Outstanding Contributions
in the Early History of
Utah's Deaf and Non-Deaf Women
in the Early History of
Utah's Deaf and Non-Deaf Women
Written by Jodi Becker Kinner
Published in 2017
Updated in 2024
Author's Note
As an Equal Rights Amendment enthusiast, I am committed to recognizing and honoring the accomplishments of early Utah women throughout history. This webpage is dedicated to acknowledging the enduring legacy of these women who, despite facing social, economic, professional, and political marginalization, have made a lasting impact on our society. By learning about the leadership achievements of Utah women, we can truly appreciate their contributions. Additionally, we can explore the history and leadership of equal rights for all and discuss strategies to encourage more people to engage in politics to uphold equal rights. Utah women were trailblazers in the areas of equality, voting rights, education, employment, and access, making significant strides that were ahead of their time. Unfortunately, this fact is often overlooked by the rest of the country. The purpose of this webpage is to reclaim and celebrate our influential history, and to inspire engagement in equal rights advocacy.
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Our organization, previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. The association was known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. The association changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963. Finally, in 2012, the association reverted to its previous name, the Utah Association of the Deaf. When writing the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of the association's history.
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
When writing about individuals for our history website, I choose to use their first name to acknowledge all individuals who contribute to and advocate for our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often expects to recognize women's advocacy, contributions, and achievements using their husbands' last names instead of their own. However, in the spirit of inclusivity, equality, and recognizing each individual's unique identity, I have decided to use their first names throughout the website. This decision reaffirms our commitment to these values and highlights the significant role of women's advocacy in our community.
Our organization, previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf, changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. The association was known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. The association changed its name to the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963. Finally, in 2012, the association reverted to its previous name, the Utah Association of the Deaf. When writing the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to reflect the different eras of the association's history.
Thank you for taking an interest in this topic.
Enjoy!
Jodi Becker Kinner
Women's Rights are Human Rights = Human Rights are Women's Rights.
~Utah Women Unite~
~Utah Women Unite~
Thousands Marched On Utah State Capitol
Calling For Women’s Equality
Calling For Women’s Equality
Disclaimer
This webpage does not aim to criticize former U.S. President Donald J. Trump. Instead, it intends to provide readers with insight into the challenges women encounter when trying to speak out against the injustices, inequality, sexism, misogyny, and oppression they have faced over the years within a predominantly male-dominated political system.
The Global Women’s March
On January 21, 2017, the Global Women's March made history as an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide marched to raise their voices about women's inequality. This global event underscored the widespread support for women's rights and the need for political engagement. In Utah, ten thousand residents braved challenging weather conditions to march to the Utah State Capitol, calling on legislators to support equal rights for women, LGBTQIA+ individuals, women of color, immigrant women, Muslim women, women with disabilities, and women with low or fixed incomes. The event, organized by 'Utah Women Unite,' was a powerful advocacy for equality for millions of women who still face denial of fundamental human rights due to their gender. The participants sent a strong message to Utah lawmakers, declaring their readiness to defend the progress their mothers and grandmothers fought for (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017).
Within 24 hours of President Donald J. Trump's inauguration, organizers organized the Global Women's March. People perceived a backward agenda as an immediate threat to women's civil rights and liberties. Kate Kelly, a prominent American activist, Mormon feminist, and human rights attorney who was instrumental in organizing the 'Utah Women Unite' event, voiced her frustration, stating, "I'm sick and tired of men making laws about our bodies, our choices, and our lives without consulting us!" (Vaglanos, The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017).
Within 24 hours of President Donald J. Trump's inauguration, organizers organized the Global Women's March. People perceived a backward agenda as an immediate threat to women's civil rights and liberties. Kate Kelly, a prominent American activist, Mormon feminist, and human rights attorney who was instrumental in organizing the 'Utah Women Unite' event, voiced her frustration, stating, "I'm sick and tired of men making laws about our bodies, our choices, and our lives without consulting us!" (Vaglanos, The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017).
A group of ASL/Deaf Women at the Utah Women's March in the Utah State Capitol on January 23, 2017. Back Row: L-R: Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Sari Stewart Williams, Dawn Duran (ASL Interpreter), Stephanie Lowder Mathis, and Chrystee Call Davenport. Front Row L-R: Shandra Benito, Jodi Becker Kinner, Millicent "Millie" Simmonds (a Deaf actress), and Carol Sanderson
Utah Women's Suffrage Movement
In the 1800s, women in Utah, with remarkable courage, stepped into the political arena and waged a relentless battle for their rights, including the right to vote. They were the fearless' suffragists.' Utah stands as a beacon of women's rights, and the influential figures in Utah politics of that era left an indelible mark on the movement.
Susan B. Anthony with suffrage leaders from Utah and elsewhere. Source: Women Suffrage in Utah
Emily Sophia Tanner Richards envisioned and proposed a groundbreaking proposal to affiliate a suffrage group in Utah with the National Woman Suffrage Association, a key organization advocating for women's right to vote. She had strong bonds with influential leader Susan B. Anthony, who was a prominent figure in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Emily's husband, Franklin S. Richards, was a crucial ally in the fight for equal suffrage. She also created local suffrage associations in partnership with Relief Societies throughout Utah and the Intermountain West (Toone, Deseret News, May 7, 2014; Radke-Moss, Better Days 2020).
Utah had the highest number of members in the National American Woman Suffrage Association compared to other states. At that time, Utah, like many other parts of the United States, prohibited women from voting, pursuing higher education or careers, signing contracts, maintaining their jobs, or owning property. Women's lack of rights and opportunities highlighted the urgent need for the suffrage movement.
Utah had the highest number of members in the National American Woman Suffrage Association compared to other states. At that time, Utah, like many other parts of the United States, prohibited women from voting, pursuing higher education or careers, signing contracts, maintaining their jobs, or owning property. Women's lack of rights and opportunities highlighted the urgent need for the suffrage movement.
Emily S. and Franklin S. Richards, leaders in Utah's suffrage movement. Source: Utah State Historical Society
Woman's Exponent,
a Progressive Newspaper
a Progressive Newspaper
Between 1872 and 1914, Mormon women of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints produced The Woman's Exponent. The editors were Lula Greene Richards and Emmeline B. Wells. The Exponent's mission was to empower and support Latter-day Saint women by addressing topics such as women's suffrage, social and political issues, and the abolishment of plural marriage in 1890. The abolition of plural marriage had a significant impact on the suffrage movement, as it allowed women to focus more on their rights and participation in society. Unfortunately, after a successful 42-year run, financial difficulties forced the newspaper to cease publication in 1914 (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).
Lula Greene Richards. Source: Utah Communication History Encyclopedia
As both the Governor of Utah and the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Brigham Young played a crucial role in advancing women's education and careers. He believed that women's contributions should extend beyond traditional domestic roles, advocating for their involvement in various fields such as business, law, physics, and bookkeeping (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016). His progressive views aimed to expand women's opportunities for the greater benefit of society.
Brigham Young. Source: www.churchofjesuschrist.org/
Under President Young's leadership, women could also work and pursue progressive careers. They were also able to advance their political agendas, even while practicing polygamy and pursuing their academic and professional goals. Women held various roles in academia, medicine, teaching, writing, and politics (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016). According to historians, Mormon feminists have existed for as long as Mormonism itself, dating back to the founding of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830 (Havens, The Spectrum, February 24, 2018).
Emmeline B. Wells. Source: PBS.org
"The future will deal more generously with womankind, and the historian of the present age will find it very embarrassing to ignore woman."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
~Emmeline B. Wells~
After 1920, the power and status of women in both the church and politics began to decline, a trend that continued until the 1960s. During this period, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints collaborated with the Relief Society, one of the world’s oldest and largest women’s organizations, to pursue its global development goals. However, between 1960 and 1970, men oversaw the Relief Society’s finances, operations, and publications, which resulted in a loss of power and independence for women. From 1970 to 1980, the church promoted a traditional family structure that discouraged women from having careers outside the home. As a result, many mothers chose to stay home and raise their children rather than pursue careers. Consequently, the number of stay-at-home mothers increased over time, and women in Utah enrolled in college at a lower rate than women nationwide (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).
From 1870 to 1970, the leadership and accomplishments of Latter-day Saint women were largely overlooked. It wasn't until the early 1970s that this began to change, particularly with the efforts of the Boston Mormon feminists, who started publishing the Women's Exponent magazine in 1974. This publication is still in circulation today. Additionally, Neylan McBaine established the non-profit organization "Better Days 2020" to acknowledge and promote the contributions of women in Utah's leadership, aiming to elevate their status.
From 1870 to 1970, the leadership and accomplishments of Latter-day Saint women were largely overlooked. It wasn't until the early 1970s that this began to change, particularly with the efforts of the Boston Mormon feminists, who started publishing the Women's Exponent magazine in 1974. This publication is still in circulation today. Additionally, Neylan McBaine established the non-profit organization "Better Days 2020" to acknowledge and promote the contributions of women in Utah's leadership, aiming to elevate their status.
The original Woman's Exponent newspapers. It was taken at the 'Better Days 2020' Festival.
The Relaunch of the
Woman's Exponent II Magazine & Blog
Woman's Exponent II Magazine & Blog
During the pivotal period of the Equal Rights Amendment ratification, from 1972 to 1982, Susan Kohler, a feminist who was also a member of the Latter-day Saint community in Boston, Massachusetts, stumbled upon a collection of Exponent newspapers. These newspapers, authored by feminist-minded Mormon women, were archived at Harvard University's Widener Library and the Boston Public Library. The discovery of these newspapers inspired Dr. Claudia Lauper Bushman and Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, who launched Exponent II magazine in July 1974. This magazine is the longest-running independent publication for Latter-day Saint women (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016).
Claudia Lauper Bushman. Source: Fairmormon.org
The Boston Mormon Feminists have referred to The Exponent II, a publication by and for Mormon women, as "The spiritual descendant of the Woman's Exponent." Claudia Bushman called the women who spoke out role models for her. The primary goal of Exponent II is to empower and strengthen The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and to encourage and develop the talents of Mormon women. The publication also focuses on the experiences and concerns of diverse Mormon women from a feminist perspective. It is worth noting that Exponent II is the longest-running independent publication for and by Mormon women, publishing quarterly (Brooks, Steenblik & Wheelwright, 2016). If you want to learn more, check out the Exponent II link.
Interestingly, in 1976, Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, a Mormon feminist, historian, and Harvard University professor, coined the phrase, 'Well-behaved women seldom make history.' Many items such as greeting cards, t-shirts, mugs, and bumper stickers now feature this popular phrase. Dr. Ulrich's role in the feminist movement within the Mormon community is significant. Her academic and activist work has inspired many, and her phrase has become a rallying cry for women's empowerment and recognition of their contributions throughout history.
Interestingly, in 1976, Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, a Mormon feminist, historian, and Harvard University professor, coined the phrase, 'Well-behaved women seldom make history.' Many items such as greeting cards, t-shirts, mugs, and bumper stickers now feature this popular phrase. Dr. Ulrich's role in the feminist movement within the Mormon community is significant. Her academic and activist work has inspired many, and her phrase has become a rallying cry for women's empowerment and recognition of their contributions throughout history.
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Source: ldswomenofgod.com
The Century-Long Battle
to Pass the Equal Rights Amendment
to Pass the Equal Rights Amendment
Although *white* women gained the right to vote in 1920, the work of civil rights activists Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman was far from over. They recognized that the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, was not sufficient. At that time, women still faced significant barriers, including limited access to higher education and career opportunities, restrictions on signing contracts, difficulties in maintaining jobs, and the inability to own property. It wasn't until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that all women, including women of color, finally secured the right to vote.
As influential leaders of the National Women's Party, a collective force founded in 1916, Alice and Crystal wrote the Equal Rights Amendment, known as the ERA, to guarantee "equal justice under the law" for all individuals, protect against discrimination based on sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation, and promote equality and personal freedoms. Their collective action in the National Women's Party, under the leadership of Alice and Crystal, was a powerful force in the fight for gender equality.
As influential leaders of the National Women's Party, a collective force founded in 1916, Alice and Crystal wrote the Equal Rights Amendment, known as the ERA, to guarantee "equal justice under the law" for all individuals, protect against discrimination based on sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation, and promote equality and personal freedoms. Their collective action in the National Women's Party, under the leadership of Alice and Crystal, was a powerful force in the fight for gender equality.
Alice Paul. Source: Biography.com
Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, two pioneering figures in the women's rights movement, presented the Equal Rights Amendment, a monumental achievement in the history of women's rights, for the first time at the 75th Anniversary of the 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, marking a new chapter in the fight for gender equality. In December 1923, Alice and Crystal introduced the ERA to the U.S. Congress, marking a significant advancement in the women's rights movement that would inspire future generations. Despite initial setbacks, the movement continued with unwavering determination. It wasn't until March 22, 1972, that both the Senate and the House of Representatives finally passed the Equal Rights Amendment. However, conservative religious groups, particularly Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative housewife, opposed the ERA, leading to a fierce battle in the 1970s (Kennedy, History.com, September 29, 2023). Unlike other amendments, the U.S. Congress sets a seven-year deadline for ratification.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposed the ERA in Utah in 1977 on moral grounds and blocked the vote. The amendment required thirty-eight state ratifications to become law, but by the end of the original seven-year time limit, it had not achieved that number. Congress voted to extend the time limit by three years, but by the deadline of June 30, 1982, the ERA fell three states short of the necessary thirty-eight (Alice Paul Institute website). For a deeper understanding of the ERA's impact on Mormon women, the document 'Mormon Feminism in 1977 and Today' provides a comprehensive look at their responses during the International Women's Year in 1975 and the National Women's Conference in 1977.
The U.S. Constitution still did not incorporate the Equal Rights Amendment, despite a decade of legislative battles over gender equality, bodily autonomy, reproductive healthcare, contraception access, same-sex marriage, transgender rights, the female military draft, inclusive restrooms, and other issues. The United States Constitution continued to deny women equal rights and protections.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposed the ERA in Utah in 1977 on moral grounds and blocked the vote. The amendment required thirty-eight state ratifications to become law, but by the end of the original seven-year time limit, it had not achieved that number. Congress voted to extend the time limit by three years, but by the deadline of June 30, 1982, the ERA fell three states short of the necessary thirty-eight (Alice Paul Institute website). For a deeper understanding of the ERA's impact on Mormon women, the document 'Mormon Feminism in 1977 and Today' provides a comprehensive look at their responses during the International Women's Year in 1975 and the National Women's Conference in 1977.
The U.S. Constitution still did not incorporate the Equal Rights Amendment, despite a decade of legislative battles over gender equality, bodily autonomy, reproductive healthcare, contraception access, same-sex marriage, transgender rights, the female military draft, inclusive restrooms, and other issues. The United States Constitution continued to deny women equal rights and protections.
Crystal Eastman. Source: Wikipedia
Kelly Whited Jones, an Activist
for the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah
for the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah
In her article for The Salt Lake Tribune, Kelly Whited Jones, a Utah ERA activist, highlighted the unwavering dedication of former Utah Supreme Court Justice Christine Durham, Congresswoman Karen Shepherd, Eileen Fisher, and Carol Lynn Pearson. Despite the disappointment surrounding the expiration of the ERA timeline in Utah, these women continued to advocate for change. A diary entry by Carol Lynn Pearson, dated June 30, 1982, reveals the misogynistic nature of the opposition, a disheartening reality. Nevertheless, their perseverance and the growing awareness of women's rights keep the issue alive. Carol Lynn Pearson believed that this new understanding would continue to persist (Jones, The Salt Lake Tribune, July 22, 2023).
The historical significance of the ERA is undeniable. After nearly forty years of waiting, the efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment gained momentum following the expiration and subsequent reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994, the 2017 Women's March, and the 2017 #MeToo movement. Nevada ratified the ERA in 2017, followed by Illinois in 2018 and Virginia in 2020. These actions further solidified its momentum and fulfilled the requirement for its inclusion as the 28th Amendment.
For years, Utah women attempted to pass an ERA resolution and failed multiple times. In 2016, women brought the ERA back to Utah with the support of Sen. Jim Dabakis, Rep. Karen Kwan, and Sens. Kathleen Riebe and Kirk Cullimore. Their bills had strong backing across the state, with two independent polls indicating that more than 71% of Utahns support ratifying the ERA (Jones, The Salt Lake Tribute, July 22, 2023). This overwhelming public support is a clear sign of the growing momentum for gender equality. However, the Utah Legislature still declined to recognize women as legal equals. The leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints argued in writing and through lobbying efforts that the law would increase abortions, introduce inclusive restrooms, and harm families.
The historical significance of the ERA is undeniable. After nearly forty years of waiting, the efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment gained momentum following the expiration and subsequent reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994, the 2017 Women's March, and the 2017 #MeToo movement. Nevada ratified the ERA in 2017, followed by Illinois in 2018 and Virginia in 2020. These actions further solidified its momentum and fulfilled the requirement for its inclusion as the 28th Amendment.
For years, Utah women attempted to pass an ERA resolution and failed multiple times. In 2016, women brought the ERA back to Utah with the support of Sen. Jim Dabakis, Rep. Karen Kwan, and Sens. Kathleen Riebe and Kirk Cullimore. Their bills had strong backing across the state, with two independent polls indicating that more than 71% of Utahns support ratifying the ERA (Jones, The Salt Lake Tribute, July 22, 2023). This overwhelming public support is a clear sign of the growing momentum for gender equality. However, the Utah Legislature still declined to recognize women as legal equals. The leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints argued in writing and through lobbying efforts that the law would increase abortions, introduce inclusive restrooms, and harm families.
Kelly Jones, left, and Jody England Hansen dress up as Silent Sentinels (women who protested outside the White House a century ago for suffrage), as they attend the legislative session on Tuesday, Feb. 4, 2020, to encourage Utah legislators to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune
Kelly Whited Jones emphasized that the ERA will ensure that federal laws cannot discriminate against people based on gender. Furthermore, the ERA requires courts to use a higher standard in sex discrimination cases. This means that more people can seek justice in the courts. In Utah, for example, prosecutors filed only 11% of sexual assault charges in 2023. Domestic abuse laws do not protect survivors; Utah's one-in-three domestic assault rate exceeds the national average of one-in-five. Human resource departments fail to safeguard female employees. Human resource departments frequently punish, fire, or subject those who report violations to expensive legal bills. Hence, the Equal Rights Amendment is necessary to protect women at work, at university, and at home. Despite advances in this century, women will still face major barriers to equality in 2023. Furthermore, Utah stripped away women's rights to medical privacy and physical autonomy, while men's medical rights remained intact. The elimination of standards for equality in university admissions has led to the legalization of gender discrimination in employment (Jones, The Salt Lake Tribute, July 22, 2023).
According to Kelly Whited Jones, "Utah remains one of only 12 unratified states." She believes that after a century, it is long overdue to fulfill what Utah women have been fighting for and what pioneering women began a century ago in Seneca Falls, New York. Carol Lynn Pearson congratulates the women and men in Utah who continue to support the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and gives her "personal blessing and belief that success is near" (Jones, The Salt Lake Tribute, July 22, 2023).
According to Kelly Whited Jones, "Utah remains one of only 12 unratified states." She believes that after a century, it is long overdue to fulfill what Utah women have been fighting for and what pioneering women began a century ago in Seneca Falls, New York. Carol Lynn Pearson congratulates the women and men in Utah who continue to support the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and gives her "personal blessing and belief that success is near" (Jones, The Salt Lake Tribute, July 22, 2023).
While attending the 2020 legislative session at the Utah State Capitol, Kelly Whited Jones, a founding member of the Utah ERA Coalition, and her supporter, Jody England Hasnsen, met remarkable young girls from the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind. On Facebook on January 29, 2020, she expressed her belief that working towards equality is worth striving for.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York
Advocate the Equal Rights Amendment
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York
Advocate the Equal Rights Amendment
Now that thirty-eight states have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, the urgency to repeal the 1982 deadline and make the ERA a permanent part of the U.S. Constitution is more pressing than ever. Hundreds of constitutional experts agreed that the ERA had fulfilled all the requirements outlined in the Constitution to become an amendment. Two-thirds of Congress passed it in 1972, and three-fourths (38) of the states ratified it in 2020. The majority of Americans support the Equal Rights Amendment and advocate for its incorporation into the U.S. Constitution.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, both strong ERA supporters, emphasized that there is no mention of timelines in the Constitution. They also pointed out that the Executive Branch does not have the authority to prevent an amendment from being ratified. For instance, the 27th Amendment took 203 years (from 1789 to 1992) to become law. Yes, you read that correctly—203 years! Similarly, we have been working to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment for a century and are still counting on our efforts to make it official law.
The Equal Rights Amendment satisfies all constitutional amendment requirements and is ready for publication. However, the Trump Administration's Office of Legal Counsel, National Archivist, and Department of Justice used the 1982 deadline to block the final enshrinement of the ERA in the Constitution. Since the ERA was first proposed, some have argued that this deadline should be extended or removed due to changing social norms and gender equality. The ERA is currently in limbo due to legal issues that allow the U.S. Archivist to withhold certification despite the U.S. House of Representatives voting in favor of a Democratic-sponsored joint resolution to remove the 1982 deadline on February 13, 2020, and March 17, 2021. On April 26, 2023, the Senators voted against removing the amendment's arbitrary deadline, even though they have the power to change or remove it. 98 of the 100 Senators were present, and 52 of them voted to incorporate the ERA into the U.S. Constitution, falling short by eight votes due to an old rule known as "filibustering," which requires 60 votes. Every Democrat and two Republicans, Senators Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins, voted in favor of the ERA. Every other Republican senator voted against it. Efforts to get it passed are still ongoing.
On top of that, Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, who was the Republican nominee for president in 2012, actively opposes certification efforts. He and other ERA opponents sent a letter to the archivist on February 8, 2022, requesting that the archivist not certify and publish the ERA, which denied women's complete equality under the law, as guaranteed by our Constitution. This block deprived women of equal rights, making them second-class citizens. The ERA serves as the last line of defense against sex discrimination in all sectors, including gender equality, Title XI protections for the right to gender-affirming and reproductive healthcare, access to birth control and abortion, fertility treatments, LGBTQ+ protection rights, racial justice, equal pay, equal justice for sexual harassment and abuse, and so on. It has fueled the women's movement, particularly among the younger generation, which advocates for gender equality and legal protection for women's rights.
In 2019, Christine M. Durham, the first female appointed to the Utah Supreme Court, encouraged the next generation: "The torch is being passed from women of my generation to your generation, and it's very important to educate yourself about the future and the past" (Collett, 2019). With their energy and passion, the younger generation is leading the ERA movement, bringing it closer than ever to becoming a formal constitutional amendment. Their involvement is essential and inspiring, offering us hope for the future.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, both strong ERA supporters, emphasized that there is no mention of timelines in the Constitution. They also pointed out that the Executive Branch does not have the authority to prevent an amendment from being ratified. For instance, the 27th Amendment took 203 years (from 1789 to 1992) to become law. Yes, you read that correctly—203 years! Similarly, we have been working to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment for a century and are still counting on our efforts to make it official law.
The Equal Rights Amendment satisfies all constitutional amendment requirements and is ready for publication. However, the Trump Administration's Office of Legal Counsel, National Archivist, and Department of Justice used the 1982 deadline to block the final enshrinement of the ERA in the Constitution. Since the ERA was first proposed, some have argued that this deadline should be extended or removed due to changing social norms and gender equality. The ERA is currently in limbo due to legal issues that allow the U.S. Archivist to withhold certification despite the U.S. House of Representatives voting in favor of a Democratic-sponsored joint resolution to remove the 1982 deadline on February 13, 2020, and March 17, 2021. On April 26, 2023, the Senators voted against removing the amendment's arbitrary deadline, even though they have the power to change or remove it. 98 of the 100 Senators were present, and 52 of them voted to incorporate the ERA into the U.S. Constitution, falling short by eight votes due to an old rule known as "filibustering," which requires 60 votes. Every Democrat and two Republicans, Senators Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins, voted in favor of the ERA. Every other Republican senator voted against it. Efforts to get it passed are still ongoing.
On top of that, Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, who was the Republican nominee for president in 2012, actively opposes certification efforts. He and other ERA opponents sent a letter to the archivist on February 8, 2022, requesting that the archivist not certify and publish the ERA, which denied women's complete equality under the law, as guaranteed by our Constitution. This block deprived women of equal rights, making them second-class citizens. The ERA serves as the last line of defense against sex discrimination in all sectors, including gender equality, Title XI protections for the right to gender-affirming and reproductive healthcare, access to birth control and abortion, fertility treatments, LGBTQ+ protection rights, racial justice, equal pay, equal justice for sexual harassment and abuse, and so on. It has fueled the women's movement, particularly among the younger generation, which advocates for gender equality and legal protection for women's rights.
In 2019, Christine M. Durham, the first female appointed to the Utah Supreme Court, encouraged the next generation: "The torch is being passed from women of my generation to your generation, and it's very important to educate yourself about the future and the past" (Collett, 2019). With their energy and passion, the younger generation is leading the ERA movement, bringing it closer than ever to becoming a formal constitutional amendment. Their involvement is essential and inspiring, offering us hope for the future.
Christine M. Durham. Source: The American Law Institute
Dr. Ellen Brady, the Issues Director for the Women's Democratic Club of Utah, highlights a significant concern: the United States is one of only six countries that has not signed the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. This international agreement guarantees women a comprehensive list of rights, protections, and equality. However, the United States joins nations like Sudan, Iran, and Somalia in not ratifying this critical constitution.
This is a major concern because women in the United States do not have the same rights and protections as women in other countries. Only ten out of 195 nations, including the United States, do not include gender equality in their constitutions. It is essential to transform the concept of theoretical equality into a reality. In a statement to the Standard-Examiner on June 21, 2023, Dr. Brady emphasized that the United States should take the lead in promoting women's rights instead of merely following the example of others (Brady, Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023).
It's worth noting that on March 31, 1776, Abigail Adams, the future First Lady, urged her husband John Adams, who was then a member of the Continental Congress and later became the second president of the United States, to "remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention are not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation" (history.com). Despite her plea, it took 144 years for women to gain the right to vote. However, the Equal Rights Amendment still needs our collective support and ratification by 2023, marking 247 years since her petition and 100 years since its introduction.
This is a major concern because women in the United States do not have the same rights and protections as women in other countries. Only ten out of 195 nations, including the United States, do not include gender equality in their constitutions. It is essential to transform the concept of theoretical equality into a reality. In a statement to the Standard-Examiner on June 21, 2023, Dr. Brady emphasized that the United States should take the lead in promoting women's rights instead of merely following the example of others (Brady, Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023).
It's worth noting that on March 31, 1776, Abigail Adams, the future First Lady, urged her husband John Adams, who was then a member of the Continental Congress and later became the second president of the United States, to "remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention are not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation" (history.com). Despite her plea, it took 144 years for women to gain the right to vote. However, the Equal Rights Amendment still needs our collective support and ratification by 2023, marking 247 years since her petition and 100 years since its introduction.
Abigail Adams. Source: https://quotesgram.com
Utah, a pioneer in gender equality, enacted its own Equal Rights Amendment in 1895, a significant milestone that ensured equal rights and protection for women in the state. Article IV, Section 1 of Utah's Constitution boldly proclaims, "Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil, political, and religious rights and benefits." Despite this, Utah had several opportunities to ratify the federal Equal Rights Amendment, which regrettably failed due to the state legislature's decision not to recognize women as equal citizens under the law (Quist, The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019). However, the majority of people in Utah and the rest of the United States support the amendment, with 74% and 94%, respectively, in favor of it (Rich, 2020). Therefore, lifting the 1982 deadline is the next step in promoting gender equality in the United States and ensuring the Equal Rights Amendment's permanent inclusion in the U.S. Constitution. For more information on Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment, please see "From Housewives to Protestors: The Story of Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment."
The Equal Rights Amendment protects social justice, including essential legislation like Roe v. Wade, the Violence Against Women Act, Title IX protections, reproductive health rights, and equal pay. These are not merely laws; they are fundamental rights that we must defend. Although we have progressed in removing barriers such as inclusive restrooms, advancing LGBTQ+ rights, and allowing women to serve in the military, we still need a permanent and effective guarantee of gender equality. This is not just a desire; it is a necessity.
After years of striving for social justice, the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in 2022 have rolled back our rights and weakened democracy, hindering our progress. However, we remain undeterred. We will continue to fight for a future where gender equality is not just a dream but a reality.
The Equal Rights Amendment protects social justice, including essential legislation like Roe v. Wade, the Violence Against Women Act, Title IX protections, reproductive health rights, and equal pay. These are not merely laws; they are fundamental rights that we must defend. Although we have progressed in removing barriers such as inclusive restrooms, advancing LGBTQ+ rights, and allowing women to serve in the military, we still need a permanent and effective guarantee of gender equality. This is not just a desire; it is a necessity.
After years of striving for social justice, the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in 2022 have rolled back our rights and weakened democracy, hindering our progress. However, we remain undeterred. We will continue to fight for a future where gender equality is not just a dream but a reality.
Women still don't have equal rights
in the U.S. Constitution
in the U.S. Constitution
The Equal Rights Amendment Fails To Pass in Senate
On July 12, 2023, the Equal Rights Amendment Now Resolution came into effect, one year after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in 2022. This marks the first time in history that two women introduced Equal Rights Amendment legislation with female sponsors in both the House and Senate. Representative Cori Bush from Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand from New York introduced the ERA Now Resolution, which urgently instructs the National Archivist to certify and publish the 100-year-old Equal Rights Amendment and declares it the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The urgency of this resolution cannot be overstated, as it is a crucial step towards achieving gender equality.
Two female legislators, Cori Bush and Kirsten Gillibrand, championed the Equal Rights Amendment in the House and Senate together for the first time. They urged Colleen Shogan, the nation's first female National Archivist, to ratify and publish the gender equality legislation as the 28th Amendment. Their efforts reflected the increasing involvement of BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities in the movement as they pushed for gender equality both within and outside of the U.S. Congress. Rep. Bush, Sen. Gillibrand, and ERA supporters did not want to waste time contending with procedural obstacles or waiting for additional Republican support.
Rep. Cori and Sen. Kirsten requested President Joe R. Biden, an ERA supporter, to authorize the National Archivist to certify and publish the 28th Amendment immediately. However, President Biden, while supporting the ERA, declined this request and instead called for Congress to advance it, citing the need for a bipartisan approach. The opponents argued that the deadlines associated with the amendment were invalid and that the U.S. Constitution should guarantee gender equality.
On August 4-5, 2024, the American Bar Association, a leading voice in the legal community, urged federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal governments to support the implementation of the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution (www.americanbar.org). This call for support further underscores the widespread recognition of the importance of the ERA in achieving gender equality.
Introduced in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2023, making it imperative to ratify it now.
Two female legislators, Cori Bush and Kirsten Gillibrand, championed the Equal Rights Amendment in the House and Senate together for the first time. They urged Colleen Shogan, the nation's first female National Archivist, to ratify and publish the gender equality legislation as the 28th Amendment. Their efforts reflected the increasing involvement of BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities in the movement as they pushed for gender equality both within and outside of the U.S. Congress. Rep. Bush, Sen. Gillibrand, and ERA supporters did not want to waste time contending with procedural obstacles or waiting for additional Republican support.
Rep. Cori and Sen. Kirsten requested President Joe R. Biden, an ERA supporter, to authorize the National Archivist to certify and publish the 28th Amendment immediately. However, President Biden, while supporting the ERA, declined this request and instead called for Congress to advance it, citing the need for a bipartisan approach. The opponents argued that the deadlines associated with the amendment were invalid and that the U.S. Constitution should guarantee gender equality.
On August 4-5, 2024, the American Bar Association, a leading voice in the legal community, urged federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal governments to support the implementation of the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution (www.americanbar.org). This call for support further underscores the widespread recognition of the importance of the ERA in achieving gender equality.
Introduced in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2023, making it imperative to ratify it now.
Representative Cori Bush of Missouri and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York introduced the ERA Now Resolution, July 13, 2023. Source: Generation Ratify
Push President Joe Biden
to Publish the Equal Rights Amendment
to Publish the Equal Rights Amendment
For a century, women had waited for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would reinforce their equality. The Equal Rights Amendment met all the necessary requirements for a constitutional amendment. However, despite President Biden's strong support, it faced ongoing legal challenges, first during the Trump Administration and now under the Biden Administration.
Attacks on the rights of women, girls, and LGBTQIA+ individuals had significantly increased across the country since Donald Trump's reelection in 2024. This situation highlighted the urgent need for the Equal Rights Amendment, which was crucial for safeguarding against a dangerous and regressive agenda. The need for this amendment has become more critical than ever to protect vulnerable and marginalized communities from potential threats posed by the next Trump Administration and its Project 2025 agenda, which aims to erode hard-won civil rights.
The Biden Administration had shown a strong commitment to equality, serving as a vital defense against threats to the rights and safety of millions of Americans. Its support for the Equal Rights Amendment offers hope during these challenging times.
Attacks on the rights of women, girls, and LGBTQIA+ individuals had significantly increased across the country since Donald Trump's reelection in 2024. This situation highlighted the urgent need for the Equal Rights Amendment, which was crucial for safeguarding against a dangerous and regressive agenda. The need for this amendment has become more critical than ever to protect vulnerable and marginalized communities from potential threats posed by the next Trump Administration and its Project 2025 agenda, which aims to erode hard-won civil rights.
The Biden Administration had shown a strong commitment to equality, serving as a vital defense against threats to the rights and safety of millions of Americans. Its support for the Equal Rights Amendment offers hope during these challenging times.
Biden Publish ERA.. Source: bidenpublishtheera.org
The ERA has met all constitutional requirements and was fully ratified in 2020, with Virginia becoming the 38th state to support it. However, interference from the previous Trump Administration has hindered its publication, despite confirmation from respected constitutional scholars that the ERA has been ratified and should be added to the U.S. Constitution. The responsibility for publishing the ERA lies with the National Archivist, a vital figure in this process. Until it is published, the ERA's legal status remains uncertain, putting essential protections for reproductive rights and LGBTQIA+ rights at risk.
President Joe J. Biden had both the authority and responsibility to implement essential protections for women, girls, and LGBTQIA+ individuals before a potential second Trump administration. In response to this need, eighty-four organizations and medical associations united to urge him to instruct the National Archivist to publish and certify the Equal Rights Amendment immediately.
President Joe J. Biden had both the authority and responsibility to implement essential protections for women, girls, and LGBTQIA+ individuals before a potential second Trump administration. In response to this need, eighty-four organizations and medical associations united to urge him to instruct the National Archivist to publish and certify the Equal Rights Amendment immediately.
ERA NOW LAST CHANCE. Source: wbai.org/
The National ERA Publication Taskforce, supported by New York State Senator Kristin Gillibrand, led a campaign encouraging President Biden to take this important step for women during his remaining time in office. The task force achieved a significant victory when 46 Senators signed a letter urging Biden to "publish the ERA" before the end of his term.
Additionally, the American Bar Association passed a resolution on August 6, 2024 declaring that the ERA was ready for publication after meeting all legal requirements. This collective effort highlighted the ERA as a vital safeguard against potential threats to equality, justice, and the rights of all Americans. Once published, the ERA will become an official part of U.S. law, paving the way for significant progress toward gender equality.
Despite our efforts, there was not a strong enough grassroots campaign to convince President Biden to publish the Equal Rights Amendment, and he ultimately declined to do so. However, we must not lose hope. It is essential that we continue to discuss the importance of the ERA and persist in our efforts to advocate for its passage.
Additionally, the American Bar Association passed a resolution on August 6, 2024 declaring that the ERA was ready for publication after meeting all legal requirements. This collective effort highlighted the ERA as a vital safeguard against potential threats to equality, justice, and the rights of all Americans. Once published, the ERA will become an official part of U.S. law, paving the way for significant progress toward gender equality.
Despite our efforts, there was not a strong enough grassroots campaign to convince President Biden to publish the Equal Rights Amendment, and he ultimately declined to do so. However, we must not lose hope. It is essential that we continue to discuss the importance of the ERA and persist in our efforts to advocate for its passage.
SpeakOut SpeakEasy. Source: The Utah Equal Rights Amendment Coalition, 2023
Equal Rights Amendment Supporting Petition
by Female Latter-day Saint Relief Society Presidents
by Female Latter-day Saint Relief Society Presidents
On March 13, 1943, Amy Brown Lyman, the Relief Society President, and Lucy Grant Gannon, the Young Women's Association President, advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment. They sent a postcard to their Senator Abe Murdock, urging him to support the amendment. This moment was historically significant, as both organizations have long been supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment. The researcher, Ardis E. Parshall, deserves credit for discovering this source.
On March 13, 1943, Amy Brown Lyman, the Relief Society President, and Lucy Grant Gannon, the Young Women's Association President, sent a postcard urging their Senator, Abe Murdock, to support the Equal Rights Amendment
Amy Brown Lyman. Source: Better Days 2020
"I believe in women,
especially thinking women."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
especially thinking women."
~Emmeline B. Wells~
The First Female Vote Was Cast in Utah
Returning to history, on February 14, 1870, the Utah Territory, with its pioneering spirit, became the first territory in the United States to vote on Valentine's Day. The Wyoming Territory granted women the right to vote on December 10, 1869, but it was the women of Utah who were the first to cast their ballots. Utah held its elections earlier, on February 14 of that same year, while Wyoming had its first election with women's suffrage on September 6, 1870. The pivotal moment was when Seraph Young Ford, a 23-year-old schoolteacher and grandniece of Brigham Young, stepped forward as the first woman in the United States to cast a ballot under an equal suffrage law (History.com, December 10, 1869: Wyoming Grants Women The Vote, 2009; Jan, The Suffrage Movement, February 23, 2009; Clark, Better Days 2020). Wyoming may have beaten Utah by a few months in granting women the right to vote, but Utah is the first state where women cast their first ballot.
Art by David Koch. Seraph Young votes at the Utah State Capitol building. Source: Better Days 2020
The Utah Women's Suffrage Movement is a testament to perseverance, having won the right to vote twice: first in 1870 and again in 1895. These victories, well before the federal law, the 19th Amendment, granted American women the right to vote in 1920, were significant milestones in the fight for women's suffrage. After Utah became a state on January 4, 1896, its citizens, including women, participated in their first national election. Utah was the third state to grant suffrage, following Wyoming (July 23, 1890) and Colorado (November 7, 1893).
On this special day, let's honor the historic milestones in women's rights and celebrate the progress toward equality and love.
On this special day, let's honor the historic milestones in women's rights and celebrate the progress toward equality and love.
The Influential Women in Utah
Martha Hughes Cannon. Source: Utah State Historical Society, Deseret News Archives
Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon was a remarkable figure in our history, known not only as a doctor and public health advocate but also as America's first female state senator. She further advanced women's suffrage by becoming the first female state senator in the United States. She won the election on November 3, 1896, defeating her husband, Angus Cannon, and her best friend, Emmeline B. Wells. During her tenure, she implemented groundbreaking changes in Utah's public health system. As a pioneering suffragist, her efforts represented a significant milestone in the fight for women's rights. Dr. Cannon delivered influential testimony before the U.S. Congress supporting a national suffrage amendment, playing a crucial role in shaping the community during the early years of statehood.
Dr. Cannon also served on the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, where her efforts made a significant and lasting impact. As a state senator, she profoundly influenced education and healthcare by successfully passing legislation benefiting the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. The first bill was the "Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens of 1896," which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah. However, Dr. Grant B. Bitter, an advocate for oral and mainstream education, eventually reversed this requirement, mainstreaming Deaf children to be educated in local public schools.. The second bill, the "Act of Authorizing the Erection of a Hospital Building for the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb," was passed by lawmakers in 1899. This legislation led to the establishment of a hospital building on the school campus, demonstrating a commitment to improving healthcare for students (Martha Hughes Cannon, Utah Division of Archives and Records Services, April 9, 2020; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Governor Heber Wells acknowledged her impact with the first mandatory school bill. He appointed her to the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, which motivated her to sponsor the second bill for building a hospital at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. Even after leaving politics to serve one term, Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon continued to serve on the board of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind for two terms, leaving a lasting legacy (Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). If you have ever received care at the infirmary during your illness, you owe her a great deal of gratitude!
In 2024, a significant event took place with the unveiling of a statue honoring Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon—a physician, politician, and pioneering suffragist—in the National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. This statue represents Dr. Cannon's achievements and symbolizes Utah's important role in the national suffrage movement, as well as the state's ongoing commitment to gender equality. It serves as a source of inspiration, reminding us of our past accomplishments and the work that still lies ahead.
Dr. Cannon also served on the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, where her efforts made a significant and lasting impact. As a state senator, she profoundly influenced education and healthcare by successfully passing legislation benefiting the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. The first bill was the "Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens of 1896," which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah. However, Dr. Grant B. Bitter, an advocate for oral and mainstream education, eventually reversed this requirement, mainstreaming Deaf children to be educated in local public schools.. The second bill, the "Act of Authorizing the Erection of a Hospital Building for the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb," was passed by lawmakers in 1899. This legislation led to the establishment of a hospital building on the school campus, demonstrating a commitment to improving healthcare for students (Martha Hughes Cannon, Utah Division of Archives and Records Services, April 9, 2020; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Governor Heber Wells acknowledged her impact with the first mandatory school bill. He appointed her to the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind, which motivated her to sponsor the second bill for building a hospital at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind. Even after leaving politics to serve one term, Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon continued to serve on the board of the Utah School for the Deaf and the Blind for two terms, leaving a lasting legacy (Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). If you have ever received care at the infirmary during your illness, you owe her a great deal of gratitude!
In 2024, a significant event took place with the unveiling of a statue honoring Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon—a physician, politician, and pioneering suffragist—in the National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. This statue represents Dr. Cannon's achievements and symbolizes Utah's important role in the national suffrage movement, as well as the state's ongoing commitment to gender equality. It serves as a source of inspiration, reminding us of our past accomplishments and the work that still lies ahead.
The statue of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon goes to Washington, DC. Source: BetterDays2020.org
In 2017, Utah displayed a significant imbalance in gender representation. Although women comprised half of the state's population, they occupied only 1 in 7 legislative seats, ranking among the lowest in the nation (Gehrke, The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017). This inequality was further underscored in 2024 when Utah was ranked as the worst state for women's equality in the country, placing 46th out of 50 states for gender equality and falling into the bottom third for justice and safety (Anderson & Madsen, Utah Women & Leadership Project, January 4, 2024).
The Utah State Senate in 1897, Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon standing to the left of center. Source: Utah State Historical Society
Maud May Babcock. Source: J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah
Maud May Babcock was the University of Utah's first female faculty member and the founder of the Departments of Speech, Physical Education, and University Theater. She also served on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf for twenty-two years, including twelve years as president. In recognition of her contributions, the Babcock Theater, which is the first college dramatic club in the United States, was named in her honor. Maud joined the University of Utah in 1892 and taught there for forty-six years. Additionally, she made history as the first woman to serve as a Senate chaplain in Utah (Toone, Deseret News, May 7, 2014; Maud May Babcock, Wikipedia, December 28, 2018).
One of Maud May Babcock's most significant contributions was her advocacy for the Deaf community in Utah. While serving on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, she traveled to the East in 1904 to study the communication methods used in other schools for the deaf. Her findings led to successful advocacy for additional funding to support new programs at the Utah School for the Deaf. Maud demonstrated her commitment by regularly visiting the school to share her experiences with the students (Robert, 1994; Maud May Babcock – Wikipedia). At the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, Maud shared her unique and enlightening experiences from her visits to deaf schools in France and Germany, providing a global perspective to the Utah Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963).
In the aftermath of the Global Women's March, a small group of Deaf women from Utah took the opportunity to participate in the local march. The group included Roberta Dunlap Bolanos, Chrystee Call Davenport, Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Shandra Benito, Jodi Becker Kinner, Carol Sanderson, Stephanie Lowder Mathis, Sari Williams, and Millicent "Millie" Simmonds, who is a Deaf actress. Despite the progress made towards achieving gender equality, Deaf women still face challenges in attaining equality. Though they have made significant progress in education, employment, and voting, their lives have not always been easy. Our participation in the march was a powerful statement about their determination to overcome these challenges and fight for our rights.
One of Maud May Babcock's most significant contributions was her advocacy for the Deaf community in Utah. While serving on the Board of Trustees for the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, she traveled to the East in 1904 to study the communication methods used in other schools for the deaf. Her findings led to successful advocacy for additional funding to support new programs at the Utah School for the Deaf. Maud demonstrated her commitment by regularly visiting the school to share her experiences with the students (Robert, 1994; Maud May Babcock – Wikipedia). At the Utah Association of the Deaf Convention in 1915, Maud shared her unique and enlightening experiences from her visits to deaf schools in France and Germany, providing a global perspective to the Utah Deaf community (The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963).
In the aftermath of the Global Women's March, a small group of Deaf women from Utah took the opportunity to participate in the local march. The group included Roberta Dunlap Bolanos, Chrystee Call Davenport, Jennifer Allen-Kelly, Shandra Benito, Jodi Becker Kinner, Carol Sanderson, Stephanie Lowder Mathis, Sari Williams, and Millicent "Millie" Simmonds, who is a Deaf actress. Despite the progress made towards achieving gender equality, Deaf women still face challenges in attaining equality. Though they have made significant progress in education, employment, and voting, their lives have not always been easy. Our participation in the march was a powerful statement about their determination to overcome these challenges and fight for our rights.
A group of the Utah Women Unite participants at the Utah State Capitol. Two Deaf participants are seating on the right side. One in her black coat is Millie Simmonds and Carol
Sanderson is sitting next to her. Credit: Utah Women Unite website
Utah Deaf Women Who Made
a Difference in the Deaf Community
Elizabeth DeLong, the First Female President
of the Utah Association of the Deaf
of the Utah Association of the Deaf
In 1909, Elizabeth DeLong, also known as Libbie, made history by defeating two male Deaf candidates, becoming the first female Deaf president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, an advocacy organization for accessibility and civil rights of the Utah Deaf community. Additionally, she became the first female Deaf president of a state chapter association of the National Association of the Deaf in the United States. Her victory over two Deaf male candidates in the election, despite the societal barriers, was a significant achievement. Women did not have the right to vote until the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920, and the National Association of the Deaf also did not allow Deaf women members to vote in their elections until 1964. Libbie's remarkable accomplishment was a testament to her perseverance, likely inspired by her involvement in Gallaudet's O.W.L.S. presidential election in 1901, a secret society for women now known as Phi Kappa Zeta. Her active participation in Utah's early suffrage movement also fueled her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations. Libbie served as president of the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1915, delivering a speech advocating for women's suffrage at the end of her second term as president. This speech highlighted her commitment to advocating for women's rights and her role as a trailblazer for Deaf women in leadership positions. Her support for women's suffrage, as well as her significant contributions to the Utah Deaf community and the women's rights movement, continue to serve as inspiration today, underscoring the enduring impact of her work.
The BetterDays2002 website features Libbie's biography, as well as those of other Utah women trailblazers' accomplishments and contributions.
The BetterDays2002 website features Libbie's biography, as well as those of other Utah women trailblazers' accomplishments and contributions.
Elizabeth DeLong. Source: FamilySearch.org
Emma M. Emmertson, as her grandson Don Jorgenson II revealed in an interview with Carolyn Jorgenson, was a suffragette who actively participated in the Women's Suffrage Movement from the late 19th to the early 20th century. This movement was a significant social and political campaign that sought to secure voting rights for women. Emma's granddaughter, Kristan Jorgensen, also described Emma as a very strong woman on FamilySearch.org.
Notably, Utah's women's suffrage campaign, a local movement crucial in influencing history, had a big impact on Emma's involvement in it. This movement, which successfully granted women the right to vote in Utah in 1870, also considerably influenced Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. Emma was inspired by the courage and determination of these women, which fueled her own activism.
Notably, Utah's women's suffrage campaign, a local movement crucial in influencing history, had a big impact on Emma's involvement in it. This movement, which successfully granted women the right to vote in Utah in 1870, also considerably influenced Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. Emma was inspired by the courage and determination of these women, which fueled her own activism.
Emma M. Emmertson. Source: The Utah Eagle, June 6, 1907
In 1910, Mary Wooslayer, a Deaf woman, made history by becoming the first female Deaf student to graduate from the University of Utah with a bachelor's degree. Maud May Babcock, a member of the Utah School for the Deaf Board of Trustees and a faculty member at the University of Utah, sponsored Mary during her time at the university (Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection, 1890). The state's early efforts to promote education and employment opportunities for women, along with her connection with Maud May Babcock, likely influenced Mary's decision to pursue higher education at the University of Utah, where she graduated in 1916. Similarly, Emma M. Emmertson enrolled at the University of Utah the following year, in 1911, and graduated in 1917. After completing their college education, both Mary and Emma went on to teach in the state schools for the deaf.
Mary Wooslayer. Source: Utah Eagle, June 6, 1907
Between 1864 and 1887, Gallaudet College denied Deaf women admission (Gallaudet University: US History Encyclopedia). Similarly, the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD), established in 1901 as a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization, provided insurance to Deaf men. However, the NFSD initially excluded women, denying them equal privileges, including access to regular insurance membership. To receive equal benefits, women had to fight for them.
During a visit to Missouri from Utah, Justina Wooldridge Keeley, a significant figure in the history of the NFSD, where she discovered a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization, which became a turning point for her. Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which marked a significant advancement in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change highlighted the importance of gender inclusion in the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf and represented a considerable achievement in the struggle for equality within the organization.
During a visit to Missouri from Utah, Justina Wooldridge Keeley, a significant figure in the history of the NFSD, where she discovered a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization, which became a turning point for her. Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which marked a significant advancement in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change highlighted the importance of gender inclusion in the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf and represented a considerable achievement in the struggle for equality within the organization.
Justina W. Keeley. Source: Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56. October 15, 1966
Kim Lucas, the Second Female President of the
Utah Association of the Deaf
Utah Association of the Deaf
Kim Lucas
In 2019, Kim Lucas made history by becoming the second woman to serve as president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, breaking a streak of 104 years during which only men held the position. The first female president, Elizabeth Delong, completed her term in 1915, making Kim's presidency a significant milestone for the organization. Her journey to the presidency was a testament to the progressiveness and inclusivity of the Utah Association of the Deaf, which supported her every step of the way and paved the way for greater diversity in leadership. Notably, Kim is also the first queer president to lead the Utah Association of the Deaf, marking a historic moment in multiple ways and inspiring hope for the future of women's leadership and representation in the Deaf Queer community.
For the first time since 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has achieved a significant milestone with two female presidential officers: Kim Lucas as president and Ashli-Marie Grant as vice president. This marks an important step towards gender equality and diversity in the leadership of our organization.
As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States.
For the first time since 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has achieved a significant milestone with two female presidential officers: Kim Lucas as president and Ashli-Marie Grant as vice president. This marks an important step towards gender equality and diversity in the leadership of our organization.
As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States.
Ashli-Marie Grant
There is a list of things that young women now take for granted that women couldn't do in the past.
Things Women Couldn't Do Before Feminism. Source: The Transformed Wife
- Women couldn’t vote until 1920.
- Married women couldn’t prescribe birth control until 1965.
- Women couldn’t get divorce easily until 1969. It was difficult to divorce for physical abuse or adultery.
- Women couldn’t practice law until 1971.
- Women couldn’t run the marathon until 1972.
- Women couldn’t get abortions throughout the country until 1973.
- Women couldn’t own credit cards under their own names until 1974.
- Women couldn’t serve on juries in all states until 1973. Utah deemed women fit for jury duty way back in 1879.
- Women couldn’t join military academics until 1976.
- Women couldn’t report workplace discrimination on the basis of pregnancy until 1978. They could be fired for being pregnant.
- Women couldn’t report workplace discrimination on the basis of pregnancy until 1978.
- Women couldn’t sue for sexual harassment until 1980.
- Women couldn’t report rape at the hands of their husbands until 1993.
- Women couldn’t protect themselves from domestic violence until 1994.
- Women couldn’t serve in active combat until 2013.
- Women couldn’t get the emergency contraception known as Plan B until 1998. As of 2016, you couldn’t find it in the drugstore aisles.
A Debt of Gratitude to Feminist Organizations
We owe a debt of gratitude to feminist organizations that fought for women's rights. Women have made significant progress in their struggle for equality, and today, they continue to strive for it, as evidenced by the following examples.
- The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was proposed in the United States to ensure equal rights for all individuals, regardless of gender. Although the U.S. Congress passed the amendment in 1972, it did not secure the necessary ratification from thirty-eight states by the June 30, 1982 deadline. Utah was a staunch opponent of the ERA in the 1970s and continues to oppose it today.
- Wage disparities between men and women continue to be a significant issue, highlighting the urgent need for action. These inequalities are evident in various aspects of employment, including hiring, firing, opportunities for advancement, pay equality, and medical accommodations across federal, state, and local government positions.
- There is also a failure to ensure physical safety by adequately addressing domestic violence, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This includes issues like the large backlogs of untested rape kits and the lack of investigation into rape cases. Law enforcement often receives insufficient training to effectively deal with gender-based violence, which can lead to a minimization or disregard of these crimes.
- Acts of self-defense result in significantly higher rates of imprisonment for women. In high-conflict divorce cases that involve domestic violence, child custody often becomes a contentious issue. For support, you can contact the Sego Lily Center for the Abused Deaf at slcad.org in Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Impoverishment is more prevalent among women than men, which makes the need for safe and affordable housing critical. Additionally, discriminatory enforcement of nuisance laws and evictions exacerbates this issue.
- While quality healthcare, including reproductive services, is available, there is often a lack of necessary kits, training, and forensic nurses for handling sexual assault intake in hospitals.
- Access to safe and legal abortion is essential following the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022.
- Comprehensive sex education is necessary.
- Women in the military face challenges, as the military often fails to address reports of sexual harassment and assault adequately.
- Human trafficking is a crime; however, the enforcement of laws regarding sex trafficking is often discriminatory.
- Racial Injustice: Women in the labor force experience the impacts of both gender and racial inequality, which includes disparities in wages.
- In the United States, the only developed country that does not mandate paid maternity leave, paternity leave is often longer and more readily available than maternity leave.
- Women continue to face challenges in attaining leadership roles and breaking through the glass ceiling barriers in these positions. Hillary Clinton and Kamala Harris serve as notable examples of this struggle.
Let's Challenge the
Status Quo Successfully!
Status Quo Successfully!
Unfortunately, the long-standing disregard for women's rights still exists today. Sharon Weeks, author of "It Seems to Me: What Young Women May Not Know," observed that many young women are unaware of the history of women's rights and feel comfortable with their current status. She emphasized the importance of learning about women's rights and challenging the status quo. Young women must recognize that their lack of interest could negatively impact future generations, including their daughters and granddaughters (Weeks, Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017).
As someone who values self-reliance, education, and career success, I believe that Utah lacks women's empowerment due to its religious culture, which often prioritizes marriage and family. Women are more than just homemakers, mothers, and housewives; they can pursue education and careers to achieve their aspirations and goals. However, the United States needs to do much more to improve women's access to education, healthcare, and technology. Women's rights are fundamental human rights that everyone should support. Let's unite and work together to bring these rights to life, ensuring that no one falls behind on this crucial journey!
As someone who values self-reliance, education, and career success, I believe that Utah lacks women's empowerment due to its religious culture, which often prioritizes marriage and family. Women are more than just homemakers, mothers, and housewives; they can pursue education and careers to achieve their aspirations and goals. However, the United States needs to do much more to improve women's access to education, healthcare, and technology. Women's rights are fundamental human rights that everyone should support. Let's unite and work together to bring these rights to life, ensuring that no one falls behind on this crucial journey!
A Slideshow of the
Utah Women's March in
Salt Lake City, Utah
January 23, 2017
Rally in Utah State Capitol Puts Focus on Equal Rights Amendment
December 3, 2019
December 3, 2019
On December 3, 2019, State Representative Karen Kwan, a Democrat from Taylorsville, Utah, introduced legislation for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution in 2020. Around 200 supporters, including Deaf advocates, UAD President Kim Lucas, SLCAD President Robert Belshe, UAD board member Brooke Budzinski Groosinger, and Honor Belshe (Robert's 15-year-old daughter), gathered at the Utah State Capitol for a rally supporting this historic moment. It was a memorable day for all of us, and being part of this significant historical moment was an honor.
L-R: Julie Loder, ASL Interpreter, Jodi Becker Kinner, Rep. Karen Kwan, Kim, Smith, Brooke Groosinger, Honor Belshe, and Robert Belshe
State Rep. Karen Kwan, D-Taylorsville, introduced a bill Tuesday that would ratify the Equal Rights Amendment in Utah. The ERA adds language to the U.S. Constitution on equal rights for all people regardless of sex. ROCIO HERNANDEZ / KUER
The History of Equal Rights
Amendment in Video, 2020
A Slideshow of
Representative Karen Kwan
introducing a resolution for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 2020 at the Utah State Capitol
December 3, 2019
Representative Karen Kwan
introducing a resolution for Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 2020 at the Utah State Capitol
December 3, 2019
Utah Women's Equality Day
August 26, 2021
Danielle and Jodi (Mother & Daughter)
Read the attached articles to gain a deeper understanding of women's equality issues
Consider signing up for the following
newsletters and petitions to learn about and safeguard your rights:
newsletters and petitions to learn about and safeguard your rights:
- Utah ERA Coalition - https://utaheracoalition.org
- Utah Women and Leadership Project - https://www.usu.edu/uwlp/
- Ms. Magazine - http://msmagazine.com
- National Women Law Center - http://www.nwlc.org
- Equality Now - www.equalitynow.org
- National Organization for Women - https://now.org
- League of Women Voters - https://www.lwv.org
- Equal Rights Amendment - www.equalrightsamendment.org
- Equal Means Equal - http://equalmeansequal.org
- ERA Coalition - http://www.eracoalition.org
- Generation Ratify - https://www.generationratify.org/
- Alice Paul Institute - https://www.alicepaul.org
- A Mighty Girls - https://www.amightygirl.com
References
"Abigail Adams urges husband to “remember the ladies." History.com. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/abigail-adams-urges-husband-to-remember-the-ladies
Brooks, Joanna, Steenblik Rachel Hunt and Wheelwright, Hannah. "Mormon Feminism Essential Writing." Oxford University Press, 2016.
Brady, Ellen. "Guest opinion: Validate the ratification of the ERA." Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023. https://www.standard.net/opinion/guest-commentary/2023/jun/21/guest-opinion-validate-the-ratification-of-the-era/?mibextid=Zxz2cZ&fbclid=IwAR0pLMFPN6MrGD05Epp_Wge3o9_T-7jFOSy-O-esov
Collett Katelyn. "Former Utah Supreme Court Justice Speaks on Equality at the U." The Daily Utah Chronicle, March 12, 2019. https://dailyutahchronicle.com/2019/03/12/former-utah-supreme-court-justice-speaks-on-equality-at-the-u/#:~:text=She%20told%20the%20Chronicle%2C%20%E2%80%9CI,systems%20that%20are%20meant%20to
Clark, Rebekah. First Woman to Vote in Utah and the Modern Nation. Better Days 2020. https://www.utahwomenshistory.org/bios/seraph-young/
Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."
Francis, Roberta. "The Equal Rights Amendment: Frequently Asked Questions." The Equal Rights Amendment. www.equalrightsamendment.org
"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.
Gehrke, Robert. “Gehrke: Utah lawmakers should heed remarkable women’s march as call to action.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017.
Havens, Emily. "Mormon and feminists: Not an oxymoron - a rich history." The Spectrum, February 24, 2018. https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2018/02/24/mormon-and-feminist-not-oxymoron-rich-history-lds-church/345375002/
Jan. "The Suffrage Movement," February 23, 2009. https://www.ldswomenofgod.com/2009/02/23/the-suffrage-movement/
Jones, Kelly Whited. "Kelly Whited Jones: 100 years later, women are still fighting for equality and the ERA." The Salt Lake Tribute, July 23, 2023.
Kennedy, Lesley. "How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment." History.com, September 29, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
"Martha Hughes Cannon," Wikipedia, January 22, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hughes_Cannon
Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.
"Maud Babcock," Wikipedia, December 28, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Babcock
Pemberton, Jennifer. "When the Equal Rights Amendment Came to Utah." Utah Public Radio, August 25, 2016. https://www.upr.org/news/2016-08-25/when-the-equal-rights-amendment-came-to-utah
Radke-Moss, Andrea. "Emily S. Richards, A Believer in Suffrage." Better Days 2020. https://utahwomenshistory.org/the-women/emilysrichards/
Rich, Amy, (2020). The ERA Deadline Removal Reasons.
Stack, Peggy Fletcher. “New book explores an early Mormon dichotomy: Women defending polygamy while pushing a feminist agenda.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 9, 2017.
Toone, Trent. "10 remarkable women in LDS Church history." Deseret News, May 7, 2014. https://www.deseret.com/2014/5/7/20540994/10-remarkable-women-in-lds-church-history/
Quist, Michelle. "Michelle Quist: For the Conservation Case for the Equal Rights Amendement." The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019. https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/10/03/michelle-quist/
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
Vaglanos, Alanna. “Thousands Marched On Utah State Capitol Calling For Women’s Equality.” The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017.
Weeks, Sharon. "It seems to me: What young women may not know." Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017. http://www.leadertelegram.com/Opinion/Commentary/2017/02/05/lt-div-class-libPageBodyLinebreak-gt-What-young-women-may-not-know-lt-div-gt.html
"Wyoming Grants Women The Vote." History.com, 2009.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wyoming-grants-women-the-vote
Brooks, Joanna, Steenblik Rachel Hunt and Wheelwright, Hannah. "Mormon Feminism Essential Writing." Oxford University Press, 2016.
Brady, Ellen. "Guest opinion: Validate the ratification of the ERA." Standard-Examiner, June 21, 2023. https://www.standard.net/opinion/guest-commentary/2023/jun/21/guest-opinion-validate-the-ratification-of-the-era/?mibextid=Zxz2cZ&fbclid=IwAR0pLMFPN6MrGD05Epp_Wge3o9_T-7jFOSy-O-esov
Collett Katelyn. "Former Utah Supreme Court Justice Speaks on Equality at the U." The Daily Utah Chronicle, March 12, 2019. https://dailyutahchronicle.com/2019/03/12/former-utah-supreme-court-justice-speaks-on-equality-at-the-u/#:~:text=She%20told%20the%20Chronicle%2C%20%E2%80%9CI,systems%20that%20are%20meant%20to
Clark, Rebekah. First Woman to Vote in Utah and the Modern Nation. Better Days 2020. https://www.utahwomenshistory.org/bios/seraph-young/
Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."
Francis, Roberta. "The Equal Rights Amendment: Frequently Asked Questions." The Equal Rights Amendment. www.equalrightsamendment.org
"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.
Gehrke, Robert. “Gehrke: Utah lawmakers should heed remarkable women’s march as call to action.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 23, 2017.
Havens, Emily. "Mormon and feminists: Not an oxymoron - a rich history." The Spectrum, February 24, 2018. https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2018/02/24/mormon-and-feminist-not-oxymoron-rich-history-lds-church/345375002/
Jan. "The Suffrage Movement," February 23, 2009. https://www.ldswomenofgod.com/2009/02/23/the-suffrage-movement/
Jones, Kelly Whited. "Kelly Whited Jones: 100 years later, women are still fighting for equality and the ERA." The Salt Lake Tribute, July 23, 2023.
Kennedy, Lesley. "How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment." History.com, September 29, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
"Martha Hughes Cannon," Wikipedia, January 22, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hughes_Cannon
Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.
"Maud Babcock," Wikipedia, December 28, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Babcock
Pemberton, Jennifer. "When the Equal Rights Amendment Came to Utah." Utah Public Radio, August 25, 2016. https://www.upr.org/news/2016-08-25/when-the-equal-rights-amendment-came-to-utah
Radke-Moss, Andrea. "Emily S. Richards, A Believer in Suffrage." Better Days 2020. https://utahwomenshistory.org/the-women/emilysrichards/
Rich, Amy, (2020). The ERA Deadline Removal Reasons.
Stack, Peggy Fletcher. “New book explores an early Mormon dichotomy: Women defending polygamy while pushing a feminist agenda.” The Salt Lake Tribune, January 9, 2017.
Toone, Trent. "10 remarkable women in LDS Church history." Deseret News, May 7, 2014. https://www.deseret.com/2014/5/7/20540994/10-remarkable-women-in-lds-church-history/
Quist, Michelle. "Michelle Quist: For the Conservation Case for the Equal Rights Amendement." The Salt Lake Tribune, October 3, 2019. https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/10/03/michelle-quist/
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
Vaglanos, Alanna. “Thousands Marched On Utah State Capitol Calling For Women’s Equality.” The Huffington Post, January 25, 2017.
Weeks, Sharon. "It seems to me: What young women may not know." Leader-Telegram, February 19, 2017. http://www.leadertelegram.com/Opinion/Commentary/2017/02/05/lt-div-class-libPageBodyLinebreak-gt-What-young-women-may-not-know-lt-div-gt.html
"Wyoming Grants Women The Vote." History.com, 2009.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/wyoming-grants-women-the-vote
