Samuelsen, along with interpreter Dale Boam. This committee consisted of nine members and was created just two months before the start of the 1994 school year (W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024).
- Certification, enforcement, and definition of a qualified interpreter.
- They established minimum standards for interpreters to work in various settings, such as Utah's elementary, high school, and postsecondary schools, community interpreting, and legal and medical situations.
- Additionally, the team was responsible for recruiting qualified interpreters and providing them with proper training.
- One of their initiatives included teaching American Sign Language as a foreign language in Utah, as reported in Jensen's article in the DSDHH Newsletter in May 1993.
During the legislative session, Jean did not accomplish this alone. Her supervisor, Cy Freston, Special Education Director; Winifred Ospitile, Ogden City School Director of Vocational Education; Santiago Sandoval, principal; and Larry Leatham, vice principal of Ogden High School, joined her in lobbying efforts alongside other special education directors. Jean recounted being personally lobbied in a chamber with the honorable Joseph Hull from Hooper, House member John Arrington, and Representative LouWanna Shirtliff, who also taught ASL at Ogden High School. They were heavily involved in advocating for Senate Bill (SB) 41 and SB 42. During this process, Jean testified that ASL was popular and emphasized the need for a qualified instructor to teach it; otherwise, anyone might claim to know ASL and seek to teach it (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 15, 2024).
Four Deaf individuals—Dave Mortensen, Kristi Lee Mortensen, and David Samuelsen—also lobbied for Senate Bills 41 and 42, actively participating in the legislative process and contributing to the empowerment of the Utah Deaf community (W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024).
In 1994, after a year of meetings by the interpreting task force, the Utah legislature passed two important bills: Senate Bill (SB) 41, which focused on interpreter certification, and SB 42, which recognized American Sign Language (ASL) in schools. Once these bills became law, the Utah State Board of Education formed a committee to take action, which included representatives from teachers, language specialists, certification authorities, and two Deaf members, Bruce Eyre and David Samuelsen, along with interpreter Dale Boam. This committee consisted of nine members and was created just two months before the start of the 1994 school year (W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024).
With Jean Greenwood Thomas advocating for the Senate bills from the beginning, the Utah Association for the Deaf successfully collaborated with the state of Utah to sponsor SB 41. This bill focused on the certification and training of interpreters. The state funded the initiative, and it was officially incorporated into the curriculum at Salt Lake Community College. Dave Mortensen, the president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, and Annette Thorup Tull, an instructor in the Salt Lake Community College Interpreter Training Program, worked tirelessly to ensure the bill's passage through the legislative process. At the same time, SB 42 recognized ASL as a foreign language in secondary and postsecondary schools, which was a crucial step toward promoting ASL and Deaf culture in secondary and postsecondary schools. Despite its narrow passage through the Senate, SB 41 has had a significant impact on promoting interpreting services to address communication accessibility needs for Deaf people since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, in 1990 (Mortensen, UAD Bulletin, February 1994; Kinney, UAD Bulletin, April 1994).
Without Dave, Annette, and Jean, the Salt Lake Community College's Interpreter Training Program would not exist. Under the law, interpreting agencies are required to train, provide, and promote competent interpreters for Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Dave's contributions left a significant legacy that 'encouraged interpreters to pursue professional development' (UAD Bulletin, July 2003). Jean Greenwood Thomas and Kristi Mortensen, a task force member, also played a crucial role in behind-the-scenes advocacy for the approval of Senate Bills 41 and SB 42 with the 1993 State Legislature Study Group (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994; Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012).
Without Dave, Annette, and Jean, the Salt Lake Community College's Interpreter Training Program would not exist. Under the law, interpreting agencies are required to train, provide, and promote competent interpreters for Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Dave's contributions left a significant legacy that 'encouraged interpreters to pursue professional development' (UAD Bulletin, July 2003). Jean Greenwood Thomas and Kristi Mortensen, a task force member, also played a crucial role in behind-the-scenes advocacy for the approval of Senate Bills 41 and SB 42 with the 1993 State Legislature Study Group (Mortensen-Nelson, UAD Bulletin, April 1994; Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, October 24, 2012).
With the passage of SB 41 and SB 42, Utah became the first state to establish legislation requiring licensed interpreters. Jean recounted that in 1992, Winifred Ospitall, the Ogden City School Director of Vocational Education, began to advocate fiercely with state and education officials to recognize American Sign Language as a foundational requirement for hiring sign language interpreters in the Utah Deaf community. She described this effort as the most intense fight she has ever had with the Utah Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. Despite extensive work behind the scenes, the Utah Association for the Deaf ultimately spearheaded these efforts (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 17, 2024). The Deaf community in Utah has greatly benefited from these initiatives, which continue to bring about positive changes and underscore the significant impact of the legislation.
According to View Magazine, in 2015, Utah was the first state in the United States to pass a law requiring state certification for all interpreters. While the rest of the states did not have their own state certification requirement law, except to comply with the RID guidelines (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014–Winter/Spring 2015). This was an essential step in ensuring that the Utah Deaf community had access to high-quality interpreting services delivered by highly qualified interpreters. Utah is fortunate to have highly qualified professional interpreters who can provide excellent service to the Deaf community.
In 1989, Utah also became the first state to offer American Sign Language classes in high schools. Jean Greenwood Thomas, a dedicated sign language interpreter and teacher, played a pivotal role in achieving this milestone through her pioneering efforts. Her passionate vision quickly gained popularity, and other states followed suit by incorporating ASL into their high school curricula (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).
According to View Magazine, in 2015, Utah was the first state in the United States to pass a law requiring state certification for all interpreters. While the rest of the states did not have their own state certification requirement law, except to comply with the RID guidelines (Schafer, Views, Fall 2014–Winter/Spring 2015). This was an essential step in ensuring that the Utah Deaf community had access to high-quality interpreting services delivered by highly qualified interpreters. Utah is fortunate to have highly qualified professional interpreters who can provide excellent service to the Deaf community.
In 1989, Utah also became the first state to offer American Sign Language classes in high schools. Jean Greenwood Thomas, a dedicated sign language interpreter and teacher, played a pivotal role in achieving this milestone through her pioneering efforts. Her passionate vision quickly gained popularity, and other states followed suit by incorporating ASL into their high school curricula (Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024).
Meet Jean Greenwood Thomas, a Pioneer Interpreter and ASL Teacher in the Utah Deaf Community
On August 5, 2024, during an interview with Cody Simonsen, a CODA, interpreter, and co-founder of the Five Stars Interpreting agency, Jean Greenwood Thomas, 71, shared her family history, focusing on her mother, Lucy Pearl McMills Greenwood, using American Sign Language. Her experience as an interpreter and ASL teacher has significantly influenced her personal and professional advocacy for the Utah Deaf community. She also provided valuable insight into the interpreting community when its dynamics were markedly different from today's.
Jean has a fascinating family history in Utah and a strong connection with the Utah Deaf community. She is a pioneer interpreter, an American Sign Language teacher, and a Child of Deaf Adult (CODA). Her father, Virgil Rogers Greenwood, was Deaf, and her mother, Lucy Pearl McMillis, was also a CODA. Lucy's parents, John Wallace McMillis and Pearl Ault, were both Deaf, and her older sister, Eva Alice Prudence Fowler was also CODA.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Jean for her invaluable participation in the interview, as well as to Cody Simonsen for his exceptional conduct. We greatly appreciate their contributions.
Jodi Becker Kinner
Jean has a fascinating family history in Utah and a strong connection with the Utah Deaf community. She is a pioneer interpreter, an American Sign Language teacher, and a Child of Deaf Adult (CODA). Her father, Virgil Rogers Greenwood, was Deaf, and her mother, Lucy Pearl McMillis, was also a CODA. Lucy's parents, John Wallace McMillis and Pearl Ault, were both Deaf, and her older sister, Eva Alice Prudence Fowler was also CODA.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Jean for her invaluable participation in the interview, as well as to Cody Simonsen for his exceptional conduct. We greatly appreciate their contributions.
Jodi Becker Kinner
W. David Mortensen Contributes
to the Expansion of Interpreting Services
to the Expansion of Interpreting Services
In 1994, Dave Mortensen, the dedicated president of the Utah Association for the Deaf, demonstrated exceptional perseverance as he lobbied the Utah State Legislature to recognize American Sign Language as an official language through Senate Bill 42. This bill marked a significant milestone in legitimizing the use of American Sign Language in various contexts.
Dave also played a crucial role in establishing the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College. He initiated this process by engaging with committees at the Salt Lake City Community Councils and the United Way of Salt Lake City, advocating for a comprehensive interpreter training program. His efforts led to the creation of the UAD's interpreter service, which could help schedule doctor appointments, meetings with lawyers, and other important events. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, now known as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, housed the Utah Interpreter Program under the direction of Mitchel Jensen.
Thanks to Dave's contributions, the field of interpreting in Utah has seen significant advancements. Several schools and universities have expanded their interpreting training programs, and many freelance interpreting agencies have emerged. This growth highlights the increasing recognition of the importance of sign language interpretation. Moreover, Dave consistently reminded the medical community about the necessity of providing sign language interpreters for Deaf patients and clients, raising awareness among medical professionals about these essential services (UAD Bulletin, October 2007). His dedication to interpreting has not only dramatically improved the lives of the Deaf community in Utah but has also fostered a greater appreciation for their unique culture and language.
Dave also played a crucial role in establishing the Interpreter Training Program at Salt Lake Community College. He initiated this process by engaging with committees at the Salt Lake City Community Councils and the United Way of Salt Lake City, advocating for a comprehensive interpreter training program. His efforts led to the creation of the UAD's interpreter service, which could help schedule doctor appointments, meetings with lawyers, and other important events. The Utah Community Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, now known as the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center, housed the Utah Interpreter Program under the direction of Mitchel Jensen.
Thanks to Dave's contributions, the field of interpreting in Utah has seen significant advancements. Several schools and universities have expanded their interpreting training programs, and many freelance interpreting agencies have emerged. This growth highlights the increasing recognition of the importance of sign language interpretation. Moreover, Dave consistently reminded the medical community about the necessity of providing sign language interpreters for Deaf patients and clients, raising awareness among medical professionals about these essential services (UAD Bulletin, October 2007). His dedication to interpreting has not only dramatically improved the lives of the Deaf community in Utah but has also fostered a greater appreciation for their unique culture and language.
The First Certified
Deaf Interpreter in Utah
Deaf Interpreter in Utah
In 1964, a significant moment took place in the Deaf community with the establishment of the National Registry of the Interpreters for the Deaf. This organization played a crucial role in recognizing and certifying Deaf interpreters, paving the way for individuals like Dr. Robert G. Sanderson and W. David Mortensen. In 1975, they made history by becoming the first Deaf certified interpreters, known as reverse interpreters (UAD Bulletin, April 1975).
Today, reverse interpreters are known as Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDIs). CDIs are individuals who have earned a nationally recognized certification and are either Deaf or hard-of-hearing. In 2006, Trenton Marsh became the first Deaf person to receive CDI certification in Utah, highlighting the rigorous standards of this national certification. Shortly after that, Trenton provided training to become a CDI at the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. His success in the program inspired more Deaf individuals to pursue and achieve CDI certification, thereby enhancing the role of CDIs within the Deaf community.
Today, reverse interpreters are known as Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDIs). CDIs are individuals who have earned a nationally recognized certification and are either Deaf or hard-of-hearing. In 2006, Trenton Marsh became the first Deaf person to receive CDI certification in Utah, highlighting the rigorous standards of this national certification. Shortly after that, Trenton provided training to become a CDI at the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. His success in the program inspired more Deaf individuals to pursue and achieve CDI certification, thereby enhancing the role of CDIs within the Deaf community.
HB 371 Would Penalize ASL Interpreters
Working Without Certification
Working Without Certification
In 2013, the Utah interpreting community requested changes to the state's interpreter law, called Senate Bill (SB) 41. This law contained several loopholes, allowing hospitals to avoid using certified interpreters by instructing Deaf individuals to bring in a signer instead. Consequently, this left many members of the Utah Deaf community without legal protection for years. In response to this issue, the state introduced House Bill (HB) 371, which penalizes individuals lacking state certification as interpreters trained in American Sign Language. The purpose of this bill was to ensure the use of qualified interpreters when requested (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, explained that HB 371 would close loopholes and give DSDHH the authority to enforce the law (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 11, 2013). Dale Boam, a former professor of Deaf Studies at Utah Valley University, an attorney, and an experienced ASL interpreter, stated that many individuals had been performing the task without proper certification, essentially taking advantage of Deaf people. He believed enforcing the law would help ensure quality for the Utah Deaf community (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013).
Representative Ronda Menlove, the bill's sponsor, recognized the importance of having the appropriate official sign the bill (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). She married Dr. Martell Menlove, the state superintendent of public instruction, who was involved in a dispute between Steven W. Noyce, the superintendent of the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Utah Deaf Education Core Group, a key advocate for the ASL/English bilingual safeguard.
The dispute was about protecting the ASL/English bilingual program supported by the Core Group, while then-Superintendent Noyce advocated for listening and spoken language. This matter is of significant importance in the field of Deaf education. For more information, visit the webpage titled 'Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Dream for an Equal Deaf Education System.'
Additionally, it is worth noting that Representative Menlove is the grandmother of a Deaf child. Her daughter, Sara Menlove Doutre, served as the president of the Utah Hands and Voices Chapter.
The dispute was about protecting the ASL/English bilingual program supported by the Core Group, while then-Superintendent Noyce advocated for listening and spoken language. This matter is of significant importance in the field of Deaf education. For more information, visit the webpage titled 'Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Dream for an Equal Deaf Education System.'
Additionally, it is worth noting that Representative Menlove is the grandmother of a Deaf child. Her daughter, Sara Menlove Doutre, served as the president of the Utah Hands and Voices Chapter.
On March 13, 2013, a significant event took place in the Utah legislature. They passed HB 371, a bill that granted the Deaf and Hard of Hearing community more protection by requiring medical professionals to hire certified sign language interpreters. This was crucial to ensuring equal rights and opportunities for the Utah Deaf community. However, some doctors opposed the bill and wanted to change the law so they wouldn't have to hire interpreters. Mitch Jensen, Director of the Utah Interpreter Program, said some doctors came to Capitol Hill and asked Senator Aaron Osmond to change the law so medical professionals wouldn't have to hire certified sign language interpreters (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013). Despite this opposition, Representative Menlove insisted that the bill pass as drafted (Leonard, KSL.com, March 2, 2013). Marilyn Tiller Call, the Director of the Division of Services of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, spent many hours persuading lawmakers to support the bill. Ultimately, the legislature passed HB 371, giving the DSDHH the authority to enforce the law and protect the Utah Deaf community (Mitch Jensen, personal communication, March 14, 2013).
The First Utah
Certified Deaf Interpreter
Certified Deaf Interpreter
Trenton Marsh, who succeeded the retired Mitch Jensen as the Utah Interpreter Program Manager, played a crucial role in improving the interpreter certification process. He introduced three types of interpreter certifications: Novice, Professional, and the Utah CDI certification. In the fall of 2019, Marsh also introduced the Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter (UCDI) certification, including performance and knowledge exams. On July 20, 2021, Adam Janisieski, a Deaf individual, made history by becoming the first person to pass both the performance and knowledge exams, earning the prestigious Utah Certified Deaf Interpreter certification.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson's Reflections on the
History of the Interpreting Community
History of the Interpreting Community
In his reflective keynote address on May 12, 2005, at the Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Conference, Dr. Robert G. Sanderson noted that Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, along with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), empowered Deaf individuals to seek interpreting services. As a result, the demand for these services rapidly increased as Deaf individuals advocated for their rights in high schools and universities. However, significant resistance from educational institutions had to be addressed, primarily due to budgetary concerns, as interpreting services became costly and required funding.
In response, Deaf individuals and professional interpreters pushed for state laws to address issues related to licensure and certification. Ultimately, the Utah State Board of Education was given the authority to regulate interpreters through the Office of Rehabilitation, Division of Services to the Deaf. Like any new profession, Dr. Sanderson and his team faced various challenges and learned valuable lessons from their experiences. They discovered that testing and training became more demanding, a change Dr. Sanderson considered essential. He stressed that Deaf individuals, whose lives and freedoms may be at risk, deserve nothing but the best.
Finally, Dr. Sanderson remarked on how far they have come since Ball State University in 1964. Workshops, seminars, conventions, conferences, interpreting training programs, and publications have all played vital roles in this advancement. The continued support and dedication of professionals in the interpreting field, educators, and advocates for the Deaf community are essential for addressing the ongoing challenges that lie ahead (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
In response, Deaf individuals and professional interpreters pushed for state laws to address issues related to licensure and certification. Ultimately, the Utah State Board of Education was given the authority to regulate interpreters through the Office of Rehabilitation, Division of Services to the Deaf. Like any new profession, Dr. Sanderson and his team faced various challenges and learned valuable lessons from their experiences. They discovered that testing and training became more demanding, a change Dr. Sanderson considered essential. He stressed that Deaf individuals, whose lives and freedoms may be at risk, deserve nothing but the best.
Finally, Dr. Sanderson remarked on how far they have come since Ball State University in 1964. Workshops, seminars, conventions, conferences, interpreting training programs, and publications have all played vital roles in this advancement. The continued support and dedication of professionals in the interpreting field, educators, and advocates for the Deaf community are essential for addressing the ongoing challenges that lie ahead (Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
Conclusion:
The Expansion of the
Interpreter Training Programs
The Expansion of the
Interpreter Training Programs
The role of interpreter training programs in meeting the increasing demand for qualified interpreters cannot be overstated. These programs play a crucial role in the development and growth of the profession. By expanding these programs, we can enhance interpreters' skills, ensuring they are well-prepared to handle diverse linguistic and cultural contexts. This expansion not only benefits the individuals enrolled in the programs but also contributes to better communication and understanding in multilingual settings. It is crucial to continue investing in these training initiatives to support the profession and serve communities effectively.
The impact of interpreter training programs on the Utah Deaf community cannot be overstated. These services are currently in high demand, and the increasing popularity of interpreter training programs is encouraging. Institutions such as the DSDHH Utah Interpreter Program, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University offer formal training for individuals interested in pursuing a career in interpreting. This substantial growth not only indicates a promising future for the field but also generates excitement and optimism. More importantly, these services have a profound impact on the lives of the Deaf community, promoting support and inclusivity.
The Deaf community in Utah is fortunate to have laws that establish standards for interpreting services in the state. By promoting a well-structured interpreting system, these laws safeguard our rights and provide a sense of security and support for the Utah Deaf community. They reflect the dedication and hard work of many pioneers who have contributed to developing and improving the interpretation system that now serves the Deaf community in Utah. We are also grateful that these laws protect our rights to communication accessibility. Thank you to everyone who has made a positive impact on Utah's interpreting community!
The impact of interpreter training programs on the Utah Deaf community cannot be overstated. These services are currently in high demand, and the increasing popularity of interpreter training programs is encouraging. Institutions such as the DSDHH Utah Interpreter Program, Salt Lake Community College, Utah Valley University, and Utah State University offer formal training for individuals interested in pursuing a career in interpreting. This substantial growth not only indicates a promising future for the field but also generates excitement and optimism. More importantly, these services have a profound impact on the lives of the Deaf community, promoting support and inclusivity.
The Deaf community in Utah is fortunate to have laws that establish standards for interpreting services in the state. By promoting a well-structured interpreting system, these laws safeguard our rights and provide a sense of security and support for the Utah Deaf community. They reflect the dedication and hard work of many pioneers who have contributed to developing and improving the interpretation system that now serves the Deaf community in Utah. We are also grateful that these laws protect our rights to communication accessibility. Thank you to everyone who has made a positive impact on Utah's interpreting community!
Notes
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, October 15, 2010.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, September 18, 2012.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, July 18, 2024.
Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 15, 2024.
Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 15, 2024.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 17, 2024.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 2006.
Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, November 4, 2013.
W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, September 18, 2012.
Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, personal communication, July 18, 2024.
Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 15, 2024.
Betty Johnson Jones, personal communication, October 16, 2024.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 24, 2012.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, August 5, 2024.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 15, 2024.
Jean Greenwood Thomas, personal communication, December 17, 2024.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 11, 2013.
Mitch Jensen, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, March 14, 2013.
Robert G. Sanderson, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, October 2006.
Robert G. Sanderson, personal communication, May 12, 2005.
Valerie G. Kinney, e-mail message to Jodi Becker Kinner, November 4, 2013.
W. David Samuelsen, personal communication, December 14, 2024.
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“Registry of Interpreters Established.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (Spring 1965): 2.
“Salt Shaker.” UAD Bulletin, vol.7, no. 4 (February 1972): 4.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “The UAD Is Many Things.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 20.4 (September 1996): 1-3.
Sanderson, Robert, G. “UAD Lists Accomplishments.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 22.8 (January 1999): 1-2.
Stewart, Beth Ann. “URID News…”UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3 (June 1973): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Utah Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (URID) Transfers Responsibilities to the Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 4 (September 1990): 4.
Stewart, Gene. “Robert G. Sanderson – “Sandie.” DSDHH Newsletter (April 2012): 2-3.
Storrer, Jennifer. “Getting to Know UTRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 31.12 (May 2008): 4.
“The History of UAD.” UAD Bulletin, Vol. 23.5 (October 1999): 1 & 3.
“Two Locations to Call for UAD Interpreting Services.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 9 (February 1985): 4.
“URID…Utah Registry Interpreters for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 2-4.
“URID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1973): 6.
“URID Certifies Interpreters in Workshop.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1975): 1.
“URID Plans Workshop Series.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 2 (July 1976): 8.
“Utah Association for the Deaf.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 19.1 (June 1995): 3.
“Utah Security Chief Speaks at Deaf Meet. Hayward describes work; Members ‘Hear’ full program.” The Salt Lake Tribune, September 3, 1938.
“USDB’s Awards Banquet.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 27.2 (July 2003): 6.
Wilson, Anne. "Utah Doctors Balk at Bankrolling Deaf Interpreters." The Salt Lake Tribune., December 25, 1992.
“Workshop on Interpreting.” The UAD Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6 (Spring-Summer 1967): 3.
Wakeland, Chris. “The NEW UtRID.” UAD Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 6 (November 1992): 2.