Beginning of the
Utah Deaf History Project
Utah Deaf History Project
Welcome to my blog! I'm thrilled that you're here and interested in our history. On October 21, 2012, I launched the Utah Deaf History website, marking the beginning of a remarkable journey. This project is dedicated to celebrating our vibrant community. It's not just my story—it's our collective story! My goal is to capture and preserve the rich history and experiences of the Utah Deaf community by highlighting our achievements, challenges, and contributions through oral histories and documents. Your interest and support are greatly appreciated, as they help raise awareness and foster understanding of our community's heritage. I want you to feel like a valued member of this incredible journey with us!
In my 'Author's Note' and throughout the website, I share my appreciation, perspectives, thoughts, experiences, and observations on historical events. I also provide a detailed account of current events and situations, as well as a comprehensive history that starts from the beginning of the past and leads to where we are now. This will help us understand our roots and how far we've come, underscoring the importance of understanding our past to shape our future. Your active participation in this journey is not just about learning our history, but also about shaping our future. I am thrilled to have you join us on this empowering journey!
My journey into history work began in 2006, inspired by my father-in-law, Kenneth L. Kinner. He, who was Deaf, graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1954 and was the father of two Deaf children, Deanne and Duane. His passion for sharing historical stories sparked my interest, leading me to become deeply involved in documenting Utah Deaf History. Kenneth's exceptional historical memory and storytelling skills made him an outstanding storyteller, filled with fascinating details to share. He played a crucial role in opening the gate by uncovering the rich, untold history of the local Deaf community. I will always cherish his captivating stories; his assistance in creating this website will hold a special place in my heart.
In my 'Author's Note' and throughout the website, I share my appreciation, perspectives, thoughts, experiences, and observations on historical events. I also provide a detailed account of current events and situations, as well as a comprehensive history that starts from the beginning of the past and leads to where we are now. This will help us understand our roots and how far we've come, underscoring the importance of understanding our past to shape our future. Your active participation in this journey is not just about learning our history, but also about shaping our future. I am thrilled to have you join us on this empowering journey!
My journey into history work began in 2006, inspired by my father-in-law, Kenneth L. Kinner. He, who was Deaf, graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1954 and was the father of two Deaf children, Deanne and Duane. His passion for sharing historical stories sparked my interest, leading me to become deeply involved in documenting Utah Deaf History. Kenneth's exceptional historical memory and storytelling skills made him an outstanding storyteller, filled with fascinating details to share. He played a crucial role in opening the gate by uncovering the rich, untold history of the local Deaf community. I will always cherish his captivating stories; his assistance in creating this website will hold a special place in my heart.
Kenneth L. Kinner
In October 2006, during a board meeting of the Utah Association for the Deaf, I had the opportunity to interview Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a well-known and respected figure in the Deaf community. I was eager to learn more about his role as a Deaf Education Advocate, his involvement in communication, educational methods, and placement controversies. As I prepared to take notes, Dr. Sanderson began sharing some captivating stories. I was so intrigued that I asked him a few more questions. He looked at me and said, "Do your homework." That advice has stuck with me, and I believe many of you can relate to the impact of such a simple yet profound statement. It was a motto he frequently shared with others, as mentioned in Dr. Kim Burningham's letter shown below. He recommended checking resources like the UAD Bulletins, newspapers, and other materials. I came to realize that his words were more than just a suggestion; they were a guiding principle that profoundly shaped my understanding of the Utah Deaf community.
His insights inspired me to delve deeper into our history. This journey of discovery and learning ultimately led to the creation of this website dedicated to Utah Deaf History, a project that brings me immense pride. It serves as a special platform that not only preserves but also celebrates the rich heritage of the Utah Deaf community.
His insights inspired me to delve deeper into our history. This journey of discovery and learning ultimately led to the creation of this website dedicated to Utah Deaf History, a project that brings me immense pride. It serves as a special platform that not only preserves but also celebrates the rich heritage of the Utah Deaf community.
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
I would like to express my sincere appreciation for Dr. Sanderson's exceptional work in preserving Utah Deaf history. His thorough documentation in the UAD Bulletins, along with his collection of newspapers highlighting the activities of the Utah Deaf community, has not only helped us understand our vibrant history but also made a significant impact. We are incredibly grateful for all he has done, especially for sharing his inspiring "Homework Motto" on the website. Thank you, Dr. Sanderson!
Dr. Kim Burningham's letter about Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, particularly his homework section, was sent on September 25, 2003
In 2008, Eleanor McCowan, an officer of the Utah Association of the Deaf and chair of the 2009 100th-anniversary conference, asked me to create a brief history book for the event. I didn't realize that this small project would lead me to discover surprising and fascinating historical events. Eleanor's request allowed me to develop the Utah Deaf History website, a project that I found deeply engaging and fulfilling. With her support, I was able to finish the task, and the result showcases the rich history of the Deaf community in Utah. It's all thanks to her.
Eleanor Birckhead McCowan
As a community historian, I have voluntarily compiled research on Utah Deaf History since 2006. My primary focus is on the 20th century events that shaped the Utah Deaf community. Since its founding in 1909, the UAD has been a leading voice, advocating for, protecting, and promoting the human, civil, accessibility, and linguistic rights of Deaf individuals in various areas. The advocacy efforts of the UAD have led to significant changes in various areas, such as auto insurance, traffic safety, telecommunications, interpreters, education, early interventions, employment, and rehabilitation services. One of the association's major achievements is its commitment to establishing the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, which has become a thriving hub for community activities. Additionally, the UAD played a crucial role in supporting the establishment of the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf, which provides educational opportunities for Deaf children and ensures their access to quality education. The association also expanded its interpreting services and training, and its commitment to professional standards was evident in its successful advocacy for enacting state certification statutes in 1994. The UAD has championed improved accessible technology, including TTY, closed captions, video relay services, and video remote interpreting. Lastly, the association established the Deaf Education Program at Utah State University, initially emphasizing Total Communication before shifting to an ASL/English bilingual program.
Today, the Utah Association of the Deaf plays a crucial role in advocating for the rights and needs of the Deaf community in Utah. The UAD serves as a valuable resource for education, support, and community engagement while promoting awareness and understanding among a diverse population that includes Deaf, Hard of Hearing, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, Late Deafened individuals, Deaf LGBTQIA+ members, Deaf People of Color, and womxn. The UAD is dedicated to empowering individuals, fostering connections, and enhancing the quality of life for Deaf individuals across the state through various programs and events. Additionally, the UAD collaborates with different organizations and local governments to ensure that Deaf voices are heard and represented. The UAD also advocates for human rights and equity within society, and our ongoing efforts provide hope for the future of the Deaf community.
For years, the Utah Association of the Deaf has been at the forefront of civil rights activism, ensuring equal access to all aspects of life for the Deaf community in Utah. The association works to guarantee full integration into society and to provide equal opportunities for effective living for Deaf individuals. As a Deaf person, this website is my way of thanking the Utah Association of the Deaf for their volunteer efforts to advocate for our causes. Working on this website has also increased my admiration for the UAD and my appreciation for its continued dedication to advancing Deaf education and services. For their consistent efforts, the Utah Association of the Deaf and its advocates deserve my heartfelt gratitude. Thank you!
Today, the Utah Association of the Deaf plays a crucial role in advocating for the rights and needs of the Deaf community in Utah. The UAD serves as a valuable resource for education, support, and community engagement while promoting awareness and understanding among a diverse population that includes Deaf, Hard of Hearing, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, Late Deafened individuals, Deaf LGBTQIA+ members, Deaf People of Color, and womxn. The UAD is dedicated to empowering individuals, fostering connections, and enhancing the quality of life for Deaf individuals across the state through various programs and events. Additionally, the UAD collaborates with different organizations and local governments to ensure that Deaf voices are heard and represented. The UAD also advocates for human rights and equity within society, and our ongoing efforts provide hope for the future of the Deaf community.
For years, the Utah Association of the Deaf has been at the forefront of civil rights activism, ensuring equal access to all aspects of life for the Deaf community in Utah. The association works to guarantee full integration into society and to provide equal opportunities for effective living for Deaf individuals. As a Deaf person, this website is my way of thanking the Utah Association of the Deaf for their volunteer efforts to advocate for our causes. Working on this website has also increased my admiration for the UAD and my appreciation for its continued dedication to advancing Deaf education and services. For their consistent efforts, the Utah Association of the Deaf and its advocates deserve my heartfelt gratitude. Thank you!
Jodi Christel Becker
I am deeply passionate about Utah Deaf History, particularly the civil rights and social justice of the Utah Deaf community. Additionally, I have a strong interest in women's studies, especially in how Deaf women contribute to their communities. My interest in political history and biographies has also led me to undertake this project, which has been an excellent learning experience. Since 2006, I have had the privilege to conduct historical research and collect a variety of historical materials, such as photographs and films, for historic preservation. Reading about history provides insights into the origins of our Utah Deaf community and the events that have shaped it over time. Given the increasing popularity of cochlear implants and mainstreaming, I am fervently committed to preserving and appreciating our Utah Deaf History.
I am also interested in the history of Dr. Grant B. Bitter, an oral and mainstreaming advocate whose ideologies have had a long-term impact on the Utah Deaf community. Audism, akin to racism and sexism, has impacted the Deaf community in Utah. Audism refers to the belief that people who can hear and speak are superior to those who cannot. The Utah Deaf community has faced audism throughout history, which includes language oppression, communication discrimination, bias towards oralism, now known as Listening and Spoken Language instead of sign language, low expectations in Deaf education, particularly in literacy development and employment, and negative perceptions towards Deaf people who cannot speak and make decisions without Deaf representation. Nonetheless, Utah Deaf leaders have fought against audism by protecting their sign language, linguistic, and access rights through various organizations, such as the Utah Association of the Deaf, the USDB's Advisory Council, the Utah State Board of Education, and legislative sessions.
Under the leadership of Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a firm advocate for oral and mainstream education, Utah's groundbreaking movement to mainstream all Deaf children began in the 1960s. Dr. Bitter's efforts earned him the title of 'Father of Mainstreaming.' This movement was in stark contrast to the historical significance of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon, America's first female state senator and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, who, in 1897, spearheaded a proposal for the 'Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens,' which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah (Pace, The Utah Eagle, October 1946; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Her legislation led to its successful passage in 1897 and marked a turning point in the education of Deaf and Blind children. However, Dr. Bitter advocated for mainstreaming all Deaf children, paving the way for widespread acceptance of this approach in 1975 with the passage of Public Law 94-142, now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
His daughter, Colleen, was born Deaf in 1954, which was another reason for his dedication to the advancement of both oral and mainstream education. Dr. Bitter supported the idea of mainstreaming for all Deaf and hard of hearing children for two main reasons: his own Deaf daughter and his internship experience at the Lexington School for the Deaf. During his master's degree studies, he interned at Lexington School for the Deaf, an oral school, and was shocked to see young children having to leave their parents for a week, often crying and screaming. His role as a father of a Deaf child, as well as his experience, inspired him to advocate for mainstreaming, allowing Deaf children to attend local public schools at home (Bluhm, Grant Bitter: Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project, March 17, 1987).
In the 1970s, Dr. Stephen C. Baldwin, a Deaf educator who served as the Total Communication Division Curriculum Coordinator at the Utah School for the Deaf, shared his observations of Dr. Bitter. Dr. Bitter, a firm advocate of oral and mainstream philosophy, was particularly vocal about his beliefs. His influence, as Dr. Baldwin noted, was profound. Dr. Bitter was a hard-core oralist and one of the top figures in oral deaf education, and no one was more persistent than him in promoting an oral and mainstream approach. Dr. Baldwin recalled how Dr. Bitter's criticism of the growing use of sign language had a significant impact, arguing that it hindered the development of oral skills and contributed to lower enrollment in residential schools, which he believed isolated Deaf individuals from mainstream society (Baldwin, 1990). Dr. Bitter likely disagreed with Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon and her team's proposal to mandate education for Deaf children at the state institution.
Dr. Bitter's advocacy for the oral and mainstreaming movements sparked a long-standing feud with the Utah Association for the Deaf, a group comprised mainly of graduates from the Utah School for the Deaf, particularly Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent Deaf community leader in Utah who became Deaf at the age of 11 and was a staunch supporter of sign language and state schools for the Deaf. The intense animosity between these two giants was due to the ongoing dispute over oral and sign language in Utah's Deaf educational system. Their struggle was akin to a chess game, with each maneuvering politically to gain the upper hand in the Deaf educational system. As a top figure in oral Deaf education, Dr. Bitter played a significant role in shaping Deaf education policies, advocating for an oral and mainstream approach. Dr. Bitter and Dr. Sanderson, as did the Utah Association for the Deaf, engaged in disagreements during the listening and speaking demonstration panels, picket protests, education committee meetings, and board meetings. Dr. Bitter has also formally demanded the termination of Dr. Robert Sanderson and Dr. Jay J. Campbell, two esteemed advocates for sign language, due to what he perceives as their interference with his mission to promote oral and mainstream education. He has also expressed dissatisfaction with Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's television interpretation of news in sign language, as he felt it did not align with his educational goals. Finally, he has asked Della L. Loveridge, a Utah legislator and respected chairperson of the committee, to resign due to her decision to invite representatives from the Utah Association for the Deaf, which he perceived as a drift from the committee's focus. Dr. Bitter held significant power as a parental figure and used parental influence and leverage to advocate for oralism, making it challenging for the Utah Association for the Deaf to oppose him. The Utah Association for the Deaf demonstrated remarkable resilience in response to the challenges posed by Dr. Bitter's opposition. This period was a significant turning point in their history and played a crucial in shaping Deaf education policies. Their strength and determination not only helped them overcome these obstacles but also served to inspire others along the way.
The Utah Association for the Deaf fought tirelessly and eventually passed the responsibility of advancing Deaf education equality in Utah to the next generation. This new generation embraced the challenge and established four ASL/English bilingual programs across different regions: Ogden, Salt Lake City, Springville, and St. George. They made significant progress, offering a hopeful glimpse of the bright future that lies ahead.
I am also interested in the history of Dr. Grant B. Bitter, an oral and mainstreaming advocate whose ideologies have had a long-term impact on the Utah Deaf community. Audism, akin to racism and sexism, has impacted the Deaf community in Utah. Audism refers to the belief that people who can hear and speak are superior to those who cannot. The Utah Deaf community has faced audism throughout history, which includes language oppression, communication discrimination, bias towards oralism, now known as Listening and Spoken Language instead of sign language, low expectations in Deaf education, particularly in literacy development and employment, and negative perceptions towards Deaf people who cannot speak and make decisions without Deaf representation. Nonetheless, Utah Deaf leaders have fought against audism by protecting their sign language, linguistic, and access rights through various organizations, such as the Utah Association of the Deaf, the USDB's Advisory Council, the Utah State Board of Education, and legislative sessions.
Under the leadership of Dr. Grant B. Bitter, a firm advocate for oral and mainstream education, Utah's groundbreaking movement to mainstream all Deaf children began in the 1960s. Dr. Bitter's efforts earned him the title of 'Father of Mainstreaming.' This movement was in stark contrast to the historical significance of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon, America's first female state senator and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind, who, in 1897, spearheaded a proposal for the 'Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens,' which mandated attendance at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind in Ogden, Utah (Pace, The Utah Eagle, October 1946; Martha Hughes Cannon, Wikipedia, April 20, 2024). Her legislation led to its successful passage in 1897 and marked a turning point in the education of Deaf and Blind children. However, Dr. Bitter advocated for mainstreaming all Deaf children, paving the way for widespread acceptance of this approach in 1975 with the passage of Public Law 94-142, now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
His daughter, Colleen, was born Deaf in 1954, which was another reason for his dedication to the advancement of both oral and mainstream education. Dr. Bitter supported the idea of mainstreaming for all Deaf and hard of hearing children for two main reasons: his own Deaf daughter and his internship experience at the Lexington School for the Deaf. During his master's degree studies, he interned at Lexington School for the Deaf, an oral school, and was shocked to see young children having to leave their parents for a week, often crying and screaming. His role as a father of a Deaf child, as well as his experience, inspired him to advocate for mainstreaming, allowing Deaf children to attend local public schools at home (Bluhm, Grant Bitter: Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project, March 17, 1987).
In the 1970s, Dr. Stephen C. Baldwin, a Deaf educator who served as the Total Communication Division Curriculum Coordinator at the Utah School for the Deaf, shared his observations of Dr. Bitter. Dr. Bitter, a firm advocate of oral and mainstream philosophy, was particularly vocal about his beliefs. His influence, as Dr. Baldwin noted, was profound. Dr. Bitter was a hard-core oralist and one of the top figures in oral deaf education, and no one was more persistent than him in promoting an oral and mainstream approach. Dr. Baldwin recalled how Dr. Bitter's criticism of the growing use of sign language had a significant impact, arguing that it hindered the development of oral skills and contributed to lower enrollment in residential schools, which he believed isolated Deaf individuals from mainstream society (Baldwin, 1990). Dr. Bitter likely disagreed with Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon and her team's proposal to mandate education for Deaf children at the state institution.
Dr. Bitter's advocacy for the oral and mainstreaming movements sparked a long-standing feud with the Utah Association for the Deaf, a group comprised mainly of graduates from the Utah School for the Deaf, particularly Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a prominent Deaf community leader in Utah who became Deaf at the age of 11 and was a staunch supporter of sign language and state schools for the Deaf. The intense animosity between these two giants was due to the ongoing dispute over oral and sign language in Utah's Deaf educational system. Their struggle was akin to a chess game, with each maneuvering politically to gain the upper hand in the Deaf educational system. As a top figure in oral Deaf education, Dr. Bitter played a significant role in shaping Deaf education policies, advocating for an oral and mainstream approach. Dr. Bitter and Dr. Sanderson, as did the Utah Association for the Deaf, engaged in disagreements during the listening and speaking demonstration panels, picket protests, education committee meetings, and board meetings. Dr. Bitter has also formally demanded the termination of Dr. Robert Sanderson and Dr. Jay J. Campbell, two esteemed advocates for sign language, due to what he perceives as their interference with his mission to promote oral and mainstream education. He has also expressed dissatisfaction with Beth Ann Stewart Campbell's television interpretation of news in sign language, as he felt it did not align with his educational goals. Finally, he has asked Della L. Loveridge, a Utah legislator and respected chairperson of the committee, to resign due to her decision to invite representatives from the Utah Association for the Deaf, which he perceived as a drift from the committee's focus. Dr. Bitter held significant power as a parental figure and used parental influence and leverage to advocate for oralism, making it challenging for the Utah Association for the Deaf to oppose him. The Utah Association for the Deaf demonstrated remarkable resilience in response to the challenges posed by Dr. Bitter's opposition. This period was a significant turning point in their history and played a crucial in shaping Deaf education policies. Their strength and determination not only helped them overcome these obstacles but also served to inspire others along the way.
The Utah Association for the Deaf fought tirelessly and eventually passed the responsibility of advancing Deaf education equality in Utah to the next generation. This new generation embraced the challenge and established four ASL/English bilingual programs across different regions: Ogden, Salt Lake City, Springville, and St. George. They made significant progress, offering a hopeful glimpse of the bright future that lies ahead.
Dr. Grant B. Bitter. Source: The Utah Egale, October 1962
I am grateful to Dr. Bitter for motivating me to write this history and for donating his documents to the J. Willard Marriott Library at the University of Utah. Without his donation, I might not have been able to document the broader context of the oral and sign language controversy, and the history would not have been as compelling without his contribution. Dr. Bitter's documents also helped me fill the gaps with materials such as UAD Bulletins, newspapers, and more.
This history website aims to present a realistic and honest account of events rather than the rosy or flowery one that some readers may expect. I understand that not everyone finds this website appealing. However, exploring the darker sides of history enables us to engage in open discussions, listen to each other, learn, and grow.
I also recognize that some people have had negative experiences with Dr. Grant B. Bitter and would prefer to exclude him from our history. It is essential to acknowledge and respect these differing opinions. Nevertheless, it is equally important to recognize the Bitter era in our history, as it connects us to our past and helps us understand our present. The challenges faced during the Bitter era ultimately strengthened the Utah Deaf community, fostering perseverance and resilience.
As G. Leon Curtis, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf from 1963–65 and 1967–69, once stated, "The [UAD] Bulletin is our best weapon n. "The pen is mightier than the sword"(Curtis, The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1965, p. 6). Knowledge is undeniably a powerful tool, and this remains true today. To advocate for our community and preserve its heritage, we must first understand our history. Additionally, we must act vigilantly and swiftly; otherwise, our progress in accessibility rights, particularly in Deaf education, may be at risk of going backward.
This history website aims to present a realistic and honest account of events rather than the rosy or flowery one that some readers may expect. I understand that not everyone finds this website appealing. However, exploring the darker sides of history enables us to engage in open discussions, listen to each other, learn, and grow.
I also recognize that some people have had negative experiences with Dr. Grant B. Bitter and would prefer to exclude him from our history. It is essential to acknowledge and respect these differing opinions. Nevertheless, it is equally important to recognize the Bitter era in our history, as it connects us to our past and helps us understand our present. The challenges faced during the Bitter era ultimately strengthened the Utah Deaf community, fostering perseverance and resilience.
As G. Leon Curtis, president of the Utah Association for the Deaf from 1963–65 and 1967–69, once stated, "The [UAD] Bulletin is our best weapon n. "The pen is mightier than the sword"(Curtis, The UAD Bulletin, Fall 1965, p. 6). Knowledge is undeniably a powerful tool, and this remains true today. To advocate for our community and preserve its heritage, we must first understand our history. Additionally, we must act vigilantly and swiftly; otherwise, our progress in accessibility rights, particularly in Deaf education, may be at risk of going backward.
G. Leon Curtis. Source: The UAD Bulletin, Winter 1964
Have you ever wondered what might have happened to the Utah Deaf community if the Utah Association of the Deaf and its Deaf leaders had not fought against Dr. Bitter? Thanks to their efforts, we now have four Deaf schools that offer ASL/English bilingual education in four regions under the auspices of the Utah School for the Deaf, the Robert G. Sanderson Community Center of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, and the Interpreting Services. Without their fight, we would not have these facilities today.
Gene D. Stewart, a Child of Deaf Adults and vocational rehabilitation counselor for the deaf, spoke out against the oral advocacy group's dominance at the Utah School for the Deaf. His powerful statement, 'We're living in the dark ages in Utah' (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, March 26, 1977), resonated with the leaders of the Utah Deaf community. Despite their numerous challenges, these leaders stood united to provide better education and services, which we now often take for granted. In the year 2000, I completed my college degree, got married, and moved to Utah, my spouse's home state. It was there that I first encountered the term 'Dark Ages.' I was initially unaware of its origin until I stumbled upon a newspaper article about Gene's 'Dark Ages' statement in 1977. This discovery helped me understand the harsh realities of Deaf education in Utah during what would later be known as the 'Dark Ages.' The stark realities of Deaf education during what Gene aptly termed the 'Dark Ages' serve as a poignant reminder of many challenges that the Deaf community has historically faced. His unwavering advocacy not only sheds light on this challenging past but also exemplifies the courage required to fight for equity and inclusion in education. Gene's commitment to championing the rights and needs of the Utah Deaf community is both inspiring and essential, prompting us to reflect on how far we've come while recognizing that there is still much work to be done. Gene's bravery in addressing these issues deserves recognition and respect, encouraging us all to strive for a more inclusive future where every voice can be heard.
Gene D. Stewart, a Child of Deaf Adults and vocational rehabilitation counselor for the deaf, spoke out against the oral advocacy group's dominance at the Utah School for the Deaf. His powerful statement, 'We're living in the dark ages in Utah' (The Ogden Standard-Examiner, March 26, 1977), resonated with the leaders of the Utah Deaf community. Despite their numerous challenges, these leaders stood united to provide better education and services, which we now often take for granted. In the year 2000, I completed my college degree, got married, and moved to Utah, my spouse's home state. It was there that I first encountered the term 'Dark Ages.' I was initially unaware of its origin until I stumbled upon a newspaper article about Gene's 'Dark Ages' statement in 1977. This discovery helped me understand the harsh realities of Deaf education in Utah during what would later be known as the 'Dark Ages.' The stark realities of Deaf education during what Gene aptly termed the 'Dark Ages' serve as a poignant reminder of many challenges that the Deaf community has historically faced. His unwavering advocacy not only sheds light on this challenging past but also exemplifies the courage required to fight for equity and inclusion in education. Gene's commitment to championing the rights and needs of the Utah Deaf community is both inspiring and essential, prompting us to reflect on how far we've come while recognizing that there is still much work to be done. Gene's bravery in addressing these issues deserves recognition and respect, encouraging us all to strive for a more inclusive future where every voice can be heard.
Gene D. Stewart
Maya Angelou, who was an American poet and civil rights activist, once said, "The more you know of your history, the more liberated you are." I completely agree with her. Understanding one's own history is crucial for personal freedom. As a parent, I have experienced this firsthand while advocating for the educational needs of my two Deaf children, Joshua and Danielle. If I hadn't learned about the history of Deaf education in Utah, I wouldn't have known how to effectively advocate for them.
Maya Angelou. Source: NPR.org
When I explore historical documents, I remain open-minded and objective about people's achievements and contributions to our community. I have encountered individuals who downplay their efforts or wish to overlook their accomplishments. However, the truth is that history is an integral part of our story, regardless of any flaws a person may have had. It is essential to recognize and celebrate everyone's efforts and the dedication they have demonstrated along the way!
When writing about exceptional individuals for our history website, I use their first names to show appreciation for everyone who contributes to and supports our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often links women's achievements to their husbands' last names rather than acknowledging their contributions under their own names. I want to break that mold. By using first names on the website, we promote inclusivity and equality. More importantly, this approach celebrates each individual's unique identity. Let's unite to honor everyone's contributions!
Also, our organization was formerly known as the Utah Association for the Deaf. We changed our name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. To provide some background, we were originally called the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. In 1963, we changed to the Utah Association for the Deaf, and then in 2012, we returned to our original name. When I write for the history website, I include both "of" and "for" to accurately represent the different eras in our association's history.
This website consistently uses a capital "D" when referring to the Deaf community, whether in sign language or oral communication. This practice is similar to using capital letters for other communities, such as Black, Indigenous, Hispanic, and Asian. The Deafhood Foundation emphasizes that the capital "D" denotes all Deaf individuals, promoting inclusion for everyone, regardless of their family background, communication methods, or educational experiences. This approach is an essential part of their Deafhood journey and self-identity exploration.
I understand that my history website can sometimes feel intense, but that’s just the nature of history! We have some fascinating information that could inspire a fantastic movie about the conflicts between oral and sign language. While it might seem like a long shot, who knows? There’s always a chance for dreams to become reality! After all, dreaming big is part of the fun, right?
Lastly, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to some remarkable contributors who helped bring this website to life. I would like to extend a special thank you to my father-in-law, Kenneth L. Kinner, for sharing his story; Dr. Sanderson for his fantastic homework proposal; and Eleanor McCowan for her insightful request. Working on the Utah Deaf History project has been both an enriching and humbling journey for me. As I explore the incredible resilience of Utah's Deaf leaders and their inspiring stories, I am immensely grateful for the impact they have made on our community's history.
Thank you for visiting our website! I hope you enjoy exploring this rich history as much as I do!
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
When writing about exceptional individuals for our history website, I use their first names to show appreciation for everyone who contributes to and supports our community's causes. Our patriarchal culture often links women's achievements to their husbands' last names rather than acknowledging their contributions under their own names. I want to break that mold. By using first names on the website, we promote inclusivity and equality. More importantly, this approach celebrates each individual's unique identity. Let's unite to honor everyone's contributions!
Also, our organization was formerly known as the Utah Association for the Deaf. We changed our name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. To provide some background, we were originally called the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962. In 1963, we changed to the Utah Association for the Deaf, and then in 2012, we returned to our original name. When I write for the history website, I include both "of" and "for" to accurately represent the different eras in our association's history.
This website consistently uses a capital "D" when referring to the Deaf community, whether in sign language or oral communication. This practice is similar to using capital letters for other communities, such as Black, Indigenous, Hispanic, and Asian. The Deafhood Foundation emphasizes that the capital "D" denotes all Deaf individuals, promoting inclusion for everyone, regardless of their family background, communication methods, or educational experiences. This approach is an essential part of their Deafhood journey and self-identity exploration.
I understand that my history website can sometimes feel intense, but that’s just the nature of history! We have some fascinating information that could inspire a fantastic movie about the conflicts between oral and sign language. While it might seem like a long shot, who knows? There’s always a chance for dreams to become reality! After all, dreaming big is part of the fun, right?
Lastly, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to some remarkable contributors who helped bring this website to life. I would like to extend a special thank you to my father-in-law, Kenneth L. Kinner, for sharing his story; Dr. Sanderson for his fantastic homework proposal; and Eleanor McCowan for her insightful request. Working on the Utah Deaf History project has been both an enriching and humbling journey for me. As I explore the incredible resilience of Utah's Deaf leaders and their inspiring stories, I am immensely grateful for the impact they have made on our community's history.
Thank you for visiting our website! I hope you enjoy exploring this rich history as much as I do!
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
Background Information
I grew up as an Air Force brat, born in Germany. My educational background includes attending both oral schools and mainstream settings. I graduated from Gallaudet University with a Bachelor's and a Master's degree in Social Work. Shortly after graduating in 2000, I moved to Utah, the home state of my spouse, Duane Kinner, where I took on the role of ADA Accessibility Advisor at Salt Lake Community College.
Since then, I have participated in various boards and councils, including the Utah Interpreter Certification Advisory Board, the JMS Utah Deaf Education and Literacy, Inc. Board, the USDB Institutional Council, the Utah Deaf Education Core Group, the DSDHH Legislative Task Force, and the Utah Association of the Deaf. As a parent of two Deaf adult children, Joshua and Danielle, I have also advocated for Deaf education in Utah.
In 2009, I was involved in a USDB Legislative Task Force that improved access to Deaf schools in four regions, which helped shift away from the previous requirement for students to be mainstreamed. It was a significant achievement, though it came with its challenges.
In 2012, I served as a delegate for the Utah Association of the Deaf and participated in the first-ever Education Advocate Training Program organized by the National Association of the Deaf. While both experiences were rewarding, they also posed challenges. However, they have only strengthened my determination to advocate for Deaf education.
Since then, I have participated in various boards and councils, including the Utah Interpreter Certification Advisory Board, the JMS Utah Deaf Education and Literacy, Inc. Board, the USDB Institutional Council, the Utah Deaf Education Core Group, the DSDHH Legislative Task Force, and the Utah Association of the Deaf. As a parent of two Deaf adult children, Joshua and Danielle, I have also advocated for Deaf education in Utah.
In 2009, I was involved in a USDB Legislative Task Force that improved access to Deaf schools in four regions, which helped shift away from the previous requirement for students to be mainstreamed. It was a significant achievement, though it came with its challenges.
In 2012, I served as a delegate for the Utah Association of the Deaf and participated in the first-ever Education Advocate Training Program organized by the National Association of the Deaf. While both experiences were rewarding, they also posed challenges. However, they have only strengthened my determination to advocate for Deaf education.
The Kinner Family. L-R: Danielle, Joshua, Jodi, and Duane
My spouse, Duane Kinner, and his family have a deep-rooted connection to the Utah School for the Deaf (USD). His parents, sister, aunts, uncles, and great-uncle all graduated from this institution. Duane could have been the next in line to graduate from USD; however, in the 1980s, the quality of education at the school declined due to the rise of oral education and mainstreaming. As a result, Duane transferred to the Idaho School for the Deaf in 8th grade, where he received a better education and had better access to peers. This personal connection to the cause fuels our passion and commitment to advocating for improved education for the Deaf. After graduating from Gallaudet University in 1999, Duane became a faculty member and began teaching ASL classes at Salt Lake Community College.
As a personal choice, I have legally changed my last name from my married name, Jodi Becker Kinner, back to my maiden name, Jodi Christel Becker. This change has been reflected on the Utah Deaf History website and other history websites where my work has been posted to maintain consistency. I sincerely appreciate your interest in our valuable history website, and your support means a great deal to us.
Thank you!
Jodi Christel Becker
As a personal choice, I have legally changed my last name from my married name, Jodi Becker Kinner, back to my maiden name, Jodi Christel Becker. This change has been reflected on the Utah Deaf History website and other history websites where my work has been posted to maintain consistency. I sincerely appreciate your interest in our valuable history website, and your support means a great deal to us.
Thank you!
Jodi Christel Becker
"If we have no history,
we have no future."
~Tristram Hunt~
we have no future."
~Tristram Hunt~
