Outstanding Contributions
in the Early History of
Utah's Deaf and Non-Deaf Women
in the Early History of
Utah's Deaf and Non-Deaf Women
Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Published in 2017
Updated in 2025
Author's Note
As an Equal Rights Amendment enthusiast, I'm excited to share my passion for celebrating the amazing pioneering spirit of early Utah women. This webpage is about recognizing the incredible legacy of these women who faced tough challenges in social, economic, professional, and political areas but still made a real difference in our society. By exploring the leadership accomplishments of Utah women, we can truly appreciate what they've done for all of us. Plus, we'll dive into the history of equal rights for everyone and brainstorm ways to get more folks involved in politics to support equal rights.
Utah women were true trailblazers, leading the charge for equality, voting rights, education, and access. They made strides that were ahead of their time, even though many people overlook this vital part of our history. This webpage is here to reclaim and celebrate our impactful past and inspire everyone to get involved in advocating for equal rights.
I've actively participated in the ERA movement for the past eight years. I've kept up with emails from ERA organizations, dug into its history and progress, written letters to legislators supporting the ERA, stayed updated on all the latest news, attended rallies, signed petitions, and closely followed legislative votes. And guess what? On January 17, 2024, we received affirmation from President Joe R. Biden about the ERA, and the White House announced that it's now the law of the land! How amazing is that? It's such a huge milestone for gender equality! My adult kids like to joke that I might be a bit obsessed with it, but honestly, it's been so worth it!
When writing about exceptional individuals for our history website, I use their first names to show appreciation for everyone who contributes to our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often links women's achievements to their husbands' last names rather than acknowledging their contributions under their own names. I want to break that mold. This choice is a way to honor each person's unique identity and highlight the importance of women's advocacy in our community.
Also, our organization was previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, but we changed our name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. For a bit of background, we were called the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962, then became the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963, and finally embraced our original name again in 2012. When I write for the history website, I mention both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of our association's history.
Thanks so much for your interest in this important topic!
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
Utah women were true trailblazers, leading the charge for equality, voting rights, education, and access. They made strides that were ahead of their time, even though many people overlook this vital part of our history. This webpage is here to reclaim and celebrate our impactful past and inspire everyone to get involved in advocating for equal rights.
I've actively participated in the ERA movement for the past eight years. I've kept up with emails from ERA organizations, dug into its history and progress, written letters to legislators supporting the ERA, stayed updated on all the latest news, attended rallies, signed petitions, and closely followed legislative votes. And guess what? On January 17, 2024, we received affirmation from President Joe R. Biden about the ERA, and the White House announced that it's now the law of the land! How amazing is that? It's such a huge milestone for gender equality! My adult kids like to joke that I might be a bit obsessed with it, but honestly, it's been so worth it!
When writing about exceptional individuals for our history website, I use their first names to show appreciation for everyone who contributes to our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often links women's achievements to their husbands' last names rather than acknowledging their contributions under their own names. I want to break that mold. This choice is a way to honor each person's unique identity and highlight the importance of women's advocacy in our community.
Also, our organization was previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, but we changed our name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. For a bit of background, we were called the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962, then became the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963, and finally embraced our original name again in 2012. When I write for the history website, I mention both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of our association's history.
Thanks so much for your interest in this important topic!
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
Women's Rights are Human Rights = Human Rights are Women's Rights.
~Utah Women Unite~
~Utah Women Unite~
Thousands March at the Utah State Capitol to Advocate for Women's Equality
Disclaimer
This webpage is not intended to criticize former U.S. President Donald J. Trump. Rather, its purpose is to highlight the challenges women encounter when they attempt to voice their experiences of injustice, inequality, sexism, misogyny, and oppression in a political system that has historically been dominated by men.
The Global Women’s March
On January 21, 2017, history was made with the Global Women's March, where approximately 2.6 million people participated worldwide to voice their opposition to women's inequality. This significant event illustrated the immense support for women's rights and emphasized the importance of political involvement.
In Utah, a remarkable turnout of ten thousand residents braved challenging weather conditions to march to the Utah State Capitol. These individuals, representing diverse backgrounds and experiences, urged lawmakers to advocate for equal rights for all women, including LGBTQIA+ individuals, women of color, immigrant women, Muslim women, women with disabilities, and those with low or fixed incomes. Organized by Utah Women Unite, the event stood as a powerful advocacy for the millions of women facing the denial of fundamental human rights based on gender.
The participants sent a powerful message to Utah lawmakers, demonstrating their commitment to defending the progress achieved by previous generations of women (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017).
In Utah, a remarkable turnout of ten thousand residents braved challenging weather conditions to march to the Utah State Capitol. These individuals, representing diverse backgrounds and experiences, urged lawmakers to advocate for equal rights for all women, including LGBTQIA+ individuals, women of color, immigrant women, Muslim women, women with disabilities, and those with low or fixed incomes. Organized by Utah Women Unite, the event stood as a powerful advocacy for the millions of women facing the denial of fundamental human rights based on gender.
The participants sent a powerful message to Utah lawmakers, demonstrating their commitment to defending the progress achieved by previous generations of women (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017).
A group of ASL/Deaf Women at the Utah Women's March in the Utah State Capitol on January 23, 2017. Back Row: L-R: Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Sari Stewart Williams, Dawn Duran (ASL Interpreter), Stephanie Lowder Mathis, and Chrystee Call Davenport. Front Row L-R: Shandra Benito, Jodi Christel Becker, Millicent "Millie" Simmonds (a Deaf actress), and Carol Sanderson
Just 24 hours after President Donald J. Trump's inauguration, organizers initiated the Global Women's March to address concerns regarding potential threats to women's civil rights and liberties. Kate Kelly, a prominent activist and human rights attorney who coordinated the 'Utah Women Unite event, voiced her frustration, stating, "I'm sick and tired of men making laws about our bodies, our choices, and our lives without consulting us!" (Vaglanos, The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017).
Kate Kelly, a human rights lawyer & Equal Rights Amendment activist/author. Source: Facebook, 2021
Utah Women's Suffrage Movement
In the 1800s, the courageous women of Utah fearlessly stepped into the political arena to fight for their rights, including the right to vote. These determined suffragists, such as Emmeline B. Wells and Martha Hughes Cannon, were pivotal in advocating for women's rights, making Utah a significant player in the suffrage movement. The legacy of these key political figures and activists from this era continues to inspire, as they profoundly influenced the fight for women's suffrage, shaping the course of history.
Susan B. Anthony with suffrage leaders from Utah and elsewhere. Source: Women Suffrage in Utah
Emily Sophia Tanner Richards played a pivotal role in the suffrage movement by proposing a significant initiative to connect a Utah suffrage group with the National Woman Suffrage Association. Her strong relationship with Susan B. Anthony, a prominent leader in the National American Woman Suffrage Association, was instrumental. Her husband, Franklin S. Richards, also supported her efforts for equal suffrage. Notably, Emily established local suffrage associations in collaboration with Relief Societies across Utah and the Intermountain West, underscoring the collective nature of the suffrage movement (Toone, Deseret News, May 7, 2014; Radke-Moss, Better Days 2020).
Utah's remarkable involvement in the suffrage movement is underscored by its highest membership in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. While women in Utah secured the right to vote in 1870, their counterparts in other states still faced numerous barriers. Utah's distinctive leadership in the suffrage movement is a source of pride and inspiration, highlighting the state's progressive history.
Utah's remarkable involvement in the suffrage movement is underscored by its highest membership in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. While women in Utah secured the right to vote in 1870, their counterparts in other states still faced numerous barriers. Utah's distinctive leadership in the suffrage movement is a source of pride and inspiration, highlighting the state's progressive history.
Emily S. and Franklin S. Richards, leaders in Utah's suffrage movement. Source: Utah State Historical Society
Woman's Exponent,
a Progressive Newspaper
a Progressive Newspaper
Between 1872 and 1914, Mormon women of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints published The Woman's Exponent. The editors were Lula Greene Richards and Emmeline B. Wells. The Exponent's mission was to empower and support Latter-day Saint women by addressing topics such as women's suffrage, social and political issues, and the abolishment of plural marriage in 1890. The abolition of plural marriage had a profound impact on the suffrage movement, as it allowed women to focus more on their rights and participation in society, marking a significant turning point. Unfortunately, after a successful 42-year run, financial difficulties forced the newspaper to cease publication in 1914 (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).
Lula Greene Richards. Source: Utah Communication History Encyclopedia
As both the Governor of Utah and the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Brigham Young played a crucial role in advancing women's education and careers. He believed that women's contributions should extend beyond traditional domestic roles, advocating for their involvement in various fields such as business, law, physics, and bookkeeping (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016). His progressive views aimed to expand women's opportunities for the greater benefit of society.
Brigham Young. Source: www.churchofjesuschrist.org/
Under President Young's leadership, women could also work and pursue progressive careers. They were also able to advance their political agendas, even while practicing polygamy and pursuing their academic and professional goals. Women held various roles in academia, medicine, teaching, writing, and politics (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016). According to historians, Mormon feminists have existed for as long as Mormonism itself, dating back to the founding of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830 (Havens, The Spectrum, February 24, 2018).
Emmeline B. Wells. Source: PBS.org
"The future will deal more generously
with womankind, and the historian
of the present age will find it very embarrassing to ignore woman."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
with womankind, and the historian
of the present age will find it very embarrassing to ignore woman."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
The original Woman's Exponent newspaper was taken at the 'Better Days 2020' festival in 2018
After 1920, the power and status of women in both the church and politics began to decline slowly, a trend that continued until the 1960s. During the 1960s, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints collaborated with the Relief Society to promote global development goals. However, between 1960 and 1970, men controlled the finances and operations of the Relief Society, which diminished women's power and independence. From 1970 to 1980, the church promoted a traditional family structure that discouraged women from pursuing careers. This societal pressure led many mothers to stay at home to raise their children, resulting in an increase in stay-at-home mothers and lower college enrollment rates for women in Utah compared to women nationwide (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).
From 1870 to 1970, the leadership and achievements of Latter-day Saint women were largely overlooked. It was not until the early 1970s that this began to change, primarily due to the efforts of the Boston Mormon feminists. Their initiative included the establishment of the Women's Exponent magazine in 1974, which played a crucial role in highlighting the contributions of Latter-day Saint women. This publication, still in circulation today, serves as a testament to their enduring impact. Additionally, Neylan McBaine founded the non-profit organization "Better Days 2020," which aims to recognize and promote the contributions of women in Utah's leadership and to incorporate women's studies into the school curriculum in Utah.
From 1870 to 1970, the leadership and achievements of Latter-day Saint women were largely overlooked. It was not until the early 1970s that this began to change, primarily due to the efforts of the Boston Mormon feminists. Their initiative included the establishment of the Women's Exponent magazine in 1974, which played a crucial role in highlighting the contributions of Latter-day Saint women. This publication, still in circulation today, serves as a testament to their enduring impact. Additionally, Neylan McBaine founded the non-profit organization "Better Days 2020," which aims to recognize and promote the contributions of women in Utah's leadership and to incorporate women's studies into the school curriculum in Utah.
Neylan McBaine. Source: www.neylanmcbaine.com. Credit: Chelsie Starley
The Relaunch of the
Woman's Exponent II Magazine & Blog
Woman's Exponent II Magazine & Blog
During the pivotal period of the Equal Rights Amendment ratification, from 1972 to 1982, Susan Kohler, a feminist who was also a member of the Latter-day Saint community in Boston, Massachusetts, stumbled upon a collection of Exponent newspapers. These newspapers, authored by feminist-minded Mormon women, were archived at Harvard University's Widener Library and the Boston Public Library. The discovery of these newspapers inspired Dr. Claudia Lauper Bushman and Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, who launched Exponent II magazine in July 1974. This magazine is the longest-running independent publication for Latter-day Saint women (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).
Claudia Lauper Bushman. Source: Fairmormon.org
The Boston Mormon Feminists have called The Exponent II—published for and by Mormon women—a "spiritual descendant of the Woman's Exponent." Claudia Bushman sees the women who speak out as role models. Exponent II aims to empower and strengthen The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while developing the talents of Mormon women. The publication highlights the experiences and concerns of diverse Mormon women from a feminist perspective and is the longest-running independent publication for Mormon women, publishing quarterly (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016). For more information, visit the Exponent II link.
In 1976, Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, a Mormon feminist and historian at Harvard University, coined the phrase, "Well-behaved women seldom make history." This phrase has appeared on various items like greeting cards, t-shirts, and mugs. Dr. Ulrich's contributions to the feminist movement within the Mormon community are significant. Her academic and activist efforts have inspired many, and her phrase has become a rallying cry for women's empowerment and recognition of their historical contributions.
In 1976, Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, a Mormon feminist and historian at Harvard University, coined the phrase, "Well-behaved women seldom make history." This phrase has appeared on various items like greeting cards, t-shirts, and mugs. Dr. Ulrich's contributions to the feminist movement within the Mormon community are significant. Her academic and activist efforts have inspired many, and her phrase has become a rallying cry for women's empowerment and recognition of their historical contributions.
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Source: ldswomenofgod.com
The Century-Long Battle
to Pass the Equal Rights Amendment
to Pass the Equal Rights Amendment
Although white women gained the right to vote in 1920, the work of civil rights activists Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman was far from over. The 19th Amendment alone did not address the significant barriers women still faced, such as limited access to higher education, career opportunities, restrictions on signing contracts, challenges in maintaining employment, and the inability to own property. It wasn't until the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a monumental milestone in the ongoing struggle for equality, that real progress was made in securing the right to vote for all women, including women of color.
Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, influential leaders of the National Women's Party founded in 1916, were instrumental in the fight for gender equality. They authored the Equal Rights Amendment, known as the ERA, which aims to ensure 'equal justice under the law' for all individuals, protecting against discrimination based on sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation while promoting equality and personal freedoms. The amendment states, 'Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.' This represents the most significant advancement in women's rights in the United States since the 19th Amendment granted women the constitutional right to vote in 1920. Under Alice and Crystal's leadership, the National Women's Party was a formidable force in the fight for gender equality.
Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, influential leaders of the National Women's Party founded in 1916, were instrumental in the fight for gender equality. They authored the Equal Rights Amendment, known as the ERA, which aims to ensure 'equal justice under the law' for all individuals, protecting against discrimination based on sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation while promoting equality and personal freedoms. The amendment states, 'Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.' This represents the most significant advancement in women's rights in the United States since the 19th Amendment granted women the constitutional right to vote in 1920. Under Alice and Crystal's leadership, the National Women's Party was a formidable force in the fight for gender equality.
Alice Paul. Source: Biography.com
Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman were two trailblazing figures in the women's rights movement who presented the Equal Rights Amendment for the first time during the 75th Anniversary of the 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. This event marked a new chapter in the fight for gender equality. In December 1923, Alice and Crystal introduced the ERA to the U.S. Congress, representing a significant advancement in the women's rights movement that would inspire future generations.
Despite facing initial setbacks, the movement persevered with unwavering determination. It wasn't until March 22, 1972, that both the Senate and the House of Representatives finally passed the ERA. However, conservative groups, particularly led by Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative housewife, opposed the ERA, resulting in a fierce battle during the 1970s. Unlike other amendments, Congress set a seven-year deadline for ratification of the ERA.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposed the ERA in Utah in 1977 on moral grounds and blocked the vote. The amendment required thirty-eight state ratifications to become law, but by the end of the original seven-year time limit, it had not achieved that number. Congress voted to extend the time limit by three years, but by the deadline of June 30, 1982, the ERA fell three states short of the necessary thirty-eight (Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice website). For a deeper understanding of the ERA's impact on Mormon women, the document 'Mormon Feminism in 1977 and Today' provides a comprehensive look at their responses during the International Women's Year in 1975 and the National Women's Conference in 1977.
Despite a decade of legislative battles over gender equality, bodily autonomy, reproductive healthcare, contraception access, same-sex marriage, transgender rights, the female military draft, inclusive restrooms, and other issues, the U.S. Constitution still did not incorporate the Equal Rights Amendment. This continued denial of equal rights and protections for women in the United States is a pressing issue that demands attention.
Despite facing initial setbacks, the movement persevered with unwavering determination. It wasn't until March 22, 1972, that both the Senate and the House of Representatives finally passed the ERA. However, conservative groups, particularly led by Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative housewife, opposed the ERA, resulting in a fierce battle during the 1970s. Unlike other amendments, Congress set a seven-year deadline for ratification of the ERA.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposed the ERA in Utah in 1977 on moral grounds and blocked the vote. The amendment required thirty-eight state ratifications to become law, but by the end of the original seven-year time limit, it had not achieved that number. Congress voted to extend the time limit by three years, but by the deadline of June 30, 1982, the ERA fell three states short of the necessary thirty-eight (Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice website). For a deeper understanding of the ERA's impact on Mormon women, the document 'Mormon Feminism in 1977 and Today' provides a comprehensive look at their responses during the International Women's Year in 1975 and the National Women's Conference in 1977.
Despite a decade of legislative battles over gender equality, bodily autonomy, reproductive healthcare, contraception access, same-sex marriage, transgender rights, the female military draft, inclusive restrooms, and other issues, the U.S. Constitution still did not incorporate the Equal Rights Amendment. This continued denial of equal rights and protections for women in the United States is a pressing issue that demands attention.
Crystal Eastman. Source: Wikipedia
Kelly Whited Jones, an Activist
for the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah
for the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah
In her article for The Salt Lake Tribune, Kelly Whited Jones, a Utah ERA activist, highlighted the unwavering dedication of former Utah Supreme Court Justice Christine Durham, Congresswoman Karen Shepherd, Eileen Fisher, and Carol Lynn Pearson in their fight for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in Utah. Despite the setback of the ERA's timeline expiring in the United States, these women had steadfastly advocated for change. Carol Lynn Pearson's diary entry from June 30, 1982, vividly portrays the misogynistic opposition they encountered. Nevertheless, their perseverance and the growing awareness of women's rights kept the movement alive, leading Carol Lynn to believe that this understanding will continue to grow.
The historical significance of the ERA is profound. After nearly 40 years of efforts to ratify the amendment, momentum increased following events such as the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994, the Women's March in 2017, and the #MeToo movement. Nevada ratified the ERA in 2017, followed by Illinois in 2018 and Virginia in 2020. These actions fulfilled the requirements for the amendment to become the 28th Amendment. These milestones not only mark our progress but also connect us to past struggles and achievements in the fight for gender equality.
Women in Utah have long fought to pass an ERA resolution, but they encountered multiple failures along the way. In 2016, the ERA was reintroduced in the state with support from Sen. Jim Dabakis, Rep. Karen Kwan, and Sens. Kathleen Riebe and Sen. Kirk Cullimore. Two independent polls showed that over 71% of Utah residents supported the ratification of the ERA, a testament to the widespread backing for this cause. Despite this strong support, the Utah Legislature did not recognize women as legal equals. Leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposed the amendment, arguing that it could lead to increased abortions, the establishment of inclusive restrooms, and harm to families.
The historical significance of the ERA is profound. After nearly 40 years of efforts to ratify the amendment, momentum increased following events such as the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994, the Women's March in 2017, and the #MeToo movement. Nevada ratified the ERA in 2017, followed by Illinois in 2018 and Virginia in 2020. These actions fulfilled the requirements for the amendment to become the 28th Amendment. These milestones not only mark our progress but also connect us to past struggles and achievements in the fight for gender equality.
Women in Utah have long fought to pass an ERA resolution, but they encountered multiple failures along the way. In 2016, the ERA was reintroduced in the state with support from Sen. Jim Dabakis, Rep. Karen Kwan, and Sens. Kathleen Riebe and Sen. Kirk Cullimore. Two independent polls showed that over 71% of Utah residents supported the ratification of the ERA, a testament to the widespread backing for this cause. Despite this strong support, the Utah Legislature did not recognize women as legal equals. Leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposed the amendment, arguing that it could lead to increased abortions, the establishment of inclusive restrooms, and harm to families.
Kelly Jones, left, and Jody England Hansen dress up as Silent Sentinels (women who protested outside the White House a century ago for suffrage), as they attend the legislative session on Tuesday, Feb. 4, 2020, to encourage Utah legislators to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune
Kelly Whited Jones stressed that the ERA is crucial for preventing federal laws from discriminating based on gender and mandates a higher legal standard for sex discrimination cases. This allows more individuals to seek justice in the courts. For instance, in Utah, only 11% of sexual assault charges were filed by prosecutors in 2023. The state's domestic abuse laws fail to adequately protect survivors, with a domestic assault rate of one-in-three, surpassing the national average of one-in-five. Additionally, human resource departments often retaliate against women who report violations, leading to firings or costly legal battles. Therefore, the ERA is essential for safeguarding women at work, in universities, and at home. Despite progress, women still encounter significant barriers to equality in 2023. Utah has also rolled back women's rights to medical privacy and autonomy while preserving men's medical rights. The removal of equality standards in university admissions has effectively legalized gender discrimination in the workplace.
Kelly Whited Jones also highlighted that Utah is among the 12 states that have not ratified the ERA, stating it's time for the state to meet the goals women have fought for since the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. This context underscores the long struggle for gender equality and motivates the audience to persist in the fight. Carol Lynn Pearson, a dedicated ERA advocate in Utah, commended those in support of the amendment and expressed her belief that success is near (Whited Jones, The Salt Lake Tribune, July 22, 2023).
Kelly Whited Jones also highlighted that Utah is among the 12 states that have not ratified the ERA, stating it's time for the state to meet the goals women have fought for since the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. This context underscores the long struggle for gender equality and motivates the audience to persist in the fight. Carol Lynn Pearson, a dedicated ERA advocate in Utah, commended those in support of the amendment and expressed her belief that success is near (Whited Jones, The Salt Lake Tribune, July 22, 2023).
While attending the 2020 legislative session at the Utah State Capitol, Kelly Whited Jones, a founding member of the Utah ERA Coalition, and her supporter, Jody England Hasnsen, met remarkable young girls from the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind. On Facebook on January 29, 2020, she expressed her belief that working towards equality is worth striving for.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York
Advocate the Equal Rights Amendment
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York
Advocate the Equal Rights Amendment
With thirty-eight states having ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, it was more urgent than ever to repeal the 1982 deadline and make the ERA a permanent part of the U.S. Constitution. Constitutional experts agree that the ERA has met all requirements for an amendment, having been passed by two-thirds of Congress in 1972 and ratified by three-fourths of the states by 2020. The majority of Americans support its inclusion in the U.S. Constitution.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, both strong ERA supporters, emphasized that the Constitution does not set any timelines for amendments. They also pointed out that the Executive Branch cannot prevent an amendment from being ratified. For example, the 27th Amendment took an extraordinary 203 years to become law, from 1789 to 1992. Similarly, the effort to ratify the ERA spanned a century, culminating in President Joe R. Biden declaring it the law of the land on January 17, 2025.
The ERA faced significant obstacles even though all requirements for its ratification were met. The Trump Administration's Office of Legal Counsel, the National Archivist, and the Department of Justice blocked its progress, citing the outdated 1982 deadline. This sparked ongoing debates about whether the deadline should be removed to better reflect modern views on gender equality.
Despite these challenges, the House of Representatives voted to eliminate the deadline with backing from Democratic sponsors in both 2020 and 2021. However, a Senate vote on April 26, 2023, to remove the deadline failed despite the support of 52 senators out of 100. The vote did not reach the necessary 60 due to filibuster rules, with all Democrats and two Republicans, Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins, voting in favor, while the majority of Republican senators opposed it.
On top of that, Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, the Republican nominee for president in 2012, actively opposes the certification of the ERA. He and other ERA opponents sent a letter to the archivist on February 8, 2022, asking them not to certify and publish the ERA, which would ensure women's complete equality under the law. This opposition denies women equal rights, making them second-class citizens. The ERA is essential in protecting against sex discrimination in all areas, including gender equality, Title IX protections for gender-affirming and reproductive healthcare, birth control, abortion, fertility treatments, LGBTQ+ rights, racial justice, equal pay, and justice for sexual harassment and abuse. The women's movement gained momentum, particularly among younger advocates pushing for gender equality and legal protections for women’s rights. Efforts to pass the ERA continued.
In 2019, Christine M. Durham, the first female appointed to the Utah Supreme Court, encouraged the next generation: "The torch is being passed from women of my generation to your generation, and it's very important to educate yourself about the future and the past" (Collett, 2019). With their energy and passion, the younger generation was leading the ERA movement, bringing it closer than ever to becoming a formal constitutional amendment. Their involvement was essential and inspiring, offering us hope for the future.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, both strong ERA supporters, emphasized that the Constitution does not set any timelines for amendments. They also pointed out that the Executive Branch cannot prevent an amendment from being ratified. For example, the 27th Amendment took an extraordinary 203 years to become law, from 1789 to 1992. Similarly, the effort to ratify the ERA spanned a century, culminating in President Joe R. Biden declaring it the law of the land on January 17, 2025.
The ERA faced significant obstacles even though all requirements for its ratification were met. The Trump Administration's Office of Legal Counsel, the National Archivist, and the Department of Justice blocked its progress, citing the outdated 1982 deadline. This sparked ongoing debates about whether the deadline should be removed to better reflect modern views on gender equality.
Despite these challenges, the House of Representatives voted to eliminate the deadline with backing from Democratic sponsors in both 2020 and 2021. However, a Senate vote on April 26, 2023, to remove the deadline failed despite the support of 52 senators out of 100. The vote did not reach the necessary 60 due to filibuster rules, with all Democrats and two Republicans, Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins, voting in favor, while the majority of Republican senators opposed it.
On top of that, Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, the Republican nominee for president in 2012, actively opposes the certification of the ERA. He and other ERA opponents sent a letter to the archivist on February 8, 2022, asking them not to certify and publish the ERA, which would ensure women's complete equality under the law. This opposition denies women equal rights, making them second-class citizens. The ERA is essential in protecting against sex discrimination in all areas, including gender equality, Title IX protections for gender-affirming and reproductive healthcare, birth control, abortion, fertility treatments, LGBTQ+ rights, racial justice, equal pay, and justice for sexual harassment and abuse. The women's movement gained momentum, particularly among younger advocates pushing for gender equality and legal protections for women’s rights. Efforts to pass the ERA continued.
In 2019, Christine M. Durham, the first female appointed to the Utah Supreme Court, encouraged the next generation: "The torch is being passed from women of my generation to your generation, and it's very important to educate yourself about the future and the past" (Collett, 2019). With their energy and passion, the younger generation was leading the ERA movement, bringing it closer than ever to becoming a formal constitutional amendment. Their involvement was essential and inspiring, offering us hope for the future.
Christine M. Durham. Source: The American Law Institute
Dr. Ellen Brady, the Issues Director for the Women's Democratic Club of Utah, raised an important issue: the United States was one of just six countries that had not signed the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. This agreement ensures a full range of rights, protections, and equality for women. However, the United States stood alongside countries like Sudan, Iran, and Somalia in failing to ratify this vital constitution.
Before President Joe R. Biden affirmed the ERA as the law of the land in 2025, women in the United States had fewer rights and protections compared to those in other countries. Out of 195 nations, only ten, including the U.S., lack gender equality in their constitutions. It's crucial to turn the idea of equality into real change. Dr. Brady stated to the Standard-Examiner on June 21, 2023, that the U.S. should lead in promoting women's rights rather than just following others' examples (Brady, Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023).
It's worth noting that on March 31, 1776, Abigail Adams, the future First Lady, urged her husband John Adams, who was then a member of the Continental Congress and later became the second president of the United States, to "remember the ladies" and to be more generous to them than previous generations. She warned against giving husbands unchecked power, stating that "all men would be tyrants if they could." She emphasized the need for women's voices in the laws that govern them, declaring they would rebel if ignored. Despite her strong plea, it took 144 years for women to gain the right to vote. As of 2023, the ERA still needs our support and ratification, marking 247 years since Abigail's request and 100 years since its introduction.
Before President Joe R. Biden affirmed the ERA as the law of the land in 2025, women in the United States had fewer rights and protections compared to those in other countries. Out of 195 nations, only ten, including the U.S., lack gender equality in their constitutions. It's crucial to turn the idea of equality into real change. Dr. Brady stated to the Standard-Examiner on June 21, 2023, that the U.S. should lead in promoting women's rights rather than just following others' examples (Brady, Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023).
It's worth noting that on March 31, 1776, Abigail Adams, the future First Lady, urged her husband John Adams, who was then a member of the Continental Congress and later became the second president of the United States, to "remember the ladies" and to be more generous to them than previous generations. She warned against giving husbands unchecked power, stating that "all men would be tyrants if they could." She emphasized the need for women's voices in the laws that govern them, declaring they would rebel if ignored. Despite her strong plea, it took 144 years for women to gain the right to vote. As of 2023, the ERA still needs our support and ratification, marking 247 years since Abigail's request and 100 years since its introduction.
Abigail Adams. Source: https://quotesgram.com
Utah has been a leader in gender equality, enacting its own Equal Rights Amendment in 1895 to ensure women have equal rights and protection. Article IV, Section 1 of Utah's Constitution states, "Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil, political, and religious rights and benefits." Despite this, Utah has declined to ratify the federal Equal Rights Amendment, with the state legislature refusing to treat women as equal citizens (Quist, The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019). However, there was substantial support for the amendment, with 74% of Utah residents and 94% of Americans in favor (Rich, 2020). Lifting the 1982 deadline was crucial to embedding gender equality in the U.S. Constitution. For more information on Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment, please see "From Housewives to Protestors: The Story of Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment."
The ERA, a cornerstone of social justice, encompasses key laws like Roe v. Wade, the Violence Against Women Act, Title IX, reproductive health rights, and equal pay. These fundamental rights are not just necessary; they are essential and must be defended. While we've made strides in areas such as inclusive restrooms, LGBTQ+ rights, and women's service in the military, these protections were officially recognized when President Joe R. Biden affirmed them on January 17, 2025, underscoring the urgency and significance of the ERA for gender equality.
The ERA, a cornerstone of social justice, encompasses key laws like Roe v. Wade, the Violence Against Women Act, Title IX, reproductive health rights, and equal pay. These fundamental rights are not just necessary; they are essential and must be defended. While we've made strides in areas such as inclusive restrooms, LGBTQ+ rights, and women's service in the military, these protections were officially recognized when President Joe R. Biden affirmed them on January 17, 2025, underscoring the urgency and significance of the ERA for gender equality.
Women still don't have equal rights
in the U.S. Constitution
in the U.S. Constitution
The Equal Rights Amendment
Fails To Pass in Senate
Fails To Pass in Senate
On July 12, 2023, the Equal Rights Amendment Now Resolution went into effect, one year after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade. This marked the first time two women—Representative Cori Bush from Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand from New York—introduced Equal Rights Amendment legislation with female sponsors in both the House and Senate.
The resolution directed the National Archivist to certify and publish the longstanding Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, underlining the urgent need for gender equality. Cori and Kirsten urged Colleen Shogan, the nation's first female National Archivist, to expedite this certification. Their efforts highlighted the increased involvement of BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities in the fight for gender equality. However, Colleen declined to certify and publish the ERA, citing the 1982 deadline.
Cori and Kirsten also requested that President Joe R. Biden, who supported the ERA, authorize the National Archivist to act immediately. However, he suggested that Congress should pursue a bipartisan approach instead, which failed in 2023.
On August 6, 2024, the American Bar Association (ABA) passed Resolution 601 after a year of research. The resolution states:
The ABA asserted that the ERA has met constitutional requirements. However, it was not until President Joe R. Biden affirmed it on January 17, 2025, as the law of the land. For more details, visit the ABA website to see discussions on the resolution and access supporting research.
The resolution directed the National Archivist to certify and publish the longstanding Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, underlining the urgent need for gender equality. Cori and Kirsten urged Colleen Shogan, the nation's first female National Archivist, to expedite this certification. Their efforts highlighted the increased involvement of BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities in the fight for gender equality. However, Colleen declined to certify and publish the ERA, citing the 1982 deadline.
Cori and Kirsten also requested that President Joe R. Biden, who supported the ERA, authorize the National Archivist to act immediately. However, he suggested that Congress should pursue a bipartisan approach instead, which failed in 2023.
On August 6, 2024, the American Bar Association (ABA) passed Resolution 601 after a year of research. The resolution states:
- Time limits on amendments conflict with Article V.
- Article V does not allow rescinding ratifications.
- Urges for the implementation of the 28th Equal Rights Amendment, as outlined in Article V, to promote gender equality in our legal system.
The ABA asserted that the ERA has met constitutional requirements. However, it was not until President Joe R. Biden affirmed it on January 17, 2025, as the law of the land. For more details, visit the ABA website to see discussions on the resolution and access supporting research.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York introduced the ERA Now Resolution, July 13, 2023. Source: Generation Ratify
President Joe J. Biden
Affirms the Equal Rights Amendment
as the Law of the Land
Affirms the Equal Rights Amendment
as the Law of the Land
For a century, women have steadfastly fought for the Equal Rights Amendment to ensure gender equality in the U.S. Constitution. First introduced in 1923, the ERA has been a resilient symbol of the struggle for gender equality, inspiring generations with its enduring fight. As of 2020, it met all ratification requirements, with enough states approving it. This amendment, now recognized as the 28th Amendment, marks a significant milestone in our nation's history, guaranteeing equality under the law, regardless of sex.
In a remarkable victory just days before leaving office, President Joe R. Biden announced from the White House on January 17, 2025, that the Equal Rights Amendment has now been affirmed as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and is officially the law of the land. This decision came after consultations with constitutional scholars and the American Bar Association. This marks a significant milestone, as the United States joins 85% of countries that include gender provisions in their constitutions (Kelly, The Center for American Progress, January 17, 2025). The ERA not only protects our democracy but also demonstrates our commitment to gender equality. After a century of advocacy, this accomplishment represents a major advancement toward gender equality. However, much work still needs to be done, and it is crucial to continue advocating for an inclusive ERA at the state level.
Before President Biden's affirmation of the ERA, there was a debate regarding whether the National Archivist needed to certify or publish the ERA. As the official custodian of the U.S. Constitution, the National Archivist is responsible for publishing amendments to the Constitution. Should the Archivist publish the ERA in the Federal Register? Absolutely. However, it is important to clarify that the Archivist's failure to publish the ERA does not mean that it is not part of the Constitution. Legal expert Laurence H. Tribe from Harvard Law School contended that the argument claiming that the ERA cannot become law until published by the National Archives is unsupported by the Constitution. The truth is that as long as the amendment fulfills the strict requirements outlined in Article V of the United States Constitution, it remains valid. These requirements include passage by two-thirds of both houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the states, which amounts to 38 states. In a powerful statement, Lawrence H. Tribe highlighted the significance of President Biden's actions, saying, "Thanks to President Biden, the Constitution will finally guarantee equality for all" (Tribe, The Contrarian, January 17, 2025). This declaration underscores a pivotal moment in our pursuit of justice and fairness under the law.
Biden Publish ERA.. Source: bidenpublishtheera.org
In addition, eighty-four organizations and medical associations, including the American Bar Association (ABA), have advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to be added to the Constitution as the 28th Amendment. In the summer of 2024, the ABA passed a resolution declaring that the ERA was ready for publication after fulfilling all legal requirements. This collective effort highlights the importance of the ERA in safeguarding equality, justice, and the rights of all Americans. Once published, it will become official U.S. law and promote gender equality. However, interference from the Trump Administration delayed the publication of the ERA during his first term. Despite confirmation from constitutional scholars that the ERA was ratified and should be part of the Constitution, it was only officially recognized by President Biden in January 2025.
ERA NOW LAST CHANCE. Source: wbai.org/
Furthermore, the National ERA Publication Taskforce, supported by New York State Senator Kristin Gillibrand, urged President Biden to publish the ERA before the end of his term. Their efforts resulted in a significant achievement: forty-six Senators signed a letter requesting this action. This victory highlights the power of collective action and the importance of public advocacy in shaping our nation's laws and policies. It shows that when we come together, we can make a real difference in advancing gender equality.
The ERA is now the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, marking a significant achievement toward gender equality. It protects reproductive rights, supports gender-neutral decisions regarding one’s body, and ensures access to gender-affirming care without discrimination. The ERA also defends LGBTQ+ rights and promotes equal treatment regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. Additionally, it addresses critical issues such as gender discrimination, the gender pay gap, and the empowerment of marginalized communities. To safeguard the rights of women, girls, and the LGBTQIA+ community, we must advocate for the implementation and enforcement of the ERA, which requires ongoing commitment and vigilance.
The ERA is now the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, marking a significant achievement toward gender equality. It protects reproductive rights, supports gender-neutral decisions regarding one’s body, and ensures access to gender-affirming care without discrimination. The ERA also defends LGBTQ+ rights and promotes equal treatment regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. Additionally, it addresses critical issues such as gender discrimination, the gender pay gap, and the empowerment of marginalized communities. To safeguard the rights of women, girls, and the LGBTQIA+ community, we must advocate for the implementation and enforcement of the ERA, which requires ongoing commitment and vigilance.
'The Equal Rights Amendment is now the Law of the Land!' Democrats Aboard. Source: www.democratsabroad.org/era_intro
Zakiya Thomas, President and CEO of the ERA Coalition and ERA Coalition Forward emphasized the importance of increasing awareness. She stated, "The debate is over—the Equal Rights Amendment is now the 28th Amendment to the Constitution, a significant milestone in making gender equality a reality. This means that any law or policy that discriminates based on sex or gender identity can be challenged in court, with the Constitution supporting equality. The ERA is not just a symbolic victory, but a practical tool for fighting gender discrimination." The efforts of the ERA Coalition and ERA Coalition Forward in advocating for the ERA exemplify the significant impact of collective action and the crucial role of public advocacy in shaping our nation's laws and policies.
Zakiya Thomas, President and CEO of the ERA Coalition. Source: www.eracoalition.org
This momentous victory for gender equality is a powerful tribute to our feminist ancestors who bravely fought for our rights, paving the way for future generations to thrive. Now, more than ever, we must unite to support those most affected and fiercely defend our equality and democracy. Enforcing the Equal Rights Amendment is not just crucial; it embodies our core values, just as the First Amendment champions free speech and the Fourteenth Amendment clarifies citizenship. Let's come together and celebrate this important step toward a fairer, more just society for everyone!
The ERA National Policy. Source: CADA News
Petition in Support of the Equal Rights Amendment by the Presidents of the Latter-day Saint Relief Society and Young Women's Association
Prior to the Equal Rights Amendment going into effect in 2025, Amy Brown Lyman, the Relief Society President, and Lucy Grant Gannon, the Young Women's Association President, advocated for it. On March 13, 1943, they sent a postcard to Senator Abe Murdock urging him to support the amendment. This moment was historically significant, as both organizations have long been supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment. Credit for discovering this source goes to researcher Ardis E. Parshall.
On March 13, 1943, Amy Brown Lyman, the Relief Society President, and Lucy Grant Gannon, the Young Women's Association President, sent a postcard urging their Senator, Abe Murdock, to support the Equal Rights Amendment
Amy Brown Lyman. Source: Better Days 2020
"I believe in women,
especially thinking women."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
especially thinking women."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
SpeakOut SpeakEasy. Source: The Utah Equal Rights Amendment Coalition, 2023
The First Female Vote Was Cast in Utah
Returning to history, on February 14, 1870, the Utah Territory, with its pioneering spirit, became the first territory in the United States to vote on Valentine's Day. The Wyoming Territory granted women the right to vote on December 10, 1869, but it was the women of Utah who were the first to cast their ballots. Utah held its elections earlier, on February 14 of that same year, while Wyoming had its first election with women's suffrage on September 6, 1870. The pivotal moment was when Seraph Young Ford, a 23-year-old schoolteacher and grandniece of Brigham Young, stepped forward as the first woman in the United States to cast a ballot under an equal suffrage law (History.com, December 10, 1869: Wyoming Grants Women The Vote, 2009; Jan, The Suffrage Movement, February 23, 2009; Clark, Better Days 2020). Wyoming may have beaten Utah by a few months in granting women the right to vote, but Utah is the first state where women cast their first ballot.
Art by David Koch. Seraph Young votes at the Utah State Capitol building. Source: Better Days 2020
The Utah Women's Suffrage Movement is a testament to perseverance, having won the right to vote twice: first in 1870 and again in 1895. These victories, well before the federal law, the 19th Amendment, granted American women the right to vote in 1920, were significant milestones in the fight for women's suffrage. After Utah became a state on January 4, 1896, its citizens, including women, participated in their first national election. Utah was the third state to grant suffrage, following Wyoming (July 23, 1890) and Colorado (November 7, 1893).
On this special day, let's honor the historic milestones in women's rights and celebrate the progress toward equality and love.
On this special day, let's honor the historic milestones in women's rights and celebrate the progress toward equality and love.
The Influential Women in Utah
Martha Hughes Cannon. Source: Utah State Historical Society, Deseret News Archives
Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon was a remarkable figure in our history, known not only as a doctor and public health advocate but also as America's first female state senator. She further advanced women's suffrage by becoming the first female state senator in the United States. Dr. Hughes Cannon won the election on November 3, 1896, defeating her husband, Angus Cannon, and her best friend, Emmeline B. Wells. Her victory, despite the personal and societal challenges, is a testament to her resilience. During her tenure, she implemented groundbreaking changes in Utah's public health system. As a pioneering suffragist, her efforts represented a significant milestone in the fight for women's rights. Dr. Hughes Cannon delivered influential testimony before the U.S. Congress supporting a national suffrage amendment, playing a crucial role in shaping the community during the early years of statehood.
Dr. Hughes Cannon also served on the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, where her efforts made a significant and lasting impact. As a state senator, she profoundly influenced education and healthcare by successfully passing legislation benefiting the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. The first bill was the "Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens," which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah. The second bill, the "Act of Authorizing the Erection of a Hospital Building for the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb," was passed by lawmakers in 1898. This legislation led to the construction of a hospital building on the school campus, which was completed in 1900 (Pace, The Utah Eagle, October 1946; Martha Hughes Cannon, Utah Division of Archives and Records Services, April 9, 2020; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Dr. Hughes Cannon's dedication and influence on the school's development are a testament to her commitment to public service and education.
Utah Governor Heber Wells acknowledged Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon's significant contributions to the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind by endorsing the first compulsory attendance law. He appointed her to the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, which inspired her to sponsor a second bill to establish a hospital at that institution. Even after leaving politics after one term, Martha remained committed to her work by serving two additional terms on the board of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, leaving behind a lasting legacy (Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Her work was not only impactful but also widely recognized, as evidenced by Governor Wells' endorsement and her subsequent appointments.
In 2024, a significant event occurred with the unveiling of a statue honoring Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon—a physician, politician, and pioneering suffragist—in the National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. This statue represents Dr. Hughes Cannon's achievements and underscores Utah's vital role in the national suffrage movement, as well as the state's ongoing commitment to gender equality. It serves as an inspiration, reminding us of our past accomplishments and the work that remains to be done. The statue stands as a proud testament to Dr. Hughes Cannon's legacy and her lasting impact on society.
Dr. Hughes Cannon also served on the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, where her efforts made a significant and lasting impact. As a state senator, she profoundly influenced education and healthcare by successfully passing legislation benefiting the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. The first bill was the "Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens," which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah. The second bill, the "Act of Authorizing the Erection of a Hospital Building for the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb," was passed by lawmakers in 1898. This legislation led to the construction of a hospital building on the school campus, which was completed in 1900 (Pace, The Utah Eagle, October 1946; Martha Hughes Cannon, Utah Division of Archives and Records Services, April 9, 2020; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Dr. Hughes Cannon's dedication and influence on the school's development are a testament to her commitment to public service and education.
Utah Governor Heber Wells acknowledged Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon's significant contributions to the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind by endorsing the first compulsory attendance law. He appointed her to the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, which inspired her to sponsor a second bill to establish a hospital at that institution. Even after leaving politics after one term, Martha remained committed to her work by serving two additional terms on the board of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, leaving behind a lasting legacy (Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Her work was not only impactful but also widely recognized, as evidenced by Governor Wells' endorsement and her subsequent appointments.
In 2024, a significant event occurred with the unveiling of a statue honoring Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon—a physician, politician, and pioneering suffragist—in the National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. This statue represents Dr. Hughes Cannon's achievements and underscores Utah's vital role in the national suffrage movement, as well as the state's ongoing commitment to gender equality. It serves as an inspiration, reminding us of our past accomplishments and the work that remains to be done. The statue stands as a proud testament to Dr. Hughes Cannon's legacy and her lasting impact on society.
The statue of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon goes to Washington, DC. Source: BetterDays2020.org
In 2017, women made up half of Utah's population but held only 1 in 7 legislative seats, one of the lowest rates in the nation (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017). By 2024, Utah was ranked as the worst state for women's equality, coming in 46th out of 50 states for gender equality and scoring poorly on justice and safety (Anderson & Madsen, Utah Women & Leadership Project, January 4, 2024).
The Utah State Senate in 1897, Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon standing to the left of center. Source: Utah State Historical Society
Maud May Babcock. Source: J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah
Maud May Babcock was the University of Utah's first female faculty member and the founder of the Departments of Speech, Physical Education, and University Theater. She also served on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf for twenty-two years, including twelve years as president. In recognition of her contributions, the Babcock Theater, which is the first college dramatic club in the United States, was named in her honor. Maud joined the University of Utah in 1892 and taught there for forty-six years. Additionally, she made history as the first woman to serve as a Senate chaplain in Utah (Toone, Deseret News, May 7, 2014; Maud May Babcock, Wikipedia, December 28, 2018).
One of Maud May Babcock's most significant contributions was her advocacy for the Deaf community in Utah. While serving on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, she traveled to the East in 1904 to study the communication methods used in other schools for the deaf. Her findings led to successful advocacy for additional funding to support new programs at the Utah School for the Deaf. Maud demonstrated her commitment by regularly visiting the school to share her experiences with the students (Robert, 1994; Maud May Babcock – Wikipedia). At the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, Maud shared her unique and enlightening experiences from her visits to Deaf schools in France and Germany, providing a global perspective to the Utah Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963).
After the Global Women's March, a group of Deaf women from Utah, including Roberta Dunlap Bolanos, Chrystee Call Davenport, Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Shandra Benito, Jodi Christel Becker, Carol Sanderson, Stephanie Lowder Mathis, Sari Williams, and Deaf actress Millicent "Millie" Simmonds, seized the chance to march locally. Despite progress in gender equality, Deaf women still face significant challenges. Although they have made strides in education, employment, and voting, their journeys remain difficult. Participating in the march was a powerful declaration of their determination to overcome these obstacles and advocate for their rights.
One of Maud May Babcock's most significant contributions was her advocacy for the Deaf community in Utah. While serving on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, she traveled to the East in 1904 to study the communication methods used in other schools for the deaf. Her findings led to successful advocacy for additional funding to support new programs at the Utah School for the Deaf. Maud demonstrated her commitment by regularly visiting the school to share her experiences with the students (Robert, 1994; Maud May Babcock – Wikipedia). At the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, Maud shared her unique and enlightening experiences from her visits to Deaf schools in France and Germany, providing a global perspective to the Utah Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963).
After the Global Women's March, a group of Deaf women from Utah, including Roberta Dunlap Bolanos, Chrystee Call Davenport, Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Shandra Benito, Jodi Christel Becker, Carol Sanderson, Stephanie Lowder Mathis, Sari Williams, and Deaf actress Millicent "Millie" Simmonds, seized the chance to march locally. Despite progress in gender equality, Deaf women still face significant challenges. Although they have made strides in education, employment, and voting, their journeys remain difficult. Participating in the march was a powerful declaration of their determination to overcome these obstacles and advocate for their rights.
A group of the Utah Women Unite participants at the Utah State Capitol. Two Deaf participants are seating on the right side. One in her black coat is Millie Simmonds and Carol
Sanderson is sitting next to her. Credit: Utah Women Unite website
Utah Deaf Women Who Made
a Difference in the Deaf Community
Elizabeth DeLong, the First Female President
of the Utah Association of the Deaf
of the Utah Association of the Deaf
In 1909, Elizabeth DeLong, affectionately known as "Libbie," made history by defeating two male Deaf candidates, becoming the first female Deaf In 1909, Elizabeth DeLong, affectionately known as "Libbie," made history by defeating two male Deaf candidates, becoming the first female Deaf president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, an advocacy organization for accessibility and civil rights of the Utah Deaf community. Additionally, she became the first female Deaf president of any state chapter association of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. Despite societal barriers as a Deaf woman, her victory over two Deaf male candidates in the election was a significant achievement, as women did not gain the right to vote until the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, and the National Association of the Deaf did not allow Deaf women members to vote in their elections until 1964. Libbie's remarkable achievement is a testament to her perseverance, likely inspired by her involvement in Gallaudet's O.W.L.S. presidential election in 1901, a secret society for women now known as Phi Kappa Zeta. Her active participation in Utah's early suffrage movement also fueled her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations. Libbie served as president of the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1915, marking a significant milestone in the organization's history. At the end of her second term as president in 1915, she delivered a powerful speech that marked a turning point in the women's suffrage movement. Growing up in Utah, where women gained the right to vote on February 14, 1870, Libbie passionately advocated for women's suffrage in her 1915 speech. Her commitment to promoting women's rights demonstrated her dedication and had a profound and lasting impact on the movement, inspiring many and continuing to empower us today. As a trailblazer for Deaf women in leadership roles, Libbie has supported women's suffrage and made significant contributions to both the Utah Deaf community and the women's rights movement, leaving a lasting impact through her work that continues to shape our society.
The BetterDays2002 website features Libbie's biography, as well as those of other Utah women trailblazers' accomplishments and contributions.
The BetterDays2002 website features Libbie's biography, as well as those of other Utah women trailblazers' accomplishments and contributions.
Elizabeth DeLong. Source: FamilySearch.org
Emma M. Emmertson, as revealed by her grandson Don Jorgenson II in an interview with Carolyn Jorgenson, was a suffragette who actively participated in the Women's Suffrage Movement from the late 19th to the early 20th century. This significant social and political campaign aimed to secure voting rights for women. Emma's granddaughter, Kristan Jorgensen, also described her as a very strong woman on FamilySearch.org.
Utah's women's suffrage campaign, a local movement, played a crucial role in shaping Emma's activism. This grassroots effort successfully granted women the right to vote in 1870 and left a lasting impact on Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. Emma was deeply inspired by the courage and determination of these trailblazing women, which ignited her own commitment to activism. This is a powerful example of how local movements can drive national change, as demonstrated by the Women's Suffrage Movement.
Utah's women's suffrage campaign, a local movement, played a crucial role in shaping Emma's activism. This grassroots effort successfully granted women the right to vote in 1870 and left a lasting impact on Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. Emma was deeply inspired by the courage and determination of these trailblazing women, which ignited her own commitment to activism. This is a powerful example of how local movements can drive national change, as demonstrated by the Women's Suffrage Movement.
Emma M. Emmertson. Source: The Utah Eagle, June 6, 1907
In 1910, Mary Anne Wooslayer, a Deaf woman, made history as the first female Deaf student to graduate with a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah. She was sponsored during her time at the university by Maud May Babcock, a member of the Utah School for the Deaf Board of Trustees and a faculty member at the University of Utah (Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection, 1890). The early efforts in the state to promote education and career opportunities for women, along with Mary's connection to Maud May Babcock, likely influenced her decision to pursue higher education at the University of Utah, where she graduated in 1916. Similarly, Emma M. Emmertson enrolled at the University of Utah in 1911 and graduated in 1917, highlighting the opportunities available for women at that time. After completing their college education, both Mary and Emma went on to teach in state schools for the Deaf.
Mary Anne Wooslayer
Between 1864 and 1887, Gallaudet College denied Deaf women admission (Gallaudet University: US History Encyclopedia). Similarly, the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD), established in 1901 as a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization, provided insurance to Deaf men. However, the NFSD initially excluded women from membership and equal privileges, forcing them to fight for their rights. In early 1915, Deaf women began to campaign for full membership and admission to this male-dominated organization, which viewed men as the primary figures in the household (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006).
In Utah, NFSD's early efforts were spearheaded by Justina Wooldridge Keeley, a significant figure in its history who later became involved with Salt Lake City Division No. 56. While visiting her home state of Missouri, Keeley discovered a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization. Upon returning to Salt Lake City, Utah, the Salt Lake City Division No. 56 was founded in 1916 by the local Deaf men (UAD Bulletin, Summer, 1966; Walker, 1966).
Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which marked a significant advancement in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change highlighted the importance of gender inclusion in the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf and represented a considerable achievement in the struggle for equality within the organization.
In Utah, NFSD's early efforts were spearheaded by Justina Wooldridge Keeley, a significant figure in its history who later became involved with Salt Lake City Division No. 56. While visiting her home state of Missouri, Keeley discovered a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization. Upon returning to Salt Lake City, Utah, the Salt Lake City Division No. 56 was founded in 1916 by the local Deaf men (UAD Bulletin, Summer, 1966; Walker, 1966).
Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which marked a significant advancement in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change highlighted the importance of gender inclusion in the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf and represented a considerable achievement in the struggle for equality within the organization.
Justina W. Keeley. Source: Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56. October 15, 1966
Kim Lucas, the Second Female President of the
Utah Association of the Deaf
Utah Association of the Deaf
Kim Lucas
In 2019, Kim Lucas made history by becoming the second woman president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, ending 104 years of male leadership. Elizabeth Delong was the first woman to hold this position, completing her term in 1915. Kim's election represents a significant milestone for the organization, highlighting its commitment to progress and inclusivity. Throughout her journey, the Utah Association of the Deaf provided support, fostering greater diversity in leadership. Additionally, Kim is the first queer president of the organization, marking a pivotal moment for women's leadership and representation within the Deaf Queer community.
For the first time since 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has achieved a significant milestone with two female presidential officers: Kim Lucas as president and Ashli-Marie Grant as vice president. This marks an important step towards gender equality and diversity in the leadership of our organization.
As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States.
For the first time since 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has achieved a significant milestone with two female presidential officers: Kim Lucas as president and Ashli-Marie Grant as vice president. This marks an important step towards gender equality and diversity in the leadership of our organization.
As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States.
Ashli-Marie Grant
Did You Know?
Did you know that my amazing Gallaudet University friend and roommate, Kimberly Solomon Crites, has a remarkable family connection to women's history in Utah? Her great-grandmother, Laura Loretta Woodland Tanner, born in 1867, was a bold suffragist in Utah! How incredible is that?! In the photo, she's second from the right, campaigning for the 19th Amendment, which was passed in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Laura worked with key figures in the movement like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Ida B. Wells, and Alice Paul.
Suffragists in front of Hotel Utah on October 4, 1915. Laura Loretta Woodland Tanner is second from the right, campaigning for the 19th Amendment, which was passed in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Source: National Woman's Party
Laura was the first woman to graduate from Brigham Young College in 1887 and later taught in Cache County and Logan. In 1896, she was the speaker for the Republican Women at the statehood celebration. During World War I, she was on the Herbert Hoover National Food Distribution Relief Committee.
Laura served in the Utah State Senate from 1927 to 1928 and from 1931 to 1932, chaired the House Steering Committee, and was involved in various civic organizations. She also taught Relief Society for 18 years and was nominated for Utah Mother of the Year in 1957. Laura was active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and filled missions with her husband in California and Michigan.
It would be wonderful to see Laura's inspiring biography, summaried by Kimberly's brother, published on the BetterDays 2020 website! I'm so grateful for all that Laura did to fight for our voting rights—something we, as women, often take for granted now. Let's celebrate her legacy together!
Laura served in the Utah State Senate from 1927 to 1928 and from 1931 to 1932, chaired the House Steering Committee, and was involved in various civic organizations. She also taught Relief Society for 18 years and was nominated for Utah Mother of the Year in 1957. Laura was active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and filled missions with her husband in California and Michigan.
It would be wonderful to see Laura's inspiring biography, summaried by Kimberly's brother, published on the BetterDays 2020 website! I'm so grateful for all that Laura did to fight for our voting rights—something we, as women, often take for granted now. Let's celebrate her legacy together!
Four roommates from Gallaudet University, taken in 1996. L-R: Andrea Garff Anderson, Kimberly Solomon Crites (that's her!), Charlotte Kaldani Simeos, and Jodi Christel Becker
There is a list of things that young women now take for granted that women couldn't do in the past.
Things Women Couldn't Do Before Feminism. Source: The Transformed Wife
- Women couldn’t vote until 1920.
- Married women couldn’t prescribe birth control until 1965.
- Women couldn’t get divorce easily until 1969. It was difficult to divorce for physical abuse or adultery.
- Women couldn’t practice law until 1971.
- Women couldn’t run the marathon until 1972.
- Women couldn’t get abortions throughout the country until 1973.
- Women couldn’t own credit cards under their own names until 1974.
- Women couldn’t serve on juries in all states until 1973. Utah deemed women fit for jury duty way back in 1879.
- Women couldn’t join military academics until 1976.
- Women couldn’t report workplace discrimination on the basis of pregnancy until 1978. They could be fired for being pregnant.
- Women couldn’t report workplace discrimination on the basis of pregnancy until 1978.
- Women couldn’t sue for sexual harassment until 1980.
- Women couldn’t report rape at the hands of their husbands until 1993.
- Women couldn’t protect themselves from domestic violence until 1994.
- Women couldn’t serve in active combat until 2013.
- Women couldn’t get the emergency contraception known as Plan B until 1998. As of 2016, you couldn’t find it in the drugstore aisles.
A Debt of Gratitude to Feminist Organizations
We owe a debt of gratitude to feminist organizations that fought for women's rights. Women have made significant progress in their struggle for equality, and today, they continue to strive for it, as evidenced by the following examples.
- The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in the United States to ensure equal rights for all individuals, regardless of gender. Although the U.S. Congress passed the amendment in 1972, it did not secure the necessary ratification from thirty-eight states by the June 30, 1982 deadline. Utah was a staunch opponent of the ERA in the 1970s and continues to oppose it today.
- Wage disparities between men and women continue to be a significant issue, highlighting the urgent need for action. These inequalities are evident in various aspects of employment, including hiring, firing, opportunities for advancement, pay equality, and medical accommodations across federal, state, and local government positions.
- There is also a failure to ensure physical safety by adequately addressing domestic violence, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This includes issues like the large backlogs of untested rape kits and the lack of investigation into rape cases. Law enforcement often receives insufficient training to effectively deal with gender-based violence, which can lead to a minimization or disregard of these crimes.
- Acts of self-defense result in significantly higher rates of imprisonment for women. In high-conflict divorce cases that involve domestic violence, child custody often becomes a contentious issue. For support, you can contact the Sego Lily Center for the Abused Deaf at slcad.org in Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Impoverishment is more prevalent among women than men, which makes the need for safe and affordable housing critical. Additionally, discriminatory enforcement of nuisance laws and evictions exacerbates this issue.
- While quality healthcare, including reproductive services, is available, there is often a lack of necessary kits, training, and forensic nurses for handling sexual assault intake in hospitals.
- Access to safe and legal abortion is essential following the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022.
- Comprehensive sex education is necessary.
- Women in the military face challenges, as the military often fails to address reports of sexual harassment and assault adequately.
- Human trafficking is a crime; however, the enforcement of laws regarding sex trafficking is often discriminatory.
- Racial Injustice: Women in the labor force experience the impacts of both gender and racial inequality, which includes disparities in wages.
- In the United States, the only developed country that does not mandate paid maternity leave, paternity leave is often longer and more readily available than maternity leave.
- Women continue to face challenges in attaining leadership roles and breaking through the glass ceiling barriers in these positions. Hillary Clinton and Kamala Harris serve as notable examples of this struggle.
Let's Challenge the
Status Quo Successfully!
Status Quo Successfully!
It's concerning that the long-standing neglect of women's rights still lingers today. Sharon Weeks, the author of "It Seems to Me: What Young Women May Not Know," points out that many young women might not be aware of the rich history behind women's rights and often feel quite comfortable with their current status. She emphasizes how vital it is to learn about women's rights and to challenge the status quo. It's important for young women to understand that their lack of engagement could have repercussions for future generations, including their daughters and granddaughters (Weeks, Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017).
As someone who truly values self-reliance, education, and career success, I feel that Utah could really benefit from more emphasis on women's empowerment. The local culture, influenced by religious perspectives, often seems to prioritize marriage and family life. But women are so much more than traditional roles like homemakers and mothers; they have dreams and aspirations that extend into education and professional careers!
However, there's still so much work to be done across the United States to enhance women's access to education, healthcare, and technology. Women's rights are fundamental human rights that everyone should actively support. Let's band together and champion these rights, ensuring that no one is left behind on this important journey!
As someone who truly values self-reliance, education, and career success, I feel that Utah could really benefit from more emphasis on women's empowerment. The local culture, influenced by religious perspectives, often seems to prioritize marriage and family life. But women are so much more than traditional roles like homemakers and mothers; they have dreams and aspirations that extend into education and professional careers!
However, there's still so much work to be done across the United States to enhance women's access to education, healthcare, and technology. Women's rights are fundamental human rights that everyone should actively support. Let's band together and champion these rights, ensuring that no one is left behind on this important journey!
A Slideshow of the
Utah Women's March in
Salt Lake City, Utah
January 23, 2017
Rally in Utah State Capitol Puts Focus on Equal Rights Amendment
December 3, 2019
December 3, 2019
On December 3, 2019, State Representative Karen Kwan, a Democrat from Taylorsville, Utah, introduced legislation for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 2020. Around 200 supporters, including Deaf advocates, UAD President Kim Lucas, SLCAD President Robert Belshe, UAD board member Brooke Budzinski Groosinger, and Honor Belshe (Robert's 15-year-old daughter), gathered at the Utah State Capitol for a rally supporting this historic moment. It was a memorable day for all of us, and being part of this significant historical moment was an honor.
L-R: Julie Loder, ASL Interpreter, Jodi Christel Becker, Rep. Karen Kwan, Kim, Smith, Brooke Groosinger, Honor Belshe, and Robert Belshe
State Rep. Karen Kwan, D-Taylorsville, introduced a bill Tuesday that would ratify the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah. The ERA adds language to the U.S. Constitution on equal rights for all people regardless of sex. ROCIO HERNANDEZ / KUER
The History of Equal Rights
Amendment in Video, 2020
A Slideshow of
Representative Karen Kwan
introducing a resolution for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 2020 at the Utah State Capitol
December 3, 2019
Representative Karen Kwan
introducing a resolution for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 2020 at the Utah State Capitol
December 3, 2019
Utah Women's Equality Day
August 26, 2021
Danielle and Jodi (Mother & Daughter)
Read the attached articles to gain a deeper
understanding of women's equality issues
understanding of women's equality issues
Consider signing up for the following
newsletters and petitions to learn about
and safeguard your rights:
newsletters and petitions to learn about
and safeguard your rights:
- Utah ERA Coalition - https://utaheracoalition.org
- Utah Women and Leadership Project - https://www.usu.edu/uwlp/
- Ms. Magazine - http://msmagazine.com
- National Women Law Center - http://www.nwlc.org
- Equality Now - www.equalitynow.org
- National Organization for Women - https://now.org
- League of Women Voters - https://www.lwv.org
- Equal Rights Amendment - www.equalrightsamendment.org
- Equal Means Equal - http://equalmeansequal.org
- ERA Coalition - http://www.eracoalition.org
- Generation Ratify - https://www.generationratify.org/
- Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice - https://www.alicepaul.org
- A Mighty Girls - https://www.amightygirl.com
References
"Abigail Adams urges husband to “remember the ladies." History.com. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/abigail-adams-urges-husband-to-remember-the-ladies
Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice. https://www.alicepaul.org/
Brooks, Joanna, Steenblik Rachel Hunt and Wheelwright, Hannah. "Mormon Feminism Essential Writing." Oxford University Press, 2016.
Brady, Ellen. "Guest opinion: Validate the ratification of the ERA." Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023. https://www.standard.net/opinion/guest-commentary/2023/jun/21/guest-opinion-validate-the-ratification-of-the-era/?mibextid=Zxz2cZ&fbclid=IwAR0pLMFPN6MrGD05Epp_Wge3o9_T-7jFOSy-O-esov
Collett Katelyn. "Former Utah Supreme Court Justice Speaks on Equality at the U." The Daily Utah Chronicle, March 12, 2019. https://dailyutahchronicle.com/2019/03/12/former-utah-supreme-court-justice-speaks-on-equality-at-the-u/#:~:text=She%20told%20the%20Chronicle%2C%20%E2%80%9CI,systems%20that%20are%20meant%20to
Clark, Rebekah. First Woman to Vote in Utah and the Modern Nation. Better Days 2020. https://www.utahwomenshistory.org/bios/seraph-young/
Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."
Francis, Roberta. "The Equal Rights Amendment: Frequently Asked Questions." The Equal Rights Amendment. www.equalrightsamendment.org
"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.
Gehrke, Robert. “Gehrke: Utah lawmakers should heed remarkable women’s march as call to action.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017.
Havens, Emily. "Mormon and feminists: Not an oxymoron - a rich history." The Spectrum, February 24, 2018. https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2018/02/24/mormon-and-feminist-not-oxymoron-rich-history-lds-church/345375002/
Jan. "The Suffrage Movement," February 23, 2009. https://www.ldswomenofgod.com/2009/02/23/the-suffrage-movement/
Jones, Kelly Whited. "Kelly Whited Jones: 100 years later, women are still fighting for equality and the ERA." The Salt Lake Tribute, July 23, 2023.
Kelly, Kate. "The ERA Solidifies Women’s Rights in the Constitution as the 28th Amendment." The Center for American Progress, January 17, 2025. www.americanprogress.org/article/the-era-solidifies-womens-rights-in-the-constitution-as-the-28th-amendment/
Kennedy, Lesley. "How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment." History.com, September 29, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
"Martha Hughes Cannon," Wikipedia, January 22, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hughes_Cannon
Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.
"Maud Babcock," Wikipedia, December 28, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Babcock
"National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1901-2007 manuscripts." Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006. Gallaudet University Archives.
Pace, Irma Acord. "A History of the Utah School for the Deaf." The Utah Eagle, vol. 58, no. 1 (October 1946): 1-33.
Pemberton, Jennifer. "When the Equal Rights Amendment Came to Utah." Utah Public Radio, August 25, 2016. https://www.upr.org/news/2016-08-25/when-the-equal-rights-amendment-came-to-utah
Radke-Moss, Andrea. "Emily S. Richards, A Believer in Suffrage." Better Days 2020. https://utahwomenshistory.org/the-women/emilysrichards/
Rich, Amy, (2020). The ERA Deadline Removal Reasons.
"Salt Lake Frat to Mark 50th Year." The UAD Bulletin, Vol. 4 No. 3 (Summer 1966): 1.
Stack, Peggy Fletcher. “New book explores an early Mormon dichotomy: Women defending polygamy while pushing a feminist agenda.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 9, 2017.
Toone, Trent. "10 remarkable women in LDS Church history." Deseret News, May 7, 2014. https://www.deseret.com/2014/5/7/20540994/10-remarkable-women-in-lds-church-history/
Tribe, Lawrence H. "The Equal Rights Amendment at long Last." The Contrarian, January 17, 2025. contrarian.substack.com/p/the-equal-rights-amendment-at-long
Quist, Michelle. "Michelle Quist: For the Conservation Case for the Equal Rights Amendement." The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019. https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/10/03/michelle-quist/
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
Vaglanos, Alanna. “Thousands Marched On Utah State Capitol Calling For Women’s Equality.” The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017.
Walker, Rodney Wilson. Outlined History of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf. Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56 National Fraternal Society of the Deaf 1916-1966. Prudential Plaza Auditorium, October 15, 1966.
Weeks, Sharon. "It seems to me: What young women may not know." Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017. http://www.leadertelegram.com/Opinion/Commentary/2017/02/05/lt-div-class-libPageBodyLinebreak-gt-What-young-women-may-not-know-lt-div-gt.html
"Wyoming Grants Women The Vote." History.com, 2009.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wyoming-grants-women-the-vote
Alice Paul Center for Gender Justice. https://www.alicepaul.org/
Brooks, Joanna, Steenblik Rachel Hunt and Wheelwright, Hannah. "Mormon Feminism Essential Writing." Oxford University Press, 2016.
Brady, Ellen. "Guest opinion: Validate the ratification of the ERA." Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023. https://www.standard.net/opinion/guest-commentary/2023/jun/21/guest-opinion-validate-the-ratification-of-the-era/?mibextid=Zxz2cZ&fbclid=IwAR0pLMFPN6MrGD05Epp_Wge3o9_T-7jFOSy-O-esov
Collett Katelyn. "Former Utah Supreme Court Justice Speaks on Equality at the U." The Daily Utah Chronicle, March 12, 2019. https://dailyutahchronicle.com/2019/03/12/former-utah-supreme-court-justice-speaks-on-equality-at-the-u/#:~:text=She%20told%20the%20Chronicle%2C%20%E2%80%9CI,systems%20that%20are%20meant%20to
Clark, Rebekah. First Woman to Vote in Utah and the Modern Nation. Better Days 2020. https://www.utahwomenshistory.org/bios/seraph-young/
Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."
Francis, Roberta. "The Equal Rights Amendment: Frequently Asked Questions." The Equal Rights Amendment. www.equalrightsamendment.org
"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.
Gehrke, Robert. “Gehrke: Utah lawmakers should heed remarkable women’s march as call to action.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017.
Havens, Emily. "Mormon and feminists: Not an oxymoron - a rich history." The Spectrum, February 24, 2018. https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2018/02/24/mormon-and-feminist-not-oxymoron-rich-history-lds-church/345375002/
Jan. "The Suffrage Movement," February 23, 2009. https://www.ldswomenofgod.com/2009/02/23/the-suffrage-movement/
Jones, Kelly Whited. "Kelly Whited Jones: 100 years later, women are still fighting for equality and the ERA." The Salt Lake Tribute, July 23, 2023.
Kelly, Kate. "The ERA Solidifies Women’s Rights in the Constitution as the 28th Amendment." The Center for American Progress, January 17, 2025. www.americanprogress.org/article/the-era-solidifies-womens-rights-in-the-constitution-as-the-28th-amendment/
Kennedy, Lesley. "How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment." History.com, September 29, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
"Martha Hughes Cannon," Wikipedia, January 22, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hughes_Cannon
Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.
"Maud Babcock," Wikipedia, December 28, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Babcock
"National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1901-2007 manuscripts." Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006. Gallaudet University Archives.
Pace, Irma Acord. "A History of the Utah School for the Deaf." The Utah Eagle, vol. 58, no. 1 (October 1946): 1-33.
Pemberton, Jennifer. "When the Equal Rights Amendment Came to Utah." Utah Public Radio, August 25, 2016. https://www.upr.org/news/2016-08-25/when-the-equal-rights-amendment-came-to-utah
Radke-Moss, Andrea. "Emily S. Richards, A Believer in Suffrage." Better Days 2020. https://utahwomenshistory.org/the-women/emilysrichards/
Rich, Amy, (2020). The ERA Deadline Removal Reasons.
"Salt Lake Frat to Mark 50th Year." The UAD Bulletin, Vol. 4 No. 3 (Summer 1966): 1.
Stack, Peggy Fletcher. “New book explores an early Mormon dichotomy: Women defending polygamy while pushing a feminist agenda.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 9, 2017.
Toone, Trent. "10 remarkable women in LDS Church history." Deseret News, May 7, 2014. https://www.deseret.com/2014/5/7/20540994/10-remarkable-women-in-lds-church-history/
Tribe, Lawrence H. "The Equal Rights Amendment at long Last." The Contrarian, January 17, 2025. contrarian.substack.com/p/the-equal-rights-amendment-at-long
Quist, Michelle. "Michelle Quist: For the Conservation Case for the Equal Rights Amendement." The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019. https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/10/03/michelle-quist/
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
Vaglanos, Alanna. “Thousands Marched On Utah State Capitol Calling For Women’s Equality.” The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017.
Walker, Rodney Wilson. Outlined History of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf. Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56 National Fraternal Society of the Deaf 1916-1966. Prudential Plaza Auditorium, October 15, 1966.
Weeks, Sharon. "It seems to me: What young women may not know." Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017. http://www.leadertelegram.com/Opinion/Commentary/2017/02/05/lt-div-class-libPageBodyLinebreak-gt-What-young-women-may-not-know-lt-div-gt.html
"Wyoming Grants Women The Vote." History.com, 2009.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wyoming-grants-women-the-vote
