Outstanding Resilience
Contributed to the Success
of Utah's Deaf Women's History
Contributed to the Success
of Utah's Deaf Women's History
Compiled & Written by Jodi Christel Becker
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Edited by Valerie G. Kinney
Published in 2020
Updated in 2025
Author's Note
As a Deaf feminist with a strong passion for Women's Studies, I am deeply moved by the incredible resilience and achievements of Deaf women in Utah. These women have accomplished remarkable feats despite facing unique challenges in social, economic, professional, and political spheres due to their hearing loss. From leading successful businesses to earning advanced degrees, their determination and strength serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of intersectionality within the feminist movement as they tackle the obstacles associated with being Deaf alongside the societal barriers faced by women.
The patriarchal and audist nature of society has often overlooked the achievements of Deaf women. It is essential to define what it means to be a Deaf woman today and to celebrate their contributions and accomplishments. Sharing these experiences promotes inclusivity and mutual understanding, inspiring future generations to advocate for equality.
This webpage aims to be a source of hope and inspiration. By promoting understanding and recognizing diverse identities within the feminist movement, we can break down barriers and ensure every voice, including those of Deaf women, is valued.
In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to recognize their contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of connecting women's achievements with their spouses' surnames. This decision recognizes their achievements by utilizing their first names, which is crucial for identifying them. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also emphasizes the significance of women's advocacy in our community and promotes inclusivity. This approach highlights women's accomplishments and contributions while respecting each person's own identity.
Furthermore, our organization was previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf and changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. To provide some context, we were known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962, then became the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963, and ultimately returned to our original name in 2012. When writing for the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to represent the various eras of our association's history.
Thank you so much for your interest in this topic! I'm thrilled to share these stories with you.
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
The patriarchal and audist nature of society has often overlooked the achievements of Deaf women. It is essential to define what it means to be a Deaf woman today and to celebrate their contributions and accomplishments. Sharing these experiences promotes inclusivity and mutual understanding, inspiring future generations to advocate for equality.
This webpage aims to be a source of hope and inspiration. By promoting understanding and recognizing diverse identities within the feminist movement, we can break down barriers and ensure every voice, including those of Deaf women, is valued.
In my historical work, I use first names for everyone—men, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals—to recognize their contributions and challenge the patriarchal norm of connecting women's achievements with their spouses' surnames. This decision recognizes their achievements by utilizing their first names, which is crucial for identifying them. Using first names not only makes each person feel valued and respected, but it also emphasizes the significance of women's advocacy in our community and promotes inclusivity. This approach highlights women's accomplishments and contributions while respecting each person's own identity.
Furthermore, our organization was previously known as the Utah Association for the Deaf and changed its name to the Utah Association of the Deaf in 2012. To provide some context, we were known as the Utah Association of the Deaf from 1909 to 1962, then became the Utah Association for the Deaf in 1963, and ultimately returned to our original name in 2012. When writing for the history website, I use both "of" and "for" to represent the various eras of our association's history.
Thank you so much for your interest in this topic! I'm thrilled to share these stories with you.
Enjoy!
Jodi Christel Becker
Deaf Women's Conference in Utah
The Deaf Women's Conference was a significant event in advancing the rights of Deaf women. It took place on October 6, 1979, at the International Dunes Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah. Sponsored by W. David Mortensen of the Utah Association for the Deaf, the conference provided a vital platform to discuss issues such as access to education, employment opportunities, and healthcare for Deaf women. This event marked a turning point in the advocacy for the rights of Deaf women.
The conference fostered a sense of connection and empowerment among the participants, who left feeling motivated and equipped to advocate for their rights and confront societal barriers. It not only united Deaf women but also laid the groundwork for future initiatives to enhance their visibility and rights in society.
The conference fostered a sense of connection and empowerment among the participants, who left feeling motivated and equipped to advocate for their rights and confront societal barriers. It not only united Deaf women but also laid the groundwork for future initiatives to enhance their visibility and rights in society.
W. David Mortensen, UAD President
Lois Jones Williams, the chairperson, led a committee that included Celia May Laramie Baldwin, Darlene Stewart Cochran, and Ilene Coles Kinner in the planning of the conference. Over eighty women aged 18 to 80 attended the conference (The Deaf American, February 6, 1980). The event provided a valuable opportunity for networking, sharing experiences, and discussing issues pertinent to the Deaf community. Participants engaged in workshops and panel discussions, fostering an environment of collaboration and empowerment.
Utah Deaf Women Conference. L-R: Darlene Stewart Cochran, Ilene Coles Kinner, Lois Jones Williams, & Celia May Laramie Baldwin, 1979
"New Horizons For Deaf Women"
A Deaf Advocate for Women's Rights
Dr. Gertrude Scott Galloway, a champion of Deaf women's rights and the first female president of the National Association of the Deaf, delivered a keynote address at the conference. In her speech, she emphasized the importance of women's rights and their impact on critical areas such as credit cards, salaries, and surnames. She acknowledged Agatha Tiegel Hanson as the first female graduate of Gallaudet College in 1893, highlighting that she was not only the valedictorian but also an early advocate for Deaf and women's rights. Gertrude referenced Agatha's graduation speech, "New Horizons for Deaf Women," which was written before the passage of the Women's Suffrage Act. In it, Agatha emphasized education and empowerment for women in the Deaf community and advocated for their equal rights in society (The Deaf American, February 6, 1980). Agatha paved the way for further integration of women into Gallaudet College.
From 1864 to 1887, Gallaudet College denied admission to Deaf women (Gallaudet University: US History Encyclopedia).This exclusion reflected the societal attitudes of the time, which often marginalized women from pursuing higher education, particularly Deaf women. These women faced significant challenges in enrolling at Gallaudet because of their gender and prevailing societal norms. The acceptance of Deaf women in 1887 marked a significant shift, demonstrating their resilience in challenging these barriers and advocating for their rights. This change underscored the importance of accessibility, diversity, and inclusivity in educational institutions.
Gertrude's speech highlighted the challenges faced by Deaf women while calling for expanded opportunities and rights. By referencing Agatha's legacy, she underscored the ongoing struggle for equality and the crucial role of education in empowering women, especially within the Deaf community. Elevating women's voices is essential for achieving true equality and fostering a more inclusive society. Reflecting on the contributions of pioneers like Agatha serves as a reminder of the necessity of advocating for marginalized groups and ensuring that their experiences are recognized and respected.
From 1864 to 1887, Gallaudet College denied admission to Deaf women (Gallaudet University: US History Encyclopedia).This exclusion reflected the societal attitudes of the time, which often marginalized women from pursuing higher education, particularly Deaf women. These women faced significant challenges in enrolling at Gallaudet because of their gender and prevailing societal norms. The acceptance of Deaf women in 1887 marked a significant shift, demonstrating their resilience in challenging these barriers and advocating for their rights. This change underscored the importance of accessibility, diversity, and inclusivity in educational institutions.
Gertrude's speech highlighted the challenges faced by Deaf women while calling for expanded opportunities and rights. By referencing Agatha's legacy, she underscored the ongoing struggle for equality and the crucial role of education in empowering women, especially within the Deaf community. Elevating women's voices is essential for achieving true equality and fostering a more inclusive society. Reflecting on the contributions of pioneers like Agatha serves as a reminder of the necessity of advocating for marginalized groups and ensuring that their experiences are recognized and respected.
Dr. Gertrude Scott Galloway. Source: Deaf Life, August 2014
"Women should be free as the air to
learn what she will and do devote her life to
whatever vocation seems good to her…It is true
that we have made a start in the right direction. But that start hasbeen made very recently, and it is too
early to pass sentence on the results."
~Agatha Tiegel Hanson, 1893
learn what she will and do devote her life to
whatever vocation seems good to her…It is true
that we have made a start in the right direction. But that start hasbeen made very recently, and it is too
early to pass sentence on the results."
~Agatha Tiegel Hanson, 1893
Agatha Tiegel Hanson. Source: gupress.gallaudet.edu
Workshops at the
Deaf Women's Conference
Deaf Women's Conference
The workshops, led by Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, an esteemed local interpreter and Child of Deaf Adults (CODA), and Nancy R. Rarus, a passionate advocate for Deaf Rights, covered a wide range of topics. Beth Ann's discussions on sex, family, and money were relevant to everyone. At the same time, Nancy's focus on leadership among women and the Utah Community Center for the Deaf proposal gave attendees valuable perspectives on the issues affecting Deaf women. These conversations promoted a sense of community and empowerment, encouraging participants to share their experiences and insights. The synergy between Beth Ann's and Nancy's expertise created a dynamic environment that inspired attendees to advocate for change and support one another in their journeys.
The conference, a resounding success, left a lasting positive impression on the attendees, sparking discussions about a potential women's conference in the coming year. The transformative effect of the conference was evident when one husband shared that his wife returned with a newfound sense of happiness, prompting him to pledge his unwavering support for her attendance, even if it meant paying $9.00 each time! (The Deaf American, February 6, 1980). This commitment highlights the profound impact the conference had on relationships, fostering an environment where partners can grow together. As discussions continue about future events, it is clear that the desire for empowerment and connection among women remains a strong and enduring one.
Since Agatha Tiegel Hanson's groundbreaking speech at Gallaudet in 1893, women's progress and opportunities have been steadily advancing, and this trend continues to this day. While we acknowledge the progress, our commitment to achieving equal opportunities for women and girls remains unwavering, inspiring us to continue the fight for equality. This ongoing struggle is vital for the advancement of women and girls, as well as the enrichment of society. By fostering unity and collaboration, we can create a world where everyone has the chance to thrive and contribute their unique strengths.
The conference, a resounding success, left a lasting positive impression on the attendees, sparking discussions about a potential women's conference in the coming year. The transformative effect of the conference was evident when one husband shared that his wife returned with a newfound sense of happiness, prompting him to pledge his unwavering support for her attendance, even if it meant paying $9.00 each time! (The Deaf American, February 6, 1980). This commitment highlights the profound impact the conference had on relationships, fostering an environment where partners can grow together. As discussions continue about future events, it is clear that the desire for empowerment and connection among women remains a strong and enduring one.
Since Agatha Tiegel Hanson's groundbreaking speech at Gallaudet in 1893, women's progress and opportunities have been steadily advancing, and this trend continues to this day. While we acknowledge the progress, our commitment to achieving equal opportunities for women and girls remains unwavering, inspiring us to continue the fight for equality. This ongoing struggle is vital for the advancement of women and girls, as well as the enrichment of society. By fostering unity and collaboration, we can create a world where everyone has the chance to thrive and contribute their unique strengths.
Nancy Rarus, Gertrude Galloway & Beth Ann Stewart Campbell, hands making a female symbol shape. Source: The Deaf American, February 6, 1980
A Female Symbol
Female Symbol. Source: clipart-library.com
The Utah Deaf Women's Conference attendees, 1979. From the left side of the front row: Vera Eyre, Irene Garvos, Carolbeth Nielson Cook, ___, Carol Masich, ___, and ___. In the second row from the left: Celia May Laramie Baldwin, Shanna Lee Christiansen Mortensen, Valerie G. Kinney, Jane Loveland, and ___ Honey. In the third row from the left: Ruth Smith, Georgia Henricks Walker, Lois Jones Williams, Dora Benoit Laramie, Sue Wessman, _, _, _, and _. On the right side of the fourth row: Georgie Mae Stewart, followed by Beth Ann Stewart Campbell and Darlene Stewart Cochran. In the fifth row from the left: Gladys Burnham Wenger, Kate Kelley, Helen Potter, Rosa Marie Flores Rathbun, _, _, _, and _ Underwood, Zelma Lundquist Moon, Edna Sevy, and Kleda Barker Quigley
1994 Deaf Women's Conference in Utah
The Deaf Women's Conference, a significant event in the history of Deaf women's advocacy, took place at Salt Lake Community College on October 21–21, 1994, fifteen years later. Kristi Lee Mortensen, a local Deaf feminist, chaired the conference, which had the theme "Towards the 21st Century: An Exciting Journey."
The keynote speaker was Dr. Barbara Brauer, a pioneer in Deaf Mental Health. Dr. Petra M. Horn-Marsh, a Deaf Bilingual advocate, also presented the history of Deaf women's struggles and accomplishments. During the workshop sessions, Dr. Brauer delivered a talk on "Women and Violence," and Dr. Lawrence Fleischer, a professor of Deaf Studies at California State University, Northridge, presented "The Enhanced Image of a Deaf Woman: Amee Mathews." Amee Mathews, a trailblazer in the Deaf community, highlighted the importance of representation and empowerment for Deaf women in contemporary society. Her insights, alongside those of Barbara and Petra, created a rich dialogue about the ongoing challenges and triumphs faced by Deaf women, inspiring many attendees to advocate for change and support one another in their journeys.
The keynote speaker was Dr. Barbara Brauer, a pioneer in Deaf Mental Health. Dr. Petra M. Horn-Marsh, a Deaf Bilingual advocate, also presented the history of Deaf women's struggles and accomplishments. During the workshop sessions, Dr. Brauer delivered a talk on "Women and Violence," and Dr. Lawrence Fleischer, a professor of Deaf Studies at California State University, Northridge, presented "The Enhanced Image of a Deaf Woman: Amee Mathews." Amee Mathews, a trailblazer in the Deaf community, highlighted the importance of representation and empowerment for Deaf women in contemporary society. Her insights, alongside those of Barbara and Petra, created a rich dialogue about the ongoing challenges and triumphs faced by Deaf women, inspiring many attendees to advocate for change and support one another in their journeys.
Kristi Lee Mortensen
Women Viewed as a Marginalized Group
Women, despite outnumbering men in college and the workforce, are still considered a marginalized group. Particularly, Deaf women endure further marginalization and potential double discrimination (The Deaf American, February 6, 1980). Women often face marginalization in various spheres, including educational, social, economic, professional, and political contexts. Utah ranks lowest in the nation in terms of gender equality, with a low representation of women in politics, a gender pay gap, and a disparity between men and women in obtaining a college education. Despite these challenges, women across the country are working to advocate, educate, and promote gender equality. These efforts include grassroots activism, mentorship programs, and policy advocacy aimed at dismantling systemic barriers. By uniting their voices and resources, women are striving to create a more equitable future for themselves and future generations.
Dr. Petra M. Horn-Marsh
Deaf Women Face Double Barriers
In a society shaped by patriarchy and audism, Deaf women face communication barriers and experience double oppression, resulting in numerous challenges across various areas of life. These challenges affect education, socialization, economic opportunities, professionalism, and political participation. Despite these obstacles, many Deaf women lead fulfilling and productive lives, achieving milestones comparable to those of their hearing peers. In some instances, they have even overcome significant challenges to achieve remarkable success in their educational and career pursuits.
It is essential to recognize and celebrate these women's accomplishments. The website features "Biographies of Prominent Utah Deaf Women," showcasing those who have made significant contributions to society. Acknowledging their achievements is crucial, as these biographies not only inspire others but also highlight the resilience and determination of these outstanding individuals. By sharing their stories, we can foster a deeper understanding of the unique challenges Deaf women face and the substantial impact they have in their communities.
It is essential to recognize and celebrate these women's accomplishments. The website features "Biographies of Prominent Utah Deaf Women," showcasing those who have made significant contributions to society. Acknowledging their achievements is crucial, as these biographies not only inspire others but also highlight the resilience and determination of these outstanding individuals. By sharing their stories, we can foster a deeper understanding of the unique challenges Deaf women face and the substantial impact they have in their communities.
Source: 'Towards the 21st Century: An Exciting Journey.' The Utah Deaf Women's Conference at Salt Lake Community Center on October 21-22, 1994
Deaf Women in Utah Who Made
an Impact in the Deaf Community
an Impact in the Deaf Community
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Utah emerged as a center for progressive women who sought education and careers while advocating for political change, even as they practiced polygamy. These women engaged in various professions, including activism, medicine, academia, writing, and politics (Brooks, Steenblik, & Wheelwright, 2016), and played a crucial role in driving societal change. The suffrage movement significantly influenced their goals and aspirations. This impact also reached Deaf women in Utah, including Elizabeth DeLong, Mary Anne Woolsayer, and Emma Magdalene Emmertson, providing a rich historical context for women's activism in the state. Their efforts not only highlighted the hurdles and successes of women in the Deaf community but also emphasized the intersectionality of gender, disability, and social justice. By exploring their contributions, we learn more about the diverse forces that have shaped women's rights movements throughout Utah's history.
Elizabeth DeLong Holds the Distinction of
Being the First Female President of the
Utah Association of the Deaf
Being the First Female President of the
Utah Association of the Deaf
Elizabeth DeLong, affectionately known as "Libbie," was a pivotal figure in the Deaf community in Utah. She graduated from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1897 and went on to become the first Utah graduate to earn a degree from Gallaudet College in 1902. Libbie made history by becoming the first Deaf teacher with a college degree to teach at her alma mater. Additionally, she served as the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf (UAD) from 1909 to 1915.
Libbie's election as president was not only a personal victory but also a turning point for the Deaf community in Utah. This event followed the establishment of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) in 1880, which encouraged states like Utah to form their own chapters. Libbie played a crucial role in co-founding the UAD on June 10, 1909. Her leadership focused on advocating for the social welfare needs of Deaf individuals (Evans, 1999).
In a groundbreaking election held the day after the UAD's formation, Libbie faced two male candidates and triumphed, becoming the first female Deaf president of the Utah chapter and of any state chapter within the NAD on June 11, 1909. This victory symbolized a significant shift toward recognizing Deaf women's roles in leadership positions, even in the face of societal barriers such as a lack of voting rights and gender discrimination.
During this time, Deaf women encountered substantial challenges, including limited access to education and political rights. Libbie's presidency marked a turning point for the Deaf community as she advocated for educational and employment opportunities. Her journey began in 1901 when she joined Gallaudet College's secret support network for women, known as O.W.L.S., which is now recognized as Phi Kappa Zeta. She became president of this organization in the same year (The Buff and Blue, October 1901; This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959).
O.W.L.S. aimed to address the barriers that Deaf women faced in the predominantly male environment at Gallaudet College (This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959). This platform provided Libbie with a voice to advocate for women's rights, a cause she championed until the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote. Her resilience in the face of social challenges, including discrimination and the struggle for political rights, was truly remarkable. For instance, Deaf women were not allowed to vote in NAD elections until 1964.
As a Deaf woman in a male-dominated society, Libbie faced additional barriers, including communication challenges and limited access to education, employment, and political opportunities. Her journey highlights the challenges faced by Deaf women, while her achievements showcase remarkable strength and resilience.
Libbie grew up in Utah, where women gained the right to vote through a law passed by the territorial legislature on February 14, 1870—seven years before her birth. Raised in an environment that valued civic duty and equality, she became a trailblazer for Deaf women in leadership positions. A strong supporter of women's suffrage, Libbie made significant contributions to both the Utah Deaf community and the broader women's rights movement, leaving an enduring legacy through her advocacy work.
Libbie's active involvement in Utah's early suffrage movement significantly influenced her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations. From 1909 to 1915, she served as the president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. At the end of her second term in 1915, she delivered a powerful speech at the UAD Convention (The Ogden Daily Standard, June 9, 1915; The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). In her address, Libbie passionately advocated for women's suffrage, emphasizing the importance of women's voices in shaping the nation's future. Her commitment to advancing women's rights, despite societal challenges, demonstrated her resilience and left an indelible mark on the movement, inspiring many individuals even to this day.
Her efforts greatly improved the lives of Deaf individuals in Utah, particularly in bridging the gap between Deaf rights and women's rights. Libbie's leadership enhanced representation and equality, resulting in substantial advancements in social welfare, education, and employment opportunities for Deaf individuals. She fostered a sense of community and empowerment among Deaf women, breaking down barriers and promoting a more inclusive society. Her contributions underscore the necessity of support for Deaf rights and representation.
Libbie's legacy inspires us to confront the challenges women face and to appreciate the vital role of perseverance in pursuing equality and representation. Her achievements stand as a beacon for women within the Deaf community. One of our ASL/English bilingual schools, part of the Utah School for the Deaf, proudly bears the name of Elizabeth DeLong. We honor trailblazers like her for their contributions to creating a more inclusive future, particularly in advocating for the rights and recognition of individuals within the Deaf community.
The BetterDays2020 website features Elizabeth DeLong's biography, along with the stories of other trailblazing women from Utah who have made significant contributions to the state's history. These narratives highlight the resilience and determination of these women, showcasing their achievements to inspire future generations to pursue their own paths of leadership and innovation.
Libbie's election as president was not only a personal victory but also a turning point for the Deaf community in Utah. This event followed the establishment of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) in 1880, which encouraged states like Utah to form their own chapters. Libbie played a crucial role in co-founding the UAD on June 10, 1909. Her leadership focused on advocating for the social welfare needs of Deaf individuals (Evans, 1999).
In a groundbreaking election held the day after the UAD's formation, Libbie faced two male candidates and triumphed, becoming the first female Deaf president of the Utah chapter and of any state chapter within the NAD on June 11, 1909. This victory symbolized a significant shift toward recognizing Deaf women's roles in leadership positions, even in the face of societal barriers such as a lack of voting rights and gender discrimination.
During this time, Deaf women encountered substantial challenges, including limited access to education and political rights. Libbie's presidency marked a turning point for the Deaf community as she advocated for educational and employment opportunities. Her journey began in 1901 when she joined Gallaudet College's secret support network for women, known as O.W.L.S., which is now recognized as Phi Kappa Zeta. She became president of this organization in the same year (The Buff and Blue, October 1901; This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959).
O.W.L.S. aimed to address the barriers that Deaf women faced in the predominantly male environment at Gallaudet College (This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson, October 17, 1959). This platform provided Libbie with a voice to advocate for women's rights, a cause she championed until the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote. Her resilience in the face of social challenges, including discrimination and the struggle for political rights, was truly remarkable. For instance, Deaf women were not allowed to vote in NAD elections until 1964.
As a Deaf woman in a male-dominated society, Libbie faced additional barriers, including communication challenges and limited access to education, employment, and political opportunities. Her journey highlights the challenges faced by Deaf women, while her achievements showcase remarkable strength and resilience.
Libbie grew up in Utah, where women gained the right to vote through a law passed by the territorial legislature on February 14, 1870—seven years before her birth. Raised in an environment that valued civic duty and equality, she became a trailblazer for Deaf women in leadership positions. A strong supporter of women's suffrage, Libbie made significant contributions to both the Utah Deaf community and the broader women's rights movement, leaving an enduring legacy through her advocacy work.
Libbie's active involvement in Utah's early suffrage movement significantly influenced her educational, political, and spiritual aspirations. From 1909 to 1915, she served as the president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. At the end of her second term in 1915, she delivered a powerful speech at the UAD Convention (The Ogden Daily Standard, June 9, 1915; The UAD Bulletin, Summer 1963). In her address, Libbie passionately advocated for women's suffrage, emphasizing the importance of women's voices in shaping the nation's future. Her commitment to advancing women's rights, despite societal challenges, demonstrated her resilience and left an indelible mark on the movement, inspiring many individuals even to this day.
Her efforts greatly improved the lives of Deaf individuals in Utah, particularly in bridging the gap between Deaf rights and women's rights. Libbie's leadership enhanced representation and equality, resulting in substantial advancements in social welfare, education, and employment opportunities for Deaf individuals. She fostered a sense of community and empowerment among Deaf women, breaking down barriers and promoting a more inclusive society. Her contributions underscore the necessity of support for Deaf rights and representation.
Libbie's legacy inspires us to confront the challenges women face and to appreciate the vital role of perseverance in pursuing equality and representation. Her achievements stand as a beacon for women within the Deaf community. One of our ASL/English bilingual schools, part of the Utah School for the Deaf, proudly bears the name of Elizabeth DeLong. We honor trailblazers like her for their contributions to creating a more inclusive future, particularly in advocating for the rights and recognition of individuals within the Deaf community.
The BetterDays2020 website features Elizabeth DeLong's biography, along with the stories of other trailblazing women from Utah who have made significant contributions to the state's history. These narratives highlight the resilience and determination of these women, showcasing their achievements to inspire future generations to pursue their own paths of leadership and innovation.
Elizabeth DeLong. Source: FamilySearch.org
Emma Magdalene Emmertson,
Suffragette Leader
Suffragette Leader
Emma Magdalene Emmertson was a dedicated educator in Deaf education, graduating from the Utah School for the Deaf in 1907 and the University of Utah in 1917 (The 1916-1917 Catalog of the University of Utah; The 1916-1917 University of Utah Commencement Program). According to her grandson, Don Jorgenson II, in an interview with Carolyn Jorgenson, she was also a suffragette who actively participated in the Women's Suffrage Movement from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. This significant social and political campaign aimed to secure voting rights for women. Emma's granddaughter, Kristan Jorgensen, also described her as "a very strong woman" on FamilySearch.org (KristanKap, FamilySearch.org, December 7, 2017).
Kristan emphasized that Emma's determination and resilience inspired not only her family but also those around her during a pivotal time in history. Emma's legacy as a champion for women's rights continues to resonate, reminding future generations of the importance of advocacy and perseverance in the pursuit of equality.
Utah's women's suffrage campaign, rooted in the local community, significantly influenced Emma's activism. This grassroots movement achieved the right to vote for women in 1870 and left a profound impact on Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. The courage and determination of these trailblazing women inspired Emma and strengthened her commitment to activism. The Women's Suffrage Movement in Utah illustrates how local efforts can lead to national change, transforming societal perspectives on gender equality and inspiring countless individuals like Emma to fight for justice for marginalized communities. Emma's activism thrived as she worked passionately to advocate for the rights of the Utah Deaf community, motivated by the resilience of those who came before her.
Kristan emphasized that Emma's determination and resilience inspired not only her family but also those around her during a pivotal time in history. Emma's legacy as a champion for women's rights continues to resonate, reminding future generations of the importance of advocacy and perseverance in the pursuit of equality.
Utah's women's suffrage campaign, rooted in the local community, significantly influenced Emma's activism. This grassroots movement achieved the right to vote for women in 1870 and left a profound impact on Elizabeth DeLong, the first female president of the Utah Association of the Deaf. The courage and determination of these trailblazing women inspired Emma and strengthened her commitment to activism. The Women's Suffrage Movement in Utah illustrates how local efforts can lead to national change, transforming societal perspectives on gender equality and inspiring countless individuals like Emma to fight for justice for marginalized communities. Emma's activism thrived as she worked passionately to advocate for the rights of the Utah Deaf community, motivated by the resilience of those who came before her.
Emma M. Emmertson. Source: The Utah Eagle, June 6, 1907
Mary Anne Wooslayer, Resilient Leader
Mary Anne Wooslayer, a 1907 graduate of the Utah School for the Deaf, made history as the first female Deaf student to earn a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah in 1916 (University of Utah Transcript, 1916; Mary Woolslayer's Autobiography). Her journey was made possible by the support of Maud May Babcock, a member of the Utah School for the Deaf Board of Trustees and a faculty member at the University of Utah. Maud's guidance and advocacy during Mary's time at the university played a crucial role in her success (Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection, 1890). The early efforts in the state to promote education and career opportunities for women, along with Mary's connection to Maud May Babcock, likely influenced her decision to pursue higher education at the University of Utah.
Similarly, Emma M. Emmertson enrolled at the University of Utah in 1911 and graduated in 1917, illustrating the opportunities available to women at the time. After finishing college, Mary and Emma went on to teach at state schools for the deaf. Their commitment to education improved their lives and paved the way for future generations of women in this field. Mary and Emma, who worked as Deaf educators, not only inspired many students but also strongly advocated the importance of access to education, highlighting its value in society.
Similarly, Emma M. Emmertson enrolled at the University of Utah in 1911 and graduated in 1917, illustrating the opportunities available to women at the time. After finishing college, Mary and Emma went on to teach at state schools for the deaf. Their commitment to education improved their lives and paved the way for future generations of women in this field. Mary and Emma, who worked as Deaf educators, not only inspired many students but also strongly advocated the importance of access to education, highlighting its value in society.
Mary Anne Wooslayer
As Gallaudet College previously denied entrance to Deaf women, the same applies to the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD), established in 1901 as a Deaf-owned and operated insurance organization that provided insurance to Deaf men. However, the NFSD initially excluded women from membership and equal rights because of patriarchal norms in society, which forced them to fight for their rights. In early 1915, Deaf women began their campaign for full membership in this male-dominated organization, which viewed men as the primary figures in the household (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). Their dedication to confronting opposition was admirable as they sought recognition within the NFSD and challenged patriarchal norms. Through rallies and advocacy, these women paved the way for future generations to pursue equality and representation.
In Utah, Justina Wooldridge Keeley played a pivotal role in the early development of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD), an insurance organization. Her involvement began after she discovered a Deaf-owned insurance organization during a visit to Missouri. Intrigued by this finding, her friend Melville John Matheis, a Deaf resident of Utah, traveled to Chicago to learn more about the organization and became a member of the NFSD on August 1, 1916. With the support of Grand Secretary-Treasurer Francis P. Gibson, the Salt Lake City Division No. 56 was established on October 24, 1916. This division quickly became an essential part of the Deaf community in Utah, engaging in various events and support initiatives (UAD Bulletin, Summer 1966; Walker, 1966).
However, Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which marked a significant advancement in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change marked a significant advancement in women's rights, underscoring a crucial step towards gender inclusion and equality within the NFSD. It highlighted the importance of fostering gender inclusion and paved the way for efforts to achieve true equality. This progress not only empowered women in the organization but also laid the groundwork for future advocacy to dismantle systemic barriers. As a result, the NFSD began to evolve into a more inclusive organization, promoting diversity and cultivating a sense of belonging for all its members.
In Utah, Justina Wooldridge Keeley played a pivotal role in the early development of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf (NFSD), an insurance organization. Her involvement began after she discovered a Deaf-owned insurance organization during a visit to Missouri. Intrigued by this finding, her friend Melville John Matheis, a Deaf resident of Utah, traveled to Chicago to learn more about the organization and became a member of the NFSD on August 1, 1916. With the support of Grand Secretary-Treasurer Francis P. Gibson, the Salt Lake City Division No. 56 was established on October 24, 1916. This division quickly became an essential part of the Deaf community in Utah, engaging in various events and support initiatives (UAD Bulletin, Summer 1966; Walker, 1966).
However, Justina's discovery was bittersweet, as the NFSD had previously denied her and other women full membership and admission. Women did not receive regular insurance membership until 1951, which marked a significant advancement in women's rights (Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006). This change marked a significant advancement in women's rights, underscoring a crucial step towards gender inclusion and equality within the NFSD. It highlighted the importance of fostering gender inclusion and paved the way for efforts to achieve true equality. This progress not only empowered women in the organization but also laid the groundwork for future advocacy to dismantle systemic barriers. As a result, the NFSD began to evolve into a more inclusive organization, promoting diversity and cultivating a sense of belonging for all its members.
Gallaudet College Denies Deaf Women Admission
Between 1864 and 1887, Gallaudet College did not allow Deaf women to enroll, reflecting the patriarchal attitudes of that era, which marginalized women, especially those who were Deaf (Gallaudet University: US History Encyclopedia). The societal norms of the time created significant barriers to these women's access to higher education. The decision to admit Deaf women in 1887 showcased their bravery and determination in challenging these norms and advocating for equality. This change not only underscored the necessity for diversity within the institution but also highlighted the vital importance of inclusivity in education.
Justina Wooldridge Keeley,
Community Advocate Leader
Community Advocate Leader
Justina W. Keeley. Source: Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56. October 15, 1966
Did You Know?
When Dr. Robert G. Sanderson, a distinguished leader from Utah, was set to become the president of the National Association of the Deaf in July 1964, he found himself at a pivotal moment in history. This period coincided with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a monumental achievement that granted women in the Deaf community the right to vote, which was an essential step toward equality and inclusion (2012 Conference Resolutions). This newfound empowerment was not only significant for women in the Deaf community but also inspired broader advocacy efforts for Deaf rights across the nation. Dr. Sanderson's leadership during this transformative time helped amplify the voices of those who had long been marginalized, opening the door to subsequent advancements in accessibility and representation.
In 1965, the NAD took further steps toward inclusivity by allowing Black Deaf individuals to join the organization and participate in voting following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This vital legislation paved the way for greater inclusivity within the organization. Before these changes, the NAD had denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). This commitment to inclusivity marked a significant transformation in the organization, reflecting a broader societal shift toward recognizing the rights of marginalized groups, including the Black Deaf community. As a result, the NAD became a more representative voice for all Deaf individuals, advocating for their needs and promoting equality within the community.
Reflecting on this history highlights the power of advocacy and underscores the importance of collaboration for achieving justice. The efforts taken toward inclusivity were more than just a series of improvements; they represented a collective awakening to the principles of equality that unite us all. Let us honor this history by continuing to advocate for everyone's rights, ensuring that the Deaf community remains an inspiration of hope, empowerment, and solidarity for future generations. Together, we can build an even brighter future!
In 1965, the NAD took further steps toward inclusivity by allowing Black Deaf individuals to join the organization and participate in voting following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This vital legislation paved the way for greater inclusivity within the organization. Before these changes, the NAD had denied voting rights to women and excluded Black individuals from membership (2012 Conference Resolutions). This commitment to inclusivity marked a significant transformation in the organization, reflecting a broader societal shift toward recognizing the rights of marginalized groups, including the Black Deaf community. As a result, the NAD became a more representative voice for all Deaf individuals, advocating for their needs and promoting equality within the community.
Reflecting on this history highlights the power of advocacy and underscores the importance of collaboration for achieving justice. The efforts taken toward inclusivity were more than just a series of improvements; they represented a collective awakening to the principles of equality that unite us all. Let us honor this history by continuing to advocate for everyone's rights, ensuring that the Deaf community remains an inspiration of hope, empowerment, and solidarity for future generations. Together, we can build an even brighter future!
Dr. Robert G. Sanderson. Source: Gallaudet University Archives
Kim Lucas, the Second Female President
of the Utah Association of the Deaf
of the Utah Association of the Deaf
In 2019, Kim Lucas made history by becoming the second woman to serve as president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, marking the end of 104 years of male leadership. Elizabeth Delong was the first woman to hold this position, serving from 1909 to 1915. Kim's election was an essential event for the organization, underscoring its commitment to progress and inclusivity. Throughout her journey, the Utah Association of the Deaf provided support, fostering greater diversity in leadership. Additionally, Kim is the first queer president of the organization, marking a pivotal moment for women's leadership and representation within the Deaf Queer community. This milestone not only highlights the evolving landscape of leadership within the organization but also inspires future generations to embrace their identities and pursue roles in advocacy and representation. Kim's leadership will undoubtedly pave the way for more inclusive practices and greater visibility for marginalized voices within the community.
From there, Kim guided the Utah Association of the Deaf toward a focus on social justice issues, which resulted in the development of regular gatherings such as Queer ASL Utah and Utah Deaf Women. Meanwhile, under the oversight of the Department of Workforce Services, the DSDHH severed relations with the Utah Association of the Deaf for the first time in 2019 while continuing to provide programs for the Deaf, Hard of Hearing, and DeafBlind communities. UAD also helped restart Deaf Night Out. Kim served as president for four and a half years. During her tenure, Kim focused on fostering collaboration among various organizations and enhancing community engagement. Her leadership was instrumental in promoting awareness and advocacy for the needs of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing population in Utah.
From there, Kim guided the Utah Association of the Deaf toward a focus on social justice issues, which resulted in the development of regular gatherings such as Queer ASL Utah and Utah Deaf Women. Meanwhile, under the oversight of the Department of Workforce Services, the DSDHH severed relations with the Utah Association of the Deaf for the first time in 2019 while continuing to provide programs for the Deaf, Hard of Hearing, and DeafBlind communities. UAD also helped restart Deaf Night Out. Kim served as president for four and a half years. During her tenure, Kim focused on fostering collaboration among various organizations and enhancing community engagement. Her leadership was instrumental in promoting awareness and advocacy for the needs of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing population in Utah.
Kim Lucas
Moreover, for the first time since 1909, the Utah Association of the Deaf has achieved a significant milestone with two female presidential officers: Kim Lucas as president and Ashli-Marie Grant as vice president. This marks an important step toward achieving gender equality and diversity in our organization's leadership. This milestone inspires current members and encourages future generations to pursue leadership roles within the Utah Deaf community. As we move forward, it is essential to continue fostering an environment that values diverse perspectives and empowers all individuals to contribute to our shared goals.
Ashli-Marie Grant
The Establishment of the
Utah Deaf Womxn Group
Utah Deaf Womxn Group
Kim Lucas, president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, and Ashli-Maire Grant, vice president of the Utah Association of the Deaf, led the establishment of the Utah Deaf Womxn Group in 2019, collaborating with advocates Emisha Sill and me, Jodi Christel Becker. The group's goal is to promote the diverse lives of Deaf womxn, irrespective of gender, race, or sexual identity, by empowering and enriching them. It aims to create a supportive environment for Deaf womxn to socialize and learn from one another.
Operating under the umbrella of the Utah Association of the Deaf, the Utah Deaf Womxn Group was created to address the specific and significant challenges faced by Deaf women in Utah, including educational, social, economic, professional, and political marginalization. Utah is one of the most challenging states in the nation for women, grappling with issues like the gender pay gap, a low number of women completing college, and difficulties in economic advancement. Deaf womxn face additional challenges due to language barriers, resulting in double oppression.
The Utah Deaf Womxn Group is dedicated to tackling gender inequality and improving the lives of women in the community. The group highlights the achievements of female and queer leaders to empower and encourage others. By developing strategies for leadership and service within the Utah Deaf community, the group seeks to enhance the quality of life for all community members. It also addresses political, legal, and cultural issues faced by womxn, especially Deaf womxn, both in Utah and nationally. Through collaboration, the group aims to make a significant impact on the lives of women in the community, fostering hope and optimism.
As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States. This moment marks not just a potential change in leadership but a profound shift in societal norms and expectations. As we move forward, let us persist in advocating for equality, making every voice heard and appreciated in our democratic process.
Operating under the umbrella of the Utah Association of the Deaf, the Utah Deaf Womxn Group was created to address the specific and significant challenges faced by Deaf women in Utah, including educational, social, economic, professional, and political marginalization. Utah is one of the most challenging states in the nation for women, grappling with issues like the gender pay gap, a low number of women completing college, and difficulties in economic advancement. Deaf womxn face additional challenges due to language barriers, resulting in double oppression.
The Utah Deaf Womxn Group is dedicated to tackling gender inequality and improving the lives of women in the community. The group highlights the achievements of female and queer leaders to empower and encourage others. By developing strategies for leadership and service within the Utah Deaf community, the group seeks to enhance the quality of life for all community members. It also addresses political, legal, and cultural issues faced by womxn, especially Deaf womxn, both in Utah and nationally. Through collaboration, the group aims to make a significant impact on the lives of women in the community, fostering hope and optimism.
As we celebrate these historic milestones, I express my sincere hope for the future. I hope to witness the inauguration of the first female president of the United States in the near future. Women have made significant contributions throughout history, and we are now one step closer to electing a woman as the president of the United States. This moment marks not just a potential change in leadership but a profound shift in societal norms and expectations. As we move forward, let us persist in advocating for equality, making every voice heard and appreciated in our democratic process.
Emisha Sill. Source: Linkedin
Deaf Women United
Deaf Women United is an organization dedicated to empowering and uplifting Deaf women. Our goal is to raise awareness about the ongoing inequalities they face and to celebrate the achievements of female leaders. We aim to improve their lives by creating opportunities for education, mentorship, and advocacy. By fostering a supportive network, we strive to empower Deaf women to become active leaders in their communities and beyond. For more information and to join the organization for better support, check out our social media platforms.
Deaf Women United. Source: www.dwu.org
Significant Contributions in the History of Deaf
and Hearing Women in Utah
and Hearing Women in Utah
Utah has a rich history of women's contributions! Visit the "Significant Contributions in the History of Deaf and Hearing Women in Utah" webpage to learn more. You'll discover the remarkable achievements and stories of these women, showcasing their impact on society and their efforts in advocating for equality and rights. This resource serves as an important reminder of the diverse experiences that have shaped women's history in Utah.
Susan B. Anthony with suffrage leaders from Utah and elsewhere. Source: Women Suffrage in Utah
References
Brooks, Joanna, Steenblik Rachel Hunt and Wheelwright, Hannah. "Mormon Feminism Essential Writing." Oxford University Press, 2016.
"Deaf People of Two States Will Hold Reunion." The Ogden Daily Standard, June 9, 1915.
Evans, David S. "A Silent World in the Intermountain West: Records from the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind: 1884-1941." A thesis presented to the Department of History, Utah State University. 1999.
"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.
Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."
KristanKap. "My Grandma." FamilySearch.org (December 7, 2017).
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.
"NAD History." https://www.nad.org/about-us/nad-history/
Mary Woolslayer's Autobiography.
"National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1901-2007 manuscripts." Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006. Gallaudet University Archives.
The 1916-1917 Catalog of the University of Utah.
The 1916-1917 University of Utah Commencement Program.
The Deaf American Vol. 32 No. 06, February 1980. https://archive.org/details/TheDeafAmerican3206February1980/page/n9/mode/2up
The University of Utah Transcript, 1916.
"Salt Lake Frat to Mark 50th Year." The UAD Bulletin, Vol. 4 No. 3 (Summer 1966): 1.
"This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson." (October 17, 1959). https://library.arlingtonva.us/2019/10/14/this-week-in-19th-amendment-history-agatha-tiegel-hanson/
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
Walker, Rodney Wilson. Outlined History of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf. Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56 National Fraternal Society of the Deaf 1916-1966. Prudential Plaza Auditorium, October 15, 1966.
"Deaf People of Two States Will Hold Reunion." The Ogden Daily Standard, June 9, 1915.
Evans, David S. "A Silent World in the Intermountain West: Records from the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind: 1884-1941." A thesis presented to the Department of History, Utah State University. 1999.
"From the Minutes." The UAD Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 10 (Summer 1963): 4 & 5.
Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives, "Records of National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900-2006."
KristanKap. "My Grandma." FamilySearch.org (December 7, 2017).
“Locals.” The Buff and Blue, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1901), p. 29.
Mary Woolslayer Photograph Collection. (1890). J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah. Collection Number UU_P0669.
"NAD History." https://www.nad.org/about-us/nad-history/
Mary Woolslayer's Autobiography.
"National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1901-2007 manuscripts." Records of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 1900–2006. Gallaudet University Archives.
The 1916-1917 Catalog of the University of Utah.
The 1916-1917 University of Utah Commencement Program.
The Deaf American Vol. 32 No. 06, February 1980. https://archive.org/details/TheDeafAmerican3206February1980/page/n9/mode/2up
The University of Utah Transcript, 1916.
"Salt Lake Frat to Mark 50th Year." The UAD Bulletin, Vol. 4 No. 3 (Summer 1966): 1.
"This Week in 19th Amendment History: Agatha Tiegel Hanson." (October 17, 1959). https://library.arlingtonva.us/2019/10/14/this-week-in-19th-amendment-history-agatha-tiegel-hanson/
“US History Encyclopedia: Gallaudet University.” http://www.answers.com/topic/gallaudet-university
Walker, Rodney Wilson. Outlined History of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf. Golden Anniversary: Salt Lake City Division No. 56 National Fraternal Society of the Deaf 1916-1966. Prudential Plaza Auditorium, October 15, 1966.
